Garment Model Research Articles

Development and empirical verification of non-uniformly layout semiconductor liquid cooling garment model based on CFD simulation

Personal cooling garments (PCGs) are important to help human body regulate its own thermal comfort under high temperature environments. This study focuses on the thermal comfort of personal cooling garment in high temperature environments, which is of great significance in the context of current climate warming and frequent extreme high temperature events. Traditional research on cooling garment mainly focuses on improving its cooling performance, but ignores how to improve human thermal comfort by optimizing cooling equipment and garment parameters. This study developed a semiconductor liquid cooling garment (SLCG) that can adjust and help the human body achieve optimal thermal comfort under different environmental conditions. Through computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation, this study established a human body model wearing SLCG to analyze the effects of parameters such as external ambient temperature, flow rate, and inlet water temperature on thermal comfort. Different from traditional research, this study proposed a heat exchange network design with non-uniformity layout, this layout accounted for the variations in heat dissipation across different regions of the human body, enabling targeted optimization of the cooling effect. The results show that among the five different pipe spacings, the spacing of 2–3.5 cm can most effectively improve human thermal comfort. Specifically, in an environment of 34 °C, the parameter combination of inlet water temperature of 24 °C and flow rate of 26 kg/h was selected; at 36 °C, the inlet water temperature was 22 °C and the flow rate was 40 kg/h; at 38 °C, the inlet water temperature was 20 °C and the flow rate was 54 kg/h. The accuracy of the newly developed numerical model was evaluated through a series of experiments. Validation efforts involved comparing the model’s numerical results with experimental outcomes derived from human trials. The error between the simulated and experimental temperatures at each inlet and outlet was confined to within 0.2 °C. The error of cooling power is within 8 %, which proves the accuracy of the numerical model and the rationality of SLCG optimal parameters. This study not only proposed a new SLCG design idea, filling the research gap on thermal comfort optimization in the field of cooling garment, but also provided a theoretical basis and practical reference for the future design of cooling garment in different high temperature environments.

A computer-vision based framework for virtual 3D garment reconstruction

AbstractExisting 3D garment reconstruction methods are difficult to implement for online fashion design and e-commerce or special applications. This paper proposes a novel computer-vision framework for 3D garment digital reconstruction, which aims to reconstruct high-quality and realistic virtual 3D garments with fabric mechanic properties for 3D virtual try-on. The new segmentation scheme is proposed to separate the 3D garment point clouds from background points, which is suitable for 3D human shapes and is adaptive for different 3D garment models in different scenes. The new Statistical Outlier Removal algorithm and the learning-based method PointCleanNet are combined to remove noise and outliers in 3D garment point clouds, which provides high-fidelity and high-quality 3D garment point clouds. The 3D garment meshes are then reconstructed from their corresponding point clouds with a modified rolling ball algorithm. Finally, the meshes are improved and converted into physics-based virtual try-on 3D garments with fabric mechanic properties added, which enables the assessment of different body shapes with varied sizes for the same reconstructed 3D garment. Comparison experiments demonstrate that our framework achieves high-quality and realistic 3D garment reconstruction and accurate 3D virtual try-on from 2D garment images. We also demonstrate the proposed framework on a large range of various garments to show this approach has a great potential for garment future technology, such as online garment shopping, garment design and manufacturing.

Study of heat transfer in heated garments based on the JOS-3 model

Abstract Body temperature prediction and control are important in cold environments or extreme temperatures. In this paper, a multi-segmented heated garment model based on J0S-3 thermoregulation is proposed, and the effects of multi-layer garments and air interlayers on human heat transfer are explored, as well as the role of heating pads in the heat transfer path. By comparison, the simulation results of the present study were found to align with the temperature change curves observed in available experimental data. Moreover, the root mean square of the overall core temperature and the root mean square of the skin temperature were both below 0.08°C and 0.36°C, respectively, which provided good prediction results. This study helps people to adapt to the environment with variable temperatures and has a great potential for development in body temperature prediction technology and application.

Three-dimensional simulation based on mesh modelling for warp-knitted fully-formed garments

PurposeThe warp-knitted fully-formed shorts are one kind of fully-formed garments knitted by a double-needle bar machine, which is widely used in the medical field. Because of its distinctive forming method, designers are unable to grasp the final effect of the product accurately during the design process. The purpose of this paper is to clarify a visible 3D simulation method in the design process along with the knitting method and structure characteristics, which is reflected in the final product effect.Design/methodology/approachThis study introduces a simulation process for warp-knitted fully-formed fabric from an input 3D surface model group. Stitch mesh models are established according to the garment structure and the triangle index of the garment model that swchape-controlling points belong to is calculated. The garment model group includes a 2D plate and a 3D model, between which there is a space coordinate transformation relationship. The study makes use of the 3D tubes to connect the coordinate points in order and render the tubes in real yarn colors. The effects of two parameters, radial segment and tubular segment, are analyzed and decided to obtain a fine surface within a reasonable rendering time.FindingsA stereoscopic simulation process from flat fabric to 3D product is realized using computer graphics technology. The warp-knitted fully-formed short is shown during the design process within a short time by setting the rendering parameters of tubular segments (ts = 125) and radial segments (rs = 6).Originality/valueVisual simulation for the shorts provides a time-saving and resource-saving method for structure design and parameter modification before knitting. There is no need to knit samples repeatedly to satisfy demand, which indicates that it is a saver of time and resources.

Parametric Linear Blend Skinning Model for Multiple-Shape 3D Garments.

We present a novel data-driven Parametric Linear Blend Skinning (PLBS) model meticulously crafted for generalized 3D garment dressing and animation. Previous data-driven methods are impeded by certain challenges including overreliance on human body modeling and limited adaptability across different garment shapes. Our method resolves these challenges via two goals: 1) Develop a model based on garment modeling rather than human body modeling. 2) Separately construct low-dimensional sub-spaces for modeling in-plane deformation (such as variation in garment shape and size) and out-of-plane deformation (such as deformation due to varied body size and motion). Therefore, we formulate garment deformation as a PLBS model controlled by canonical 3D garment mesh, vertex-based skinning weights and associated local patch transformation. Unlike traditional LBS models specialized for individual objects, PLBS model is capable of uniformly expressing varied garments and bodies, the in-plane deformation is encoded on the canonical 3D garment and the out-of-plane deformation is controlled by the local patch transformation. Besides, we propose novel 3D garment registration and skinning weight decomposition strategies to obtain adequate data to build PLBS model under different garment categories. Furthermore, we employ dynamic fine-tuning to complement high-frequency signals missing from LBS for unseen testing data. Experiments illustrate that our method is capable of modeling dynamics for loose-fitting garments, outperforming previous data-driven modeling methods using different sub-space modeling strategies. We showcase that our method can factorize and be generalized for varied body sizes, garment shapes, garment sizes and human motions under different garment categories.

GarmentCode: Programming Parametric Sewing Patterns

Garment modeling is an essential task of the global apparel industry and a core part of digital human modeling. Realistic representation of garments with valid sewing patterns is key to their accurate digital simulation and eventual fabrication. However, little-to-no computational tools provide support for bridging the gap between high-level construction goals and low-level editing of pattern geometry, e.g., combining or switching garment elements, semantic editing, or design exploration that maintains the validity of a sewing pattern. We suggest the first DSL for garment modeling - GarmentCode - that applies principles of object-oriented programming to garment construction and allows designing sewing patterns in a hierarchical, component-oriented manner. The programming-based paradigm naturally provides unique advantages of component abstraction, algorithmic manipulation, and free-form design parametrization. We additionally support the construction process by automating typical low-level tasks like placing a dart at a desired location. In our prototype garment configurator, users can manipulate meaningful design parameters and body measurements, while the construction of pattern geometry is handled by garment programs implemented with GarmentCode. Our configurator enables the free exploration of rich design spaces and the creation of garments using interchangeable, parameterized components. We showcase our approach by producing a variety of garment designs and retargeting them to different body shapes using our configurator. The library and garment configurator are available at https://github.com/maria-korosteleva/GarmentCode.

Simulation of Weft Knitted Fabric Using Three-DimensionalYarn Loops and Grid and Spring Mass Models

The existing knitted fabric simulation methods cannot be effectively applied to three-dimensional (3D) modeling and simulation of weft knitted garments due to the lack of simple and convenient 3D dynamic simulation models for weft knitted fabrics. This paper presents a method of constructing a loop model by coupling the grid model with the spring mass model. The simulation of weft knitted fabric with real effects was achieved through the coupled model construction of the loop model combined with the yarn simulation generation algorithm and yarn collision response algorithm. The method presented in this paper can quickly and simply simulate the design of weft knitted clothing with loop structure. It provides a reference for the 3D simulation design of weft knitted fabric.

Garment Model Extraction from Clothed Mannequin Scan

AbstractModelling garments with rich details require enormous time and expertise of artists. Recent works re‐construct garments through segmentation of clothed human scan. However, existing methods rely on certain human body templates and do not perform as well on loose garments such as skirts. This paper presents a two‐stage pipeline for extracting high‐fidelity garments from static scan data of clothed mannequins. Our key contribution is a novel method for tracking both tight and loose boundaries between garments and mannequin skin. Our algorithm enables the modelling of off‐the‐shelf clothing with fine details. It is independent of human template models and requires only minimal mannequin priors. The effectiveness of our method is validated through quantitative and qualitative comparison with the baseline method. The results demonstrate that our method can accurately extract both tight and loose garments within reasonable time.

Texture mapping-based virtual simulation of striped jacquard fabrics

Fabric computer-aided design has become a hot research topic in recent years. The main objective of this research is to innovate a method of design, simulation and virtual display for weft-knitted striped jacquard fabrics. Preferentially, the fabric design and simulation models were established and the virtual yarns are intermeshed by connecting each control point of the loops to generate the structural simulation. The simulated image was captured as the texture image. The virtual display method of the garment based on texture mapping was mainly studied and innovated. Texture matching was realized based on the two-dimensional garment piece models and the vertices texture coordinates of the three-dimensional garment models were reset, then the three-dimensional garment virtual display was realized according to the mapping relationship between the triangles. During this process, the position of the texture can be dynamically designed and adjusted to achieve the desired effect. This research introduced the design of four kinds of striped fabrics and illustrated the corresponding simulation and virtual display effect to verify the feasibility of the method. The analysis of simulation efficiency reveals that the method responds quickly and has favorable adaptability to diverse patterns and models. The research provides a new idea for the computer-aided design of knitted fabrics and promotes the development of personalized garment customization.

The relation between body surface angle and apparel ease distribution under the motion state

PurposeThe purpose of this paper investigates dynamic ease distributions of clothes at bust and waist lines with different body surface angle by using a Qualisys three-dimensional motion capture system (3DMCS).Design/methodology/approachThe current method first obtain the specific markers of participants and their clothes along the bust and waist lines through 3DMCS, then using the least square method and four piecewise polynomial fitting participants and their clothes' bust and waist curves. The coordinates of the markers were tracked by the 3DMCS, while the participants under different body surface angle walked on a treadmill calculated the distances of markers coordinates to the participants' bust and waist curves. Finally, the data of samples were analyzed. It was found that the dynamic ease distributions showed different patterns at different body surface angle.FindingsThe results revealed the bust convex angle is 26.53 degrees (Specification:X3) and back slope angle is 13.96 degrees (Specification: Y1), the fluctuation of participant ease distributions on bust section was most obvious, and the maximum fluctuation value was ±20 mm and ±25 mm. The ease distributions of participant waist section fluctuated most obviously when the bust convex angle is 28.10 degrees (Specification: X5) and the back slope angle is 13.96 degrees (Specification: Y1), and the maximum fluctuation was ±30 mm and ±20 mm. The bust convex angle has the greatest influence on 1# garment, and the back slope angle has the greatest influence on 2# garment.Originality/valueCurrently, there is little information in the literature about dynamic ease distributions of garment on a different body types. This paper takes different body surface angles as the research objects to analyze the ease distributions of different clothes, the conclusion can provide reference data for 3D garment modeling and improve the authenticity of virtual garment fitting.

Direct 3D Modeling of Upper Garments from Images

Direct 3D Modeling of Upper Garments from Images

Archaeological and digital restoration of straight-front robe of Mawangdui Han Dynasty Tomb based on 3D reverse engineering and man-machine interactive technologies

Based on 3D reverse engineering and man-machine interactive technologies, this paper completed the pattern development of a straight-front robe of the Mawangdui Han Dynasty tomb and restored the straight-front robe by virtual simulation technology. Firstly, the garment contour was extracted from the straight-front robe image of the Mawangdui Han Dynasty tomb, and then the garment model was established in the 3D virtual environment. According to the style characteristics of the straight-front robe, the structural curves were drawn on the adjusted 3D robe surface, and the different curved surfaces formed by these curves were expanded to obtain 2D garment patterns. Finally, the unfolded patterns were stitched on the virtual human body to realize the digital restoration of the straight-front robe of the Mawangdui Han Dynasty tomb. Compared with the current methods of garment restoration, the method proposed in this paper not only reduces the technical requirements of pattern-making for archaeologists but also for unearthed cultural relic garments, the final pattern can be obtained without consulting a lot of data and repetitive modification of pattern, to improve efficiency and save manpower. Our proposed technology provides a new practical method for costume archaeology and restoration.

METHODOLOGY FOR EVALUATING THE PROPERTIES OF WATERPROOF CLOTHING MATERIALS

The article is devoted to the development of a methodology for assessing the performance properties of composite textile materials for waterproof clothing. The existing normative and instrumental base for research of properties of materials for waterproof clothes is criticised, and a new methodological approach to the research and estimation of indicators determining the quality of waterproof clothes is substantiated. It consists in creation of such methods and means, which allow simulation of operating conditions for making a decision on suitability/unsuitability of a material for manufacturing clothes by a chosen method and for use in a designated field of application on the basis of results of comparative analysis of material properties be-fore and after such simulation. This approach is based on the analysis of manufacturing and operating con-ditions of a particular garment model. A concept, algorithm, methods and means of investigating the proper-ties of composite textile materials for waterproof clothing have been developed. The prospects of application of the developed methodology are outlined.

NeuralTailor

The fields of SocialVR, performance capture, and virtual try-on are often faced with a need to faithfully reproduce real garments in the virtual world. One critical task is the disentanglement of the intrinsic garment shape from deformations due to fabric properties, physical forces, and contact with the body. We propose to use a garment sewing pattern, a realistic and compact garment descriptor, to facilitate the intrinsic garment shape estimation. Another major challenge is a high diversity of shapes and designs in the domain. The most common approach for Deep Learning on 3D garments is to build specialized models for individual garments or garment types. We argue that building a unified model for various garment designs has the benefit of generalization to novel garment types, hence covering a larger design domain than individual models would. We introduce NeuralTailor, a novel architecture based on point-level attention for set regression with variable cardinality, and apply it to the task of reconstructing 2D garment sewing patterns from the 3D point cloud garment models. Our experiments show that NeuralTailor successfully reconstructs sewing patterns and generalizes to garment types with pattern topologies unseen during training.

Computational pattern making from 3D garment models

We propose a method for computing a sewing pattern of a given 3D garment model. Our algorithm segments an input 3D garment shape into patches and computes their 2D parameterization, resulting in pattern pieces that can be cut out of fabric and sewn together to manufacture the garment. Unlike the general state-of-the-art approaches for surface cutting and flattening, our method explicitly targets garment fabrication. It accounts for the unique properties and constraints of tailoring, such as seam symmetry, the usage of darts, fabric grain alignment, and a flattening distortion measure that models woven fabric deformation, respecting its anisotropic behavior. We bootstrap a recent patch layout approach developed for quadrilateral remeshing and adapt it to the purpose of computational pattern making, ensuring that the deformation of each pattern piece stays within prescribed bounds of cloth stress. While our algorithm can automatically produce the sewing patterns, it is fast enough to admit user input to creatively iterate on the pattern design. Our method can take several target poses of the 3D garment into account and integrate them into the sewing pattern design. We demonstrate results on both skintight and loose garments, showcasing the versatile application possibilities of our approach.

Archaeology and Restoration of Costumes in Tang Tomb Murals Based on Reverse Engineering and Human-Computer Interaction Technology

This paper takes the tomb murals as the research object, and realizes the development of the costume patterns of the Tang tomb murals and the 3D simulation restoration of the costumes through 3D interactive clothing pattern-making technology and virtual simulation technology. Firstly, the 3D garment model is constructed in the virtual environment according to the costume outline of the Tang Dynasty tomb mural costume. Then, the structural curves of the garment are drawn on the 3D garment according to the characteristics of the Tang Dynasty tomb mural garment style, the 3D surface is expanded and surrounded by these curves into the 2D garment plane, and the expanded surface is adjusted to obtain the 2D garment plane pattern. We use 3D virtual simulation technology to sew the patterns of Tang Dynasty tomb mural costumes and realize the virtual simulation restoration of Tang Dynasty tomb mural costumes. Finally, we create a fuzzy comprehensive evaluation of the restoration effect of the restored costumes. Compared with the traditional costume restoration methods, the method proposed in this paper reduces the technical requirements for operators in the restoration process without destroying cultural relics, and provides a new method for the rapid simulation and restoration of ancient Chinese costumes.

Numerical Prediction of the Heat Transfer in Air Gap of Different Garment Models

Abstract This study aims to investigate the characteristics of heat transfer and its mechanism for styling a design garment differently, and to improve thermal comfort caused by clothing styling design, a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) approach has been used to perform numerical investigations of fluid flow and heat transfer across a clothing air gap. Relationships between the heat transfer from the body to clothing (computed by heat transfer equations) and the air gap were examined by body heat loss of different styles of garments. Also, the clothing temperature distribution of different garments was obtained and compared. Computed results reveal that the air gap can play a central role in the heat transfer from the body to the surface of different style garments. When the air gap is small enough, namely about 5 mm in the chest and bust of the X-type of clothing, the conductive heat flux can transfer through the air gap and reach the cloth surface easily, which will bring about the increase of temperature on the clothing surface. The decreasing air gap distance from 50 mm (O-type) to 10 mm (X-type) increases the convective heat flux by up to 25% on the waist. However, the airspeed will increase to greater numbers while the air gap decreases to narrow channels, and it will bring about fierce forced convection heat flux. So the heat transfer must be considered in the process of garment design, and the air gap should be kept at a suitable level. These findings can be used to improve the clothing’s thermal comfort or optimize the cloth structure.

Research on Multi-Precision Fabric Modeling Method Based on Machine Learning

In order to solve the shortcomings of complex calculation and time consumption of fabric physical simulation methods, many single-precision fabric simulation technologies based on machine learning methods have emerged and the amount of calculation is increased for regions with small changes. Aiming at this problem, this paper proposes two multi-precision fabric modeling method based on machine learning. Firstly, the fabric mesh is simulated by the physical method, the initial position of the vertex is calculated, and the deformation of each region of the fabric is measured by Rayleigh quotient curvature, and the multi-precision fabric mesh is constructed. Secondly, the multi-precision fabric graph structure and geometry image are extracted from the multiprecision fabric mesh. Finally, the subgraph convolutional neural network and super-resolution network are trained to model the multi-precision fabric, and we compared the two different multi-precision fabric machine learning modeling methods. Through the experimental verification, in the garment modeling, the garment modeled by the subgraph convolutional neural network is no longer only dependent on the change of human joints, resulting in a more realistic effect. At the same time, the efficiency of the subgraph convolutional neural network is 25.3% higher than that of the single-precision garment modeling based on the machine learning method. In the cloth simulation, speed of the super-resolution network is nearly 16 times faster than that of the physical simulation, which supplements the imperfection of insufficient flexibility of the subgraph convolutional neural network modeling.

Development of three-dimensional clothing model for a computer-simulated person integrated with a thermoregulation model

In recent years, an integrated analysis of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and computer simulation person (CSP), especially to reproduce the shape of the human body, has been conducted to estimate the interaction between the human body and its surrounding indoor environment. Meanwhile, clothing is often treated in a simplified manner, as a means of resistance to heat and pollutant transfer, and there is sufficient room for improvement in the hygrothermal and scalar transfer phenomena in and around clothing with a complex geometry. In this study, some garment models with complex geometry and others with simplified geometry were created with a CSP, and airflow, temperature, and humidity were investigated along with the CSP. It was assumed that only heat and water vapor were transported in the garment. As a result, the naked model was found to be over-or underestimated with respect to all airflow, temperature, and water vapor. It was also found that models with a simple garment shape produced the same results as models with a complex geometry on a macroscopic scale. Models with different regions and smaller air gaps between the clothes and the human body should be confirmed.

Comparison of Avatar Posture Formation According to 3D Virtual Garment Modeling Programs-Focusing on Cycling Movements of High-School Male Cyclist-

The study aimed to analyze the functional differences in 3D virtual garment programs and compare body scan data with the corresponding 3D virtual models. We selected 3D virtual garment programs, formed virtual models in a representative size for high-school male cyclists, and analyzed them using the Design-X program. The results were as follows. In the 3D virtual garment programs, the anthropometric items for virtual model forming differed significantly from the standard anthropometric items suggested by Size Korea. Comparing the lower body scan data and virtual models formed by the 3D virtual garment programs, the biggest difference was in the shapes of the waist and hips, i.e., the flatness values of the waist and hips were different for each program in the cross-section view. In the lower body, a data-input-based program was needed for changing the exact measurement position of the waist circumference and hips'' shape in detail. If a 3D virtual garment program provides functions for the virtual model''s joint angle input and free motion transformation, it is expected to be widely used in the sportswear industry.