Garlic Research Articles

Screening the efficacy of platinum-based nanomaterial synthesized from Allium sativum to control plant pathogens

Emerging challenge posed by multidrug-resistant Bacillus spp. phytopathogens on agriculture and their commodities exerts pressure on global food security. This mandates the search for other alternatives to existing antibiotics. This study reports a novel method of green synthesis of platinum nanoparticles (PtHGNM) using aqueous extract of Himalayan garlic (Allium sativum). Physicochemical characterization techniques including UV-visible spectrometry, FT-IR, XRD, DLS, zeta potential, and FESEM-EDAX disclosed the biogenic fabrication of a stable and amorphic nano platinum material. This nanoparticle exhibited high bactericidal efficacy and effectively inhibited biofilm formation by the model plant-borne pathogens used in this study. We estimated the membrane integrity, oxidative enzymes and stress parameters of bacteria to elucidate the underlying mechanism of action of PtHGNM. This research uncovered the potential of biogenic nanoparticles for sustainable plant disease management and paved the way for further analysis of its properties and mechanism of its action.

Transgenic cotton expressing Allium sativum leaf agglutinin exhibits resistance to whiteflies and aphids without negative effects on ladybugs

Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) is of great economic importance as a cultivated crop in many parts of the world. In addition to being a pillar of the textile industry, cotton and its byproducts are used for livestock feed, seed oil, and other products. Bacillus thuringiensis crystal toxin (Bt) expression in cotton provides effective protection against chewing insects but does not defend plants from piercing/sucking insect pests. With the aim to create transgenic plants with resistance against piercing/sucking pests, we used Agrobacterium-mediated genetic transformation of cotton cultivar Coker 312 to express the Allium sativum leaf agglutinin (ASLA) gene from the phloem-specific rolC promoter. The ASLA transgene was stably inherited and showed Mendelian segregation in the T1 generation. Transgenic lines, expressing the ASLA gene, showed explicit resistance against major sap-sucking pests. Green peach aphid (Myzus persicae Sulzer) choice assays showed that 75% of aphids preferred untransformed cotton plants relative to those expressing the ASLA gene. In detached leaf bioassays, plants expressing ASLA caused 82% aphid mortality and 44–53% reduction in fecundity. Clip cage bioassays with whiteflies (Bemisia tabaci Gennadius) showed 74–82% mortality and 44–60% decrease in fecundity due to ASLA gene expression. In whole plant bioassays, whiteflies showed 77% mortality and a 54% decrease in fecundity on ASLA transgenics. Importantly, we did not observe a negative effect of the ASLA gene on ladybugs (Coccinella septempunctata) that consumed these whiteflies. Together, our findings demonstrate the potential of ASLA-transgenic cotton for providing protection against two devastating insect pests, whiteflies and aphids. The ASLA-transgenic cotton appears promising for direct commercial cultivation besides serving as a potential genetic resource in recombination breeding.

Clove mediated synthesis of Ag-ZnO doped fucoidan nanocomposites and their evaluation of antibacterial, antioxidant and cytotoxicity efficacy study

The Ag-ZnO/Fu nanocomposites were successfully synthesized in an environmentally friendly manner using an aqueous Clove buds extract from the Syzygium aromaticum plant. They were then examined for antibacterial activity against bacterium strains of Escherichia coli, Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Enterococcus faecalis. The UV–Visible spectrophotometry analysis confirmed the presence of zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles at 334 nm, silver oxide (Ag) nanoparticles at 416 nm, and fucoidan at 589 nm in the synthesized nanocomposites. The FT-IR analysis confirmed the presence of five different functional linkages in the synthesized nanocomposites. The positions of diffraction peaks in pure Ag-ZnO/Fu nanocomposite patterns were identified using XRD analysis. The Ag-ZnO/Fu nanocomposites synthesized are more crystalline (77 %), and less amorphous (22.2 %). Silver, O, and Zn signals were detected in the SEM and EDX spectra of the Ag-ZnO/Fu nanocomposite. Different strains of Ag-ZnO/Fu nanocomposites showed stronger antibacterial properties. The DPPH technique was used to perform the antioxidant assay. Cytotoxicity testing was carried out on zebrafish embryos treated with several groups of Clove Ag ZnO/Fucoidan. The combination Ag-ZnO/Fucoidan (300 mg/mL) showed a marginally significant difference in survival (94 %).

Moringa oleifera and Allium sativum in broiler nutrition: carcass traits, biochemical characterization, and economic analysis

To ensure the productivity and economic viability of broiler chicken, this study was designed to determine the impact of Moringa oleifera leaf powder (MLP) and Allium sativum bulb powder (ABP) utilization on carcass trait, biochemical characterization and economic value of broiler chickens. Two hundred and forty (n = 240), 8-day-old (Cobb 500) broiler chickens were randomly allotted to 5 treatments with 4 replicates (12 birds/replicate) in a completely randomized design (CRD). The birds were randomly allotted into five groups: T1: diet without MLP and ABP, T2: diet with MLP replaced soybean meal (SBM) at 1%, T3: diet with MLP replaced SBM at 3%, T4: diet with MLP replaced SBM at 1% + 0.1% ABP and T5: diet with MLP replaced SBM at 3% + 0.3% ABP respectively. Each formulated diet was fed ad libitum from the 2nd to 8th week of age. Tannins, phenols, saponins, flavonoids, and reducing sugar were present in MLP and ABP. The percentage dressed weight on the 27th day in T2 and T3 were (P < 0.05) higher than in T1, but comparable (P > 0.05) to those in T4 and T5. On the 56th day, the breast weight in T5 was (P < 0.05) higher than in T1 and the rest of the treatments. Most of the microbes that were mainly identified from the ceca of birds fed dietary treatments were Staphylococcus species, and Streptococcus species. Production cost was significantly (P < 0.05) reduced in T3 (₦1, 843.76) than in T1 (₦1, 905.86) and the rest of the treatments. Therefore, it is economically wise to feed broiler chicken with MLP and ABP, but most economical when a fed diet with MLP replaces SBM at 1% and a diet with MLP replaces SBM at 3%.

Green Silver Nanoparticles and Their Activity as Antifungal Agents Against Penicillium digitatum Causing Green Mould of Citrus

AbstractThe green synthesis of silver nanoparticles (SNPs) using aqueous extracts of five plants viz., Ocimum americanum, Azadirachta indica, Allium sativum, Eucalyptus hybrida, Zingiber officinale were evaluated for their antifungal property against Penicillium digitatum, a green mould pathogen of citrus fruits. The five plant species were selected from a screening of aqueous extracts from 16 plant species. The efficacy of aqueous extracts, at 50 % concentration, ranged from 14.44–68.52 % inhibition in mycelia growth of P. digitatum. Among SNPs, O. americanum was found most efficacious, at 1000 ppm concentration, with 80.7 % mycelial inhibition followed by A. indica with 77.4 % mycelial growth inhibition of fungal pathogen. Further, physical and structural characterization of SNPs of O. americanum and A. indica was carried out. The characterization analysis executed via transmission and scanning electron microscope revealed size distribution and nanoparticles were spherical to irregularly shaped ranging from 22.8–250 nm in O. americanum and 26.5–500 nm in A. indica. In UV‐visible spectrophotometer, the absolute absorption peak was recorded at 448 nm and 442 nm for O. americanum and A. indica, respectively. FTIR analysis of SNPs of A. indica and O. americanum confirmed the presence of carboxyl, amide group and secondary amines which were the main constituent of proteins. The novelty of the present study is in the green synthesis of silver nanoparticles with potential in the management of postharvest pathogens of fruit crops. The synthesis of SNPs used in this study is simple, environmentally benign and cost‐effective using aqueous extract of native plants.

Green Synthesis of Hexagonal-like ZnO Nanoparticles Modified with Phytochemicals of Clove (Syzygium aromaticum) and Thymus capitatus Extracts: Enhanced Antibacterial, Antifungal, and Antioxidant Activities.

The green synthesis of ZnO NPs is becoming increasingly valued for its cost-effectiveness and environmental benefits. This study successfully synthesized hexagonal ZnO NPs using a combination of clove (Syzygium aromaticum) and Thymus capitatus extracts. The use of both extracts significantly improved the antibacterial and antioxidant properties of the ZnO NPs. By optimizing synthesis conditions, including ZnCl2 and extract concentrations, hexagonal wurtzite ZnO NPs were produced at room temperature with only drying at 80 °C without high-temperature annealing. The synthesized ZnO NPs exhibited a hexagonal morphology with an average particle size of 160 nm and a crystallite size of 30 nm. Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDX) confirmed the elemental composition of the ZnO NPs, showing a high carbon content (63.9 wt.%), reflecting the presence of phytochemicals from the extracts coated the ZnO NPs surface. The UV-Vis spectrum revealed an absorption peak at 370 nm and a bandgap energy of 2.8 eV due to lattice defects caused by organic impurities. The ZnO NPs demonstrated exceptional antioxidant activity, with a DPPH radical scavenging rate of 95.2%. They also exhibited strong antibacterial activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, with inhibition zones of 25 mm against Bacillus subtilis, 26 mm against Escherichia coli, 24 mm against Salmonella typhimurium, 22 mm against Klebsiella pneumoniae, 21 mm against Staphylococcus aureus, 20 mm against Staphylococcus hominis, and 18 mm against Bacillus subtilis at 200 ppm. Furthermore, significant antifungal activity was observed against Candida albicans, with an inhibition zone of 35 mm at the same concentration. These findings underscore the effectiveness of using combined plant extracts for producing ZnO NPs with controlled morphology and enhanced biological properties, highlighting their potential for various biomedical applications.

A review of the benefits and uses of garlic (Allium sativum L.) and onion (Allium cepa L.) from Islamic and scientific perspectives

A review of the benefits and uses of garlic (Allium sativum L.) and onion (Allium cepa L.) from Islamic and scientific perspectives

Use of E-Nose in inspecting the effect of processing type on the aroma of garlic (Allium Sativum L.): a critical hint in the quality assessment

Controlling the quality and health of foodstuffs is of great importance. The quality of foods like garlic is strongly influenced by the conditions of processing. Fungal infection is one of the most common hazards of garlic productivity that can affect its processing as well. This research aimed to use the E-Nose to investigate the aroma of garlic as a quality control factor influenced by different treatments such as type of processing, type of fungal infection, and time elapsed since the date of inoculation. The data was investigated and categorized through different methods such as principal component analysis (PCA), linear discriminant analysis (LDA), Support vector machine (SVM), and backpropagation neural network (BPNN). The Index of deterioration toughness increased during the monitoring period. In the analysis of the data related to the unprocessed whole (UW), dried slices (DS), garlic powder (PO), and garlic tablet (TA), the PCA included 55%, 75%, 47%, and 53% of the data, respectively. The LDA was able to classify the aroma of UW, DS, PO, and TA samples based on the TFI treatment with an accuracy of 90%, 93.33%, 88.89%, and 60%, respectively. Also, the BPNN classified the aromas of UW, DS, PO, and TA samples based on the TEI treatment with an accuracy of 90%, 95.6%, 72.2%, and 82.2%, respectively. The results revealed that the aroma alteration can be used as a comprehensive factor in the quality control of processed products. As well, the type of processing had significant effects on the severity of decay caused by fungal infection.Graphical

Vegetable Mountain Products, as Functional Food. A Cross-sectional Study of European Romanian Agricultural Producers

Background:: Mountain areas, in a normal ecosystemic context as the analyzed region from the European Romanian Carpathians, offer healthier solutions through different agronomical practices and solutions designed for the production of functional food. The paper approaches a chain formed by mountain functional food – agronomic practices – mountain products commerce, the purpose being the development of the entire mountain products value chain from an area focusing on the matrix "from the farm to the fork". The paper analyzes highly consumed mountain products with functional food roles Allium cepa, Allium sativum, Cucumis sativus, Capsicum, and Solanum lycopersicum. Objective: The research highlights the importance of vegetable mountain products as a functional food in the current hunger and environment contexts, in a more and more polluted world Methods:: The experimental, clinical, and agronomical research, together with the production territorial profile, show that mountain products present high qualitative valences comparatively with low-land areas or with reference values given by USDA. Results:: According to macro-nutritional and micro-nutritional analysis – lipids-fats, saturated fatty acids, protein, cyanocobalamin (B12), ergocalciferol (D2 ), cholecalciferol (D3 ), iron and calcium – Allium sativum dominates the mountain product's top with a functional food role. Instead of this, mountain producers prefer to cultivate mountain products with a higher income horizon. Conclusion:: Functional food represents an imperative in a more polluted world. Being less polluted than other ecosystems, the mountain area offers healthier agricultural products and requires notable investments, together with more involved agronomy.

Role of Indian Medicinal Plants for Immunity Booster Against SARS-CoV-2 Infection: An Updated Review

Abstract: The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) came to be an epidemic that has occurred at the expense of the health of people. This disease reveals it can be lethal. Aged people and people with other medical occurrences may be more susceptible and become remarkably ill. The existing pandemic situation mandates scientific vigilance, hence we exploration to medicinal plants like Curcuma longa, Azadirachta indica, Ocimum sanctum, Tinospora cordifolia, Triphala, Phyllanthus emblica, Aloe barbadensis, Syzygium aromaticum, Cinnamomum verum, Allium cepa, Zingiber officinale, Piper nigrum, Allium sativum. The holistic Indian therapeutic system prescription is acknowledged as “Ayurveda”. Natural herbal remedies show more effectiveness which is moving towards the present day with the help of traditional medicine. The factual of the Immunity booster is to determine components of natural lineage have an antiviral outcome. This booster helps to prevent humans from infection caused by SARS-CoV-2. The molecular docking technique is used to disclose the interaction between molecules which is already researched, and the protein. In conclusion, the identified natural compounds from medicinal plants act as an herbal booster for increasing immunity in contradiction to SARS-CoV-2 contagion in patients.

Morphological, biochemical and molecular characterization of short-day tropical Indian garlic (Allium sativum L.)

Garlic, an asexually propagated bulbous crop, displays a wide diversity based on its morphological traits and biochemical compositions. This study investigated the genetic variability of Indian garlic through morphological, biochemical, and molecular markers. Twenty-nine genotypes along with three Allium species as outgroup were included in the present study. Observations were recorded on 14 quantitative traits, 17 qualitative traits, and 9 biochemical traits in fresh garlic. Significant variability was observed among genotypes for different characters. All the morphological and biochemical traits showed higher phenotypic coefficient of variation (PCV) than genotypic coefficient of variation (GCV) revealing the role of environment in trait expression. High to moderate heritability and genetic advance as percent mean were recorded for different traits except dry matter and Total Soluble Solids (TSS). Correlation analysis revealed the highest positive correlation between total yield, marketable yield, Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Potential (FRAP) and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhyrazyl (DPPH). Cluster analysis differentiated all the genotypes into three major clusters based on morphological and biochemical traits. 214 Simple Sequence Repeats (SSRs) were screened and nine markers exhibited polymorphism. Cluster analysis using molecular markers revealed 4 distinct clusters. The observations from this study will help in the identification of diverse garlic germplasm for its efficient management and duplicate identification of germplasm resources.

Garlic (Allium sativum) and mushroom (Agaricus bisporus) powder: Investigation of performance, meat quality, serum profile lipid, and intestinal morphology in broilers.

With the ban on the use of antibiotics in poultry nutrition, the opinion of nutritionists turned to their alternatives. Garlic and mushroom are the two important phytobiotic compounds in poultry nutrition. This experiment was done to investigate the effect of garlic powder (GP) and mushroom powder (MP) on the growth performance, meat quality, serum lipid profile, and intestinal morphology of broilers. Five hundred and seventy-six one-day-old male Ross 308 broiler chicks were assigned to eight treatments with six replications based on a completely randomized design in a factorial arrangement of 4*2 with four levels of GP (0.00, 0.50, 1.00, 1.50%) and two levels of MP (0.00, 1.00%). No significant effects of GP and MP on the performance were observed. With increasing levels of GP in the diets, the lightness and redness of breast meat decreased and increased, respectively (p < 0.05). The effect of increasing the amount of GP on the reduction of total cholesterol level was similar in the absence or presence of MP. With increasing levels of GP in the diets, the villus height (VH) and VH to crypt depth ratio (VH: CD) increased. The use of MP in the diets significantly increased VH and VH: CD (p < 0.05). The addition of GP and MP to the broilers' diets did not have any negative effect on the performance. These pharmaceutic herbs improved intestinal morphology. In addition, increasing the level of GP amended the meat color and reduced the level of serum cholesterol.

Comparative transcriptomics analysis reveals stage-specific gene expression profiles associated with gamete formation in Allium sativum L.

Commercial cultivars of garlic, a popular condiment, are sterile, making genetic variation and germplasm innovation of this plant challenging. Understanding mechanism of gamete sterility in garlic and their key regulatory networks is therefore important for fertility restoration. In this work, we conducted a detailed phenotypic analysis of fertile and sterile garlic genotypes and found that enlargement of topset in the inflorescence of sterile genotypes led to abnormal flowers. Additional cytological observations showed that aberrant meiotic cytokinesis in sterile garlic ultimately resulted in pollen degeneration. Transcriptomics analysis of sterile and fertile genotypes identified possible molecular mechanisms underlying gamete abortion. A total of 100 710 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between the fertile and sterile garlic flowers at three stages of gamete development were identified, many of which were involved in homologous chromosome synapsis during meiosis, MYB transcription factor regulation, ribosome biogenesis and plant hormone signal transduction. Taken together, these results provide insight into the molecular mechanisms and regulatory networks underlying gamete development in garlic and point to a set of candidate genes for further functional characterization.

A Comprehensive Study of Allium Sativum Linn

Abstract: Allium sativum, commonly known as garlic, has been employed for ages for both cui-sines and restorative purposes. Many sulfur-containing phytochemical constituents are abundant in garlic and they are responsible for its many pharmacological properties. The most extensively studied compound in garlic is allicin, however, other forms of garlic such as aged garlic, raw garlic, and oil maceration of garlic, have their own unique chemical properties. Garlic has been shown to lower blood pressure, reduce cholesterol levels, improve insulin sensitivity, inhibit cell prolifera-tion, enhance peristalsis motion, modulate acetylcholine, and inhibit lipid oxidation. Apart from all its traditional therapeutic activity, it has much more potential for further study such as cancer treatment with lesser side-effects, improving mitochondrial dysfunction in Huntington’s disease, enhancement psoriasis treatment, affinity to treat glomerular disease, and vast scope in polycystic ovary syndrome and in uterine contraction. This review talks about pharmacology activities, future aspects, phytochemicals, and the privileged aspects of Allium sativum.

Effect of Spraying With Some Materials to Reduce Climate Change on The Productivity and Quality of Garlic Plants

Effect of Spraying With Some Materials to Reduce Climate Change on The Productivity and Quality of Garlic Plants

Potentials of Zingiber officinale and Allium sativum ethanol extracts to inhibit oxidative stress and inflammation resulting from cancer inducement with 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene

Oxidative stress is the outcome of an imbalance between systemic manifestation of reactive oxygen species and a biological systems ability to readily detoxify the reactive intermediates in order to repair the resulting damage. This imbalance causes toxic effects through production of peroxides and free radicals. This study evaluated the potentials of Zingiber officinale and Allium sativum ethanol extracts to inhibit oxidative stress and inflammation resulting from cancer inducement with 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA) using female Swiss virgin Albino rats of 7–8 weeks old. The plants were extracted with ethanol and assayed for tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and nuclear factor kappa B (NFk-β) to indicate inflammatory responses; malondialdehyde, superoxide dismuthase, catalase and glutathione as indicators of oxidative stress.. All assays were done using standard methods. Phytocompounds in Zingiber officinale were: alkaloids, tannins, flavonoids, steroids and terpenoids while those in Allium sativum were alkaloids, saponins, flavonoids, and glycosides. The actual lethal doses (LD50) of Zingiber officinale, Allium sativum and combination of the two were 8,660, 4,472, and 5,477 mg/kg body weight respectively. Zingiber officinale and Allium sativum ethanol extracts either as mono-therapy or in combination decreased the serum levels of malondialdehyde, and increased superoxide dismuthase, catalase and glutathione. They also decreased tumor necrosis factor-alpha and nuclear factor kappa B significantly (p˂0.05) when compared with control group. These were most remarkable in group 8. In conclusion, Zingiber officinale and Allium sativum ameliorated the oxidative stress and inflammation responses most remarkably when given at the proportion of ZO:AS = 6:4 (318:212 mg/kg body weight).

A comprehensive review on impact of post-harvest management and treatment practices on the quality of garlic (Allium sativum L) during storage

Garlic (Allium sativum L.) plays a crucial role in global agriculture due to its culinary and medicinal uses, but it faces significant post-harvest losses due to moisture, temperature fluctuations, and pest infestations. Proper storage and handling practices can mitigate these losses, yet conventional methods like curing, dehydration, cryopreservation, and vacuum sealing still result in 25–40 % losses during storage. This review investigates the types, factors, and causes of garlic losses, focusing on biological factors such as microbial infections pest infestations, and premature sprouting which cause decay and deformities. Physical factors such as mechanical damage, inadequate curing, temperature fluctuations, humidity, and prolonged light exposure also contribute to deterioration. This review explores practices and treatments to minimize losses, detailing their mechanisms, benefits, and commercial potential. It compares thermal and non-thermal technologies such as irradiation, ozone treatment, nanotechnologies, edible coatings, and films. Irradiation is effective against pathogens but may lead to nutrient loss, ozone treatment provides microbial control with minimal residue. Nanotechnologies, edible coatings, and films help extend shelf life by reducing microbial growth and moisture loss, with considerations for safety and consumer acceptance. The review highlights the need for innovative solutions to reduce losses and preserve the nutritional value and safety, contributing to sustainable garlic production and food security. Additionally, it evaluates the implications of these management practices for sustainability and circular economy. The findings highlight the need for further research to enhance the efficiency, cost-effectiveness, and environmental sustainability of post-harvest technologies to ensure the long-term viability and profitability of garlic production.

Effect of Garlic Extract (Allium sativum) on Hematological and Clinical Chemistry Parameters of Laying Quail

Effect of Garlic Extract (Allium sativum) on Hematological and Clinical Chemistry Parameters of Laying Quail

Green fabrication of silver nanoparticles with Syzygium aromaticum leaf extract: Characterization and applications as a biocontrol agent for multidrug resistant pathogens

The current study looks into the physical, chemical, and antimicrobial potential of the biogenic Silver Nanoparticles(AgNPs) using Syzygium aromaticum leaf extract.Synthesis parameters were altered to figure out optimum synthesis conditions. Optimum synthesis was observed with 9 mL of 1 mM silver nitrate and 1 mL leaf extract at 55 °C and pH 9 with 24 h incubation.Characterization was performed using UV–vis spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, Transmission Electron Microscopy, Scanning Electron Microscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared, and Zeta Potential. Average particle size was found to be 37.5 nm. Nanoparticles synthesized exhibited strong antibacterial activity against tested multidrug-resistant pathogens(MDR) pathogens affirming their therapeutic potential.

In vitro evaluation of the anthelmintic potential of proteases from garlic peel (Allium sativum)

The garlic peel (Allium sativum) is rich in protease-type enzymes, which have already demonstrated their anthelmintic activity. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the potential use of proteases from garlic peel in the in vitro control of Moniezia expansa eggs and trichostrongylid. The prepared extract was precipitated and dialyzed, and its proteolytic activity was evaluated. Subsequently, three experimental groups were prepared: one containing the active extract, another with the denatured extract, and a control group. In vitro assays were then conducted to assess the effect of the extract on M. expansa eggs and trichostrongylid (Haemonchus spp. and Trichostrongylus spp.). There was an increase in enzymatic activity from 4.39 U/mL to 7.32 U/mL after precipitation and dialysis. In vitro experiments confirmed the nematicidal and ovicidal efficacy of garlic peel proteases, with an average reduction of L3 in the experimental groups, in comparison with the control, were: 9,16 % for the denatured extract and 55% for the active extract and 27.69% for M. expansa eggs. This is the first report of the nematicidal and ovicidal effect of these parasites using enzymes from garlic peel. Further research should explore the potential of garlic waste enzymes to create products that contribute to parasite control.