Gas Combustion Research Articles

Energy Use and Environmental Impact of Three Lithium-Ion Battery Factories with a Total Annual Capacity of 100 GWh

The rapid evolution of Li-ion battery technologies and manufacturing processes demands a continual update of environmental impact data. The general objective of this paper is to publish up-to-date primary data on battery manufacturing, which is of great importance to the scientific community and decision-makers. The environmental impacts have been calculated and estimated based on publicly available data disclosed under Hungarian government regulations and official decrees. The gate-to-gate energy use, greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, water consumption, and N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) consumption are estimated for three battery factories in Hungary, with a total annual capacity of approximately 100 GWh. The factories use around 30–35 kWh energy per kWh of battery capacity and the associated GHG emissions are around 10 kgCO2eq per kWh of cell production. The water consumption varies considerably among factories, with one plant using 28 L per kWh and the other two using 56 and 67 L per kWh. The specific consumption of NMP was calculated for two factories, resulting in close values of 0.51–0.56 kg per kWh of cell production. As a new approach, we distinguish between global and local GHG emissions related to battery production. The main component of the latter is carbon dioxide from the combustion of natural gas, but the local transport related to the battery factories is also a source of emissions. Our estimations include not only the consumptions required directly for the manufacturing technology, but also those for social purposes (e.g., heating offices), giving a more complete picture of the factory’s environmental impact. We believe that up-to-date primary data are crucial for ensuring transparency and holds significant value for both the scientific community and decision-makers.

Performance and emission characteristics of domestic LPG gas burners with hydrogen integration

Abstract Domestic gas burners are a significant source of indoor air pollution and contribute substantially to household energy consumption. While transitioning to carbon-free fuels, such as hydrogen, presents considerable safety challenges, blending hydrogen with conventional fuels can improve combustion efficiency and reduce emissions. However, factors like the differences in the Wobbe index, loading height, power input, and fuel blending complicate understanding the aerated burner performance. This is particularly relevant for large establishments like restaurants and canteens, where hydrogen blending can have a notable impact. This study evaluates four burner designs—commercial (A), straight holes (B), slots (C), and swirl (D)—across thermal inputs (0.8–1.6 kW), with a focus on the swirl burner using hydrogen blends (0%, 34%, and 52% by volume) and varying loading heights (5 mm, 10 mm, and 15 mm). Straight hole (B) and swirl (D) burners were 3D-printed using stainless steel metal powder, while the slot (C) burner was machined. Key performance metrics such as flame behavior, thermal efficiency, pressure drop, and CO emissions were analyzed. Improving primary aeration by reducing flow resistance and enhancing secondary aeration through swirl action resulted in better flame-load interaction and minimized heat loss. The slot burner (C) achieved a thermal efficiency of 63.5%, while the swirl burner (D) reached 65% efficiency at a 10 mm height. The swirl burner maintained high efficiency with up to 52% hydrogen by volume across a wide range of operational conditions, with some exceptions. Additionally, the use of hydrogen eliminated soot emissions. Optimal performance occurred at a 10 mm loading height, with stable efficiency and lower emissions across various power inputs and hydrogen blends. The complex interactions between primary aeration, secondary mixing, and flame-load dynamics during hydrogen blending require thorough evaluation before incorporating hydrogen into aerated LPG burners.

Ammonium and nitrate in ice accretions and snow at two Central European montane locations: δ15N and δ18 [Formula: see text] isotope ratios, fluxes and sources.

In many countries worldwide, NOx emissions currently decrease as a result of pollution control, while NH3 emissions stagnate or continue to increase. Little is known about horizontal deposition of NO3- and NH4+, the oxidation/neutralization products of these primary pollutants. To close the knowledge gap, we studied atmospheric inputs of NO3- and NH4+ at two mountain-top sites near the Czech-German-Polish borders during winter. Horizontal deposition via ice accretions (rime) made up 26-30% of total atmospheric input of reactive nitrogen (Nr). Such high horizontal depositions should not be neglected in ecosystem N studies which currently often consider only vertical deposition via snow. Snow nitrate N was the largest type of Nr deposition (40-52%), with snow ammonium N being the second largest (20-30%). Rime ammonium N contributed a similar amount to total Nr input as rime nitrate N (12-16%). The total inorganic Nr deposition was 4-6kgha-1winter-1. Across the sites, the mean δ15 [Formula: see text] and δ15 [Formula: see text] values fell in a relatively narrow range from -3.1 to -7.3‰. Three systematic isotope patterns were observed: (i) NH4+-N was always heavier in rime than in snow, (ii) NO3--N was always heavier in rime than in snow, and (iii) NO3--N was always heavier than NH4+-N. For source apportionment, the Bayesian isotope mixing model SIMMR was used. Counter-intuitively, vehicles were larger sources of NH3 in rime than volatilation from animal waste plus fertilizers (46 vs. 19%). The largest NO3- contributions to rime were derived from vehicles and biomass burning, followed by natural gas combustion and coal burning in power plants and households. Natural gas represented the largest source of nitrate in snow. Nitrate sources appeared to be better-mixed than ammonium sources. Our isotope-based source apportionment differed from national emission inventories, offering original insights into local atmospheric Nr inputs.

Procrastination on production of energy using renewable sources retard settlement of congenial society: Evidence of Bangladesh

A better flow of resources to total package of energy production can ensure sustainable development of a nation. Bangladesh is a country which cannot yet make available all resources of energy required for sustainable development. Production of energy from renewable sources are not yet been accounted nationally. Sustainable Development Goals (Goal–7) demands creation of energy through resources like: water, air, sunlight and joint effect of another environmental resources. The task of production of energy through renewable sources has already been started but in a discrete manner. As a result, energy from conventional resources are used heavily for completing the production cycles in Bangladesh. The sources of energy at persisting process are mentioned as: natural gas (54.67%), fossil fuel (21.72%), coal (6.97%) wind, solar etc. (0.085%) and hydro (0.12%) and bio-fuels (15.90%). It can be pointed that the sources of energy through renewable resources is observing very negligible picture even after nine years of adopting UN convention and ratification for SDG (Goal 7). The absent of energy through renewable sources and burning of coal, fossil fuels, and natural gas for energy warming the atmosphere and affecting human health and environment. Considering this, the study attempts to find relationship of per capita generation of electricity with economic growth and other energy resources. Besides this, the study attempts to know how the changes of resources quantity influence the per capita generation of energy. Moreover, the research required to find out the turning point of the individual series contributing to the amount final product. The values of the parameters and the analysis are shown significant results, which support that the atmosphere getting more heat, polluting the environment and affecting the human health. As a result, more strong steps are to be taken to get rid of many unacceptable issues which is degrading atmospheric environment, human health and retarding the development of congenial process of living. On this situation, the study suggests that the generation of electricity observing renewal process should be started in full swing reducing the persisting long traditional process. This may lead to achieving targeted indicators for sustainable development goals (SDG 7) and help creating a pleasant and congenial society.

Exploring Pyrolysis Gaseous Tar Distribution and Combustion Temperature Identification in Coal Fire

ABSTRACT This paper establishes correlations between various pyrolysis products collected from the vicinity of the fire zone and the prevailing temperature using substance identification via GC-MS analysis. Further experimental comparisons among multiple substances reveal a strong correlation between phenols and temperature. This leads to the identification of temperature-specific products primarily composed of phenols, ultimately enhancing the accuracy of fire area temperature recognition. This experiment utilized a self-built fixed bed and GC-MS technology to qualitatively and quantitatively study the release characteristics of gaseous tars from lignite, long-flame coal, and gas coal at different temperatures (300°C, 350°C, 400°C, 450°C, 500°C) under pyrolysis conditions. The experimental results showed that there are significant differences in the tar components produced during pyrolysis among coals with different degrees of metamorphism. The composition ratios are all in the order of oxygen-containing organic compounds > aromatic hydrocarbons > aliphatic hydrocarbons, and the three most abundant organic compounds are phenol, o-cresol, and p-cresol. The types and quantities of organic compounds in coal pyrolysis tars are positively correlated with reaction temperature. Based on a third-order polynomial fitting of the total amount of compounds in pyrolysis tars and the corresponding temperature under pyrolysis conditions, the representative subclasses of each type of substance were further fitted. The results of the temperature correlation show that the fitting trend of phenols with temperature is similar to the overall trend and far superior to naphthalene organics and saturated alkanes. In the vertical comparison of phenolic content at different temperatures, common identifiable substances such as C8H10O and C23H32O2 are selected, and specific substance identification was provided for coal samples of different ranks of coal metamorphism. This ultimately provides a new approach for establishing a method to identify the combustion state of coal fires at 300–500°C.

Calculations of Gas and Grate Boilers Combustion Chambers - Verification of Methods Based on Measurement Data of Actual Boilers

In the paper the comparison of the results of analytical methods for determining the temperature at the outlet from the furnace, based on the design and measurement data of the industrial boilers is presented. The comparison is done on WR10 and WR40 grate boilers as well as OG55 gas boiler. The calculations of the furnaces are based on different assumptions. Some of the methods described in the literature on the subject have been developed based on the operating data of large power boilers. In Poland, the most frequently used method is the normative method from 1973. This method is in fairly good agreement with the results obtained during the warranty tests of real units. However, it is not the most up-to-date edition of this methodology. The results of the analysis of the discussed boilers indicate that the normative methods are characterized by the best degree of convergence with the temperature values obtained directly from the measurements of these units.

ENERGY-EFFICIENT HEATING SYSTEM OF TRANSITIONAL METALLURGICAL LADLES

In practice it was confirmed the effective use of the burner device of the diffusion method of natural gas burning in a high-speed direct-flow torch when heating the lining of transitional metallurgical ladles with the closed lid. Three designs of stabilizers for basal stabilization of the torch were developed and studied: 1) with stabilization flares formed when air flows onto 3 corner poorly streamlined stabilizers, in the shadow of which a part of the gas is supplied; 2) with a ring stabilization torch when burning a pre-mixed mixture of natural gas and air; 3) with a sudden expansion of the gas channel, in which a zone of intensive gas recirculation is formed. The GGPK-1.0 burner was developed for transitional ladles that operate within a wide range of changes in thermal power 1–5.29 and stabilizer with constant burning of the ignition ring, which contributes to the stability of combustion and allows the heating of ladles with tightly closed heat-saving lids. After the introduction of the developed burners at all stands for heating the ladles of the “Azovstal” metallurgical plant in 2019–2020 were obtained a significant improvement in the operation of the stands and a reduction in natural gas consumption. The fuel economy during heating the ladles is at least 20 %. The heating temperature of the inner surface of the lining of the transitional ladles is even over the entire surface. The temperature difference on the surface of the lining does not exceed 50 °C. Bibl. 16, Fig. 6.

Effect of Oxygen-Enriched Air on Flame Temperature and Emission Characteristics During Hot Producer Gas Combustion in a Modified Cross-draft Gasifier-Burner

ABSTRACT Converting biomass into energy is increasingly recognized as a vital strategy for achieving sustainable energy solutions and mitigating climate change. As global industries shift toward greener alternatives, the use of biomass, such as wood scraps, offers significant potential to reduce net greenhouse gas emissions compared to fossil fuels. Gasification provides a cleaner alternative to traditional combustion methods, particularly for applications requiring high-temperature heat sources, such as ceramics, metal processing, and cement production. This study investigates the optimization of flame temperature during the combustion of synthetic gas produced from a modified cross-draft gasifier and burner by adjusting oxygen-enriched secondary air concentrations, ranging from 21% to 36% by volume. Combustion using 36% oxygen-enriched air achieved a flame temperature of 1,358.3°C, reflecting a 20% increase compared to combustion with standard air (21% oxygen). Further reducing excess oxygen in the exhaust gases led to an additional 4% increase in flame temperature, reaching 1,416.0°C. However, this reduction also resulted in a marked rise in NOx emissions, increasing from 119 ppm to 424 ppm, due to the higher burner temperatures. These findings underscore the importance of balancing oxygen enrichment to optimize combustion performance while managing pollutant emissions, offering a sustainable alternative to fossil fuels for emission-intensive industries.

Implementation of an Improved 100 CMM Regenerative Thermal Oxidizer to Reduce VOCs Gas

In this paper, an improved 100 CMM regenerative thermal oxidizer (RTO) is implemented for low-emission combustion. The existing RTO system is a cylindrical drum structure that cyclically introduces and discharges VOC gas into and from the rotating disk, and which achieves excellent energy efficiency with a heat recovery rate of more than 95%. However, the drive shaft designed under the RTO combustion chamber increases wear around the rotating shaft due to the load of the combustion chamber and there is a problem that the untreated gas is simultaneously released through the outlet due to the channeling phenomenon of the combustion chamber and the drive shaft. In addition, the combustion chamber, used at a high temperature of 800 °C, may cause serious problems such as rotation stop or explosion due to pollutants, dust accumulation, and thermal expansion in the chamber. Particularly when treating VOCs harmful gasses, RTO performance may be degraded due to the burner’s non-uniform temperature control and unstable combustion function. To solve this problem, first, the design of the combustion chamber rotating plate driving device is improved. Second, when treating high concentration VOC gas, the design of combustion chamber considers a temperature increase of up to 920 °C or more. For this, the diameter of the gas burner is 125 mm and the outlet dimension is set to 650 mm × 650 mm to effectively discharge high-temperature waste heat. Third, the heat storage material in the combustion chamber is composed of a ceramic block with a thickness of 250 mm, and the outer diameter and height of the combustion chamber are set to, 2530 mm and 1875 mm, respectively, to optimize gas residence time and heat insulation thickness. Fourth, we supplement safe operation by applying the trip control algorithm of the programmable logic controller (PLC) panel for failure prediction of RTO and the Edge-IoT-based intelligent algorithm for this. Finally, we evaluate the economic performance of 100 CMM RTO by conducting empirical experiments to analyze changes in VOCs removal efficiency, nitrogen oxide emission concentration, and total hydrocarbon (THC) concentration through 10 CMM design and implementation.

Developments in caloric measurements, materials, and devices at Calorics 2024

Abstract Heating and cooling combined constitute the world’s largest form of end-use energy and the largest source of carbon emissions. It is therefore interesting to explore heat pumps based on caloric materials, which offer promising and environmentally friendly alternatives to gas combustion and vapor compression. The possibility of replacing these traditional methods of heating and cooling motivates the current research on caloric materials and devices. Here, we report the latest developments from the second biennial Calorics conference. Graphical abstract Highlights Caloric materials offer environmentally friendly alternatives to traditional heating and cooling technologies, addressing global energy and carbon emission challenges. The latest developments on caloric measurements, materials and devices were presented at the second biennial Calorics conference in Cambridge (UK). Discussion How can caloric technologies be made more energy efficient to ensure they outperform traditional vapor-compression systems? What are the most significant barriers to scaling caloric materials and devices from lab-scale prototypes to commercial applications? Could integrating caloric technologies with renewable energy sources, such as solar or waste heat recovery, offer sustainable solutions for heating and cooling?

Calculation of heat consumption for dissociation gas combustion products

The influence of temperature and partial pressure on the dissociation of carbon dioxide and water vapor is considered. An original analytical method for determining the degree of dissociation of CO2 and H2O is proposed. The calculation of dissociation parameters was carried out in relation to the conditions of gas combustion in a glass furnace. It has been established that the temperature range of 1500‒1800 oC, corresponding to the operating conditions of glass melting furnaces, is characterized by a relatively low degree of dissociation of CO2 and H2O: 4.23 and 1,26 %, respectively. As a consequence, the relative heat costs for dissociation are insignificant and do not exceed 2,48 %. The degree of dissociation and heat consumption for the endothermic effect increase most intensively at the temperature of the gas combustion products above 1800 °C.

Prediction of Chemical Composition of Gas Combustion Products from Thermal Waste Conversion

The current global energy crisis is driving the need to search for alternative raw materials and fuels that will be able to ensure the continuity of strategic industries, such as the steel industry. A chance to reduce the consumption of traditional fuels (e.g., natural gas) is to utilise the potential of gases from the thermal conversion of waste, and, in particular, pyrolysis gas. Unfortunately, despite its high calorific value, this gas is not always suitable for direct, energy-related use. The limitation is the type of waste subjected to pyrolysis, particularly plastics, rubber and textiles. Due to the above, this article proposes the co-combustion of pyrolysis gas in a ratio of 1:10 with natural gas in a pusher reheating furnace employed to heat the charge before forming. The chemical composition of flue gases generated during the combustion of natural gas alone and co-combustion with pyrolysis gas from various wastes was modelled, namely, two types of refuse-derived fuel (RDF) waste, a mixture of pine chips with polypropylene and a mixture of alder chips with polypropylene. The calculations were performed using Ansys Chemkin-Pro software (ver. 2021 R1). The performed computer simulations showed that the addition of pyrolysis gas for most of the analysed variants did not significantly affect the chemical composition of the flue gases. For the gases from the pyrolysis of biomass waste with the addition of polypropylene (PP), higher concentrations of CO and H2 and unburned hydrocarbons were observed than for the other mixtures. The reason for the observed differences was explained by conducting a formation path analysis and a sensitivity analysis for the selected combustion products.

Towards SDG 7: Creating Super-Flames With Electricity to Power a Sustainable Society

For the past few decades, the number of people on Earth has been increasing, making it even more difficult to meet everyone’s vital needs. To live our lives, we need to eat, keep warm, and move around. All these actions require energy. Many of the technologies we use nowadays require energy, too. The problem is that most of today’s energy comes from burning coal, oil, and gas, which is bad for the planet. This is why the United Nations created Sustainable Development Goal 7, aimed to provide access to affordable, clean, sustainable, and modern energy for all. In this article, you will learn about plasma-assisted combustion, a new way of creating a sustainable energy source. By having better energy sources, we can help all people live better lives, while protecting our planet at the same time.

Service of refractories in the regenerator nozzle glass furnace

The exhaust flue gases in glass furnaces include products of gas combustion and charge degassing, as well as products of evaporation from the glass melt. Of the main (CO2, H2O, N2 and O2) and secondary (Na, NaOH, Na2SO4, NaCl, HCl and SO2) smoke components for the service of refractories in the regenerator nozzle, sodium sulfate is the most problematic. The change in the aggregate state of gaseous Na2SO4 during the smoke cooling process gives rise to the release of two zones in the middle part of the nozzle: condensation and crystallization of sodium sulfate. Specifying the temperature intervals within which condensation (1100‒880 °C) and crystallization (880‒725 °C) of sodium sulfate occur allows us to formalize the technical conditions for the design of nozzles for single-turn and multi-turn regenerators of glass furnaces.

Impact of Influence of Piston Design Parameters on the Hydrodynamic Characteristics of Internal Combustion Engines—A Numerical Study

Piston top rings in the combustion engine play a crucial role in the overall hydrodynamic performance of engines, such as power loss, minimum film thickness and friction forces, by ensuring sealing and minimizing the leakage of burnt gases. This present paper examines the influence of four key parameters of the top ring, such as ring width, ring temperature, ring tension, and ring surface roughness on the hydrodynamic behavior at the ring/cylinder contact. These parameters play a significant role in the formation and maintenance of the oil film, directly influencing hydrodynamic indicators such as the minimum oil film thickness, friction force, power loss, oil pressure, and the ring angle twist. This article relies on hydrodynamic models and numerical simulations performed using GT-SUITE version 6 software to analyze these effects. The pressure curve used in this simulation is experimentally validated for an engine speed of 2000 RPM. It was found that an increase in the top ring temperature reduces the oil’s viscosity, decreasing the film thickness and increasing the risk of metal-to-metal contact. Increasing the roughness of the ring enhances oil film stability, especially at the bottom dead center (BDC) points during each phase of the operating cycle. Further, three different types of ring profiles were investigated for friction forces by varying the speed of the engine.

Corrosion behavior of Inconel 718 superalloy utilized in an entrained-flow pulverized coal gasifier burner

Cooling water front is a crucial component for protecting the gasifier burner from damage under high-temperature gasification conditions. Its service life plays a significant role in ensuring the long-term, safe and stable operation of the gasifier. In this work, failure analysis was conducted on a cooling water front made of Inconel 718 superalloy based on metallographic examination, scanning electron microscopy observation and energy spectrum analysis. Apart from the center hole region, which is proximate to the high-temperature flame, circumferential cracks were also detected at the reducer position along the cooling water front’s outer edge. The findings reveal that the cracking on the outer edge results from the synergistic effect of fly ash erosion, chemical corrosion and thermal stress. Prolonged exposure to excessive heat weakens the stress corrosion resistance of Inconel 718 superalloy at high temperatures. Oxidation and sulfidation occur within the alloy matrix due to the corrosive influence of oxygen and sulfur elements present in the gasification atmosphere, leading to the formation of surface cracks on the alloy. These cracks facilitate the inward diffusion of oxygen and sulfur elements, promoting further crack propagation under thermal stress and eventually leading to the failure of the cooling water front.

Effects of Pilot Oil Injection Timing on Combustion, Covariance and Knocking of a Natural Gas–Diesel Duel-Fuel Low-Speed Engine

Abstract Dual-fuel engines, which are powered by natural gas while using a small amount of diesel for ignition, have become an attractive option in the marine sector due to their fuel flexibility and relatively good emission characteristics. Altering the fuel injection timing can change the combustion state of natural gas in the cylinder, which in turn affects engine stability and leads to engine knocking. In this study, the effects of different pilot oil injection timings on the combustion stability of a marine low-speed natural gas dual-fuel engine with a pre-combustion chamber are evaluated in terms of the pressure rise, covariance of Pmax and IMEP, combustion phase, and knocking. It is found that the maximum cylinder pressure and pressure rise rate increase with an advance in the pilot oil injection time. After the natural gas enters the combustion chamber, it undergoes a process of mixing with air in the combustion chamber, and earlier pilot oil injection leads to an increase in the ignition delay period and shortens the combustion duration of the engine. Moreover, it is found that earlier pilot oil injection times result in an increase in engine IMEP and Pmax cycle fluctuations, and engine knocking also undergoes an increase when the pilot oil injection time is advanced. Hence, an appropriate pilot oil injection time should be considered in the process of optimising engine performance.

Preparation and combustion analysis of B@PDA@AP with dual-core shell structure

Abstract B@PDA and B@PDA@AP core-shell structured composites were synthesized successfully via the solvent-antisolvent method. PDA, functioning as an effective binder, modifies the B surface and anchors AP onto it. Analysis of the stable combustion process of B@20%PDA@15%AP and B/15%AP showed that B@20%PDA@15%AP exhibited more intense and complete combustion, with larger flame morphology and faster flame propagation. PDA enhances mass and heat transfer between B and AP, accelerates reaction rates, and mitigates AP decomposition splash, sustaining better gaseous phase combustion. This research offers strategies for tailoring the energy release of the B/AP and advancing its application in energetic materials.

Equivalent Load Identification and Verification in Frequency Domain for Liquid Rocket Engine

Accurately characterizing the dynamic load environment is vital for the structural optimization and fatigue life assessment of liquid rocket engines, but the difficulty in precisely measuring or identifying such distributed loads is substantial. This paper proposed a method to determine the equivalent concentrated loads of liquid rocket engines at main vibration sources using the direct inverse method in the frequency domain. Response verification is performed to confirm the effectiveness of the equivalent loads by assessing the consistency between responses due to them and actual distributed loads. A pumped liquid rocket engine is investigated for specific research. Responses from the hot-fire test are used to identify equivalent loads at three main vibration sources, which are the gas generator, turbine shell, and combustion chamber. The results indicate that the errors in responses induced by the equivalent loads and the actual distributed loads are generally within ±4 dB. To further validate the equivalent loads, an experiment is conducted, scaling and applying the equivalent loads to the rocket engine. The resulting responses, after amplification, align well with those obtained from the hot-fire test, confirming the validity of the proposed method. However, response verification errors escalate significantly when nonprimary sources are included in the equivalent locations.

Modelling and Experimental Verification of the Internal Ballistics Trajectories in Gas Combustion Explosion Ejections

Abstract The internal ballistic process and flow field were examined in the context of the launch of hydrogen-oxygen bipropellant explosives. This was achieved through the establishment of an internal ballistic launch model, which employed the high-low pressure launch principle. This approach diverges from the conventional tenets of internal ballistic theory, wherein a combustible gas is employed in lieu of a propellant for the purpose of launch. Furthermore, a high-low pressure chamber scheme was devised with the objective of mitigating the overload peaks that are typically encountered during the launch process. A fluid simulation was employed to conduct a virtual analysis of the flow field alterations within the high-low pressure chamber during the launch of a hydrogen-oxygen bipropellant explosive utilizing the internal ballistic model. The pressure variations over time within the high-low pressure chambers throughout the launch process were investigated, and the results were supplemented with load motion and physical ejection experiments. The results demonstrated that the simulated and calculated curves exhibited slight elevation relative to the real curve under identical conditions, yet remained within an acceptable range of error. Our study successfully validated the feasibility of utilizing hydrogen-oxygen combustion launch schemes for small load ejection, offering a valuable reference point for future research and optimization in this domain.