Garlic Allium Research Articles

The effect of Allium sativum and Capsicum spp. Watery extracts on the Entamoeba histolytica in vitro.

In vitro tests have been carried out to find out the efficacy of watery extracts of garlic Allium sativum and hot pepper Capsicum spp. against the trophozoites of Entamoeba histolytica cultivated in liver infusion agar media at 37 c . The doses of ( 0.01, 0.05 ,0.1, 0.5, 1 ml )of garlic and hot pepper watery extracts were added to certain number of E. histolotica trophozoits for exposure time of 24 hrs., the mortality percentage of trophozoites treated with garlic extract were ( 14.82 %, 31.05% ,46.16% , 64.29% , 92.7%) respectively , these percentages were very close to that obtained from the treatment with the hot peper extract which were (17.86%, 32% , 44% ,66.67% ,100%) respectively . Generally these results showed that the garlic and hot pepper watery extracts both were effective to eliminate E. histolitica trophozaites ,particularly the doses of (0.5 and 1 ml). The differences in studied plant characters were significant in the case of the first concentration compared with the second one.

Study of the effects of biological extracts of «heals everything» Gymnanthemum amygdalinum and garlic Allium sativum on fruit flies Bactrocera dorsalis and their stage L3 larvae

Study of the effects of biological extracts of «heals everything» Gymnanthemum amygdalinum and garlic Allium sativum on fruit flies Bactrocera dorsalis and their stage L3 larvae

Response of Three Garlic Allium Sativum L. Genotypes to Potassium Fertilization Levels

A field experiment was carried out at the Agricultural Research Station of the College of Agriculture, the University of Anbar for the season (2021-2022) in order to study the effect of different levels of potassium fertilization on the growth, yield and quality of bulbs for three garlic genotypes. The experiment included the use of four levels of potassium fertilization (0, 150, 200, 250) kg/ha, respectively, it was added to three garlic genotypes (local, Chinese, and Egyptian). The study was carried out as a factorial experiment in a randomized complete block design (R.C.B.D) with three replicates. The results showed that the local cultivar was immunologically superior in vegetative growth characteristics (plant height, leaf area) and reached 100.44 cm and 7.08 cm2 compared to the lowest plant height achieved by plants of the Egyptian cultivar, which amounted to 55.17 cm and the lowest leaf area achieved by the Chinese cultivar plant, which reached 6.96 dm2. The local cultivar and the level of fertilization 250 kg / ha also excelled in the yield trait, as it achieved the highest weight of heads, the highest number of cloves and the highest yield per unit area 91.93 g per clove, 36.24 clove per plant, 36.24 ton / ha compared to the lowest amount achieved by plants of the Chinese cultivar without fertilizing.

Foliar Spray with Selenium to Mitigate the Impact of Water Stress on Chemical, Enzymatic, and Hormonal Parameters of Garlic Allium sativum L.

The current research explored the beneficial role of selenium (Se) in alleviating the negative impacts of water stress on the chemical, enzymatic, and hormonal parameters of garlic plants via manipulating chemo-physiological mechanisms. A field experiment was executed at the research station of the Faculty of Agriculture, University of Kufa, Iraq in September 2022 using a randomized complete block design with three replicates based on a strip-plot system. Three water levels (100%, 80%, and 60%) were set up in the whole plots while foliar application of selenium (Se) with three concentrations (0, 10, and 20) mg.L-1 were assigned to the subplots. Our findings revealed a significant increase in the leaf content of free proline acid, sulfur, and ABA, as well as an increase in the activity of the antioxidant enzymes SOD and CAT when reducing irrigation levels from (100% to 60%) of the water requirement. While there was a significant decline in the plant hormones GA3 and IAA content in garlic leaves @ (60%) level of irrigation. The plants treated with foliar selenium @ (20 mg.L-1) enhanced most of the studied characteristics of garlic plants grown at different water levels. Moreover’ the full water requirement in combination with foliar Se @ (20 mg.L-1) provided the highest values of GA3 and IAA which were both comparable to the interaction treatment of water level @ (80%) and foliar Se @ (20 mg.L-1).

Effect of Water Stress and Selenium Spraying on Vegetative and Yield Indicators of Garlic Allium sativum L.

A field trial was carried out at the research station of the Faculty of Agriculture - University of Kufa, Iraq, during the growing season in September 2022 to evaluate the effect of water stress and spraying with selenium on the growth and yield of garlic. Three irrigation levels (100%, 80%, and 60%) of the water required for garlic and three concentrations of selenium (0, 10, and 20) mg.L-1. A strip-plot system was set up within a randomized complete block design with three replicates, where irrigation levels were placed in the main plots and selenium concentrations were designated in the subplots. Plant height, number of leaves, total chlorophyll content, shoot dry weight, number of cloves, bulb weight, and bulb yield were recorded as the agro-physiological traits. Furthermore, analysis of variance exhibited significant differences between both factors and their interactions for all traits measured. The results showed significant differences in all the aforementioned traits when irrigation levels were reduced from 100% to 60% of the water requirement. Spraying selenium at 20 mg.L-1 achieved the highest values in most of the above-mentioned characteristics in comparison with the absolute control, which gave the lowest values. The interaction treatment (100% watering + 20 mg.L-1 selenium) provided the highest mean for plant height, number of leaves, number of cloves, bulb weight, and yield compared with the other treatments.

Flavin-Containing Monooxygenases (FMO) Genes in Garlic Allium sativum L.: Genome-Wide Identification, Characterization, and Expression Analysis in Response to Fusarium proliferatum

Flavin-Containing Monooxygenases (FMO) Genes in Garlic Allium sativum L.: Genome-Wide Identification, Characterization, and Expression Analysis in Response to Fusarium proliferatum

Cultivar-Specific Effect of Chitosan on Chitinase and Glucanase Activity in the Roots of Garlic Allium sativum L.

Cultivar-Specific Effect of Chitosan on Chitinase and Glucanase Activity in the Roots of Garlic Allium sativum L.

Cultivar-Specific Effect of Chitosan on Chitinase and Glucanase Activity in the Roots of Garlic Allium sativum L.

Chitosan is a natural polysaccharide and, when applied externally, is able to stimulate both growth and defense of the plant, enhancing its resistance to abiotic stresses and suppressing the development of many phytopathogens. Immune response includes the activation of defense proteins, carbohydrases such as chitinases and glucanases, which are also known to participate in the regulation of morphogenesis. In this study, for the first time, the effect of treatment with unfractionated (hydrolysate) chitosan of low (CH1) and medium (CH2) molecular weight on chitinase and glucanase activities, as well as on the expression of chitinase and -1,3-glucanase genes in the roots of two cultivars of garlic Allium sativum L. differing by resistance to Fusarium rot was examined. It was shown that the effect of chitosans on the enzymatic activity and expression of the genes encoding -1,3-glucanases (AsPR2a, AsPR2b, and AsPR2c) and chitinases (AsCHI1, AsCHI3, AsCHI7, AsCHI17, and AsCHI23) is cultivar-specific, which may be due to different susceptibility of the cultivars to Fusarium. The expression pattern of chitinase genes AsCHI10, AsCHI27, and AsCHI34, similar between varieties, suggested their involvement in root tissue morphogenesis. The results indicated a greater stimulatory effect of CH2 in comparison with CH1 on chitinase and glucanase activity. The stronger inhibitory influence of CH2 (as compared with CH1) on the expression of chitinase and -1,3-glucanase genes correlated with the lower fungicidal effect of CH2 on Fusarium proliferatum. The findings may be used in breeding biotechnology to increase the resistance of garlic to Fusarium.

Letter: Nationwide Readmission Rates and Hospital Charges for Patients With Surgical Evacuation of Nontraumatic Subdural Hematomas: Part 1-Craniotomy.

Letter: Nationwide Readmission Rates and Hospital Charges for Patients With Surgical Evacuation of Nontraumatic Subdural Hematomas: Part 1-Craniotomy.

Identification of Monodehydroascorbate Reductase (MDHAR) Genes in Garlic (Allium sativum L.) and Their Role in the Response to Fusarium proliferatum Infection

Identification of Monodehydroascorbate Reductase (MDHAR) Genes in Garlic (Allium sativum L.) and Their Role in the Response to Fusarium proliferatum Infection

The Effects of Processing Time on the Total Phenolic, Flavonoid Content, and Antioxidant Activity of Multi Bulb and Single Bulb Black Garlic

Black garlic is produced by processing multi-bulb garlic (Allium sativum) or single-bulb garlic in high temperature and high humidity for several days. Black garlic has many health benefits, such as an antioxidant activity resulting from its compound, including groups of flavonoid and phenolic compounds. This study aimed to analyze the effect of aging time on multi-bulb and single-bulb black garlic on the content of total phenolic, flavonoid, and antioxidant activity. Black garlic was processed at a 60-70°C heating temperature and 70-80% relative humidity for 25 days. Determination of total phenol and flavonoid contents was conducted using spectrophotometric methods with gallic acid as a standard of total phenolic and quercetin as a standard of flavonoid, while the antioxidant activity was determined by DPPH radical reduction. The results showed that total phenolic contents (% w/w GAE), flavonoids contents (% w/w QE), and EC50 values at 0 until day 25 increased on a particular day in multi-bulb and single-bulb black garlic. The optimal total phenolic content of both black garlic was obtained by heating for 20 days, flavonoid content of multi-bulb garlic for 10 days, and single-bulb black garlic for 15 days. Highest antioxidant activity was obtained on days 20 and 25 for single-bulb black garlic and multi-bulb black garlic, respectively. The aging time of black garlic affects total phenolic, flavonoid content, and antioxidant activity. In general, longer processing time caused an increase in the total phenolic content, flavonoid content, and antioxidant activity of both black garlics. Multi-bulb black garlic showed higher phenolic or flavonoid content and antioxidant activity than single-bulb black garlic.

Isothiazolone Reduced Microbe Contamination of North Sumatra Local Garlic (Allium sativum L.) in vitro

Isothiazolone Reduced Microbe Contamination of North Sumatra Local Garlic (Allium sativum L.) in vitro

Influence of the Preservation Method on the Nutritional Profile of Elephant Garlic (Allium ampeloprasum L.) Grown in Valdichiana, a Traditional Cultivation Area of Tuscany, Italy

Influence of the Preservation Method on the Nutritional Profile of Elephant Garlic (Allium ampeloprasum L.) Grown in Valdichiana, a Traditional Cultivation Area of Tuscany, Italy

Synergistic properties of essential oils of eucalyptus (Eucalyptus globulus) and lemon grass (Cymbopogon flexuosus) against cattle tick, Rhipicephalus microplus

ABSTRACT The anti-tick efficacy of eight commercially available essential oils (EOs), viz., Neem (Azadirachta indica), castor (Ricinus communis L.), lemon grass (Cymbopogon flexuosus), eucalyptus (Eucalyptus globulus), curry leaves (Murraya koenigii), garlic (Allium sativum), sage (Salvia officinalis), and rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis), was screened in vitro against Rhipicephalus microplus ticks. Each of the EOs were diluted in 2% Triton X-100 and 10% ethanol to prepare working concentrations and were tested against IVRI-I strain of Rhipicephalus microplus. The mortality, egg masses, and inhibition of oviposition (IO) were used to determine treatment effectiveness. The EOs of C. flexuosus, E. globulus, S. officinalis, and R. officinalis showed more than 95% efficacy at the tested concentrations. While, EOs of A. indica, R. communis, M. koenigii, and A. sativum were found 16–33% efficacious. Six different combinations of the most effective EOs (C. flexuosus and E. globulus) were prepared and tested for anti-tick activity. The combination C, F, and H showed 100% mortality at 4% concentration. The combination H was found more economical than ivermectin for animal treatment indication that it can be used effectively for the development of potent antitick formulation for the management of tick populations.

A cross-sectional study of herbal medicine use and contributing factors among pregnant women on antenatal care follow-up at Dessie Referral Hospital, Northeast Ethiopia

BackgroundHerbal medicines are widely used in the world especially in developing countries. Pregnant women use herbal products to treat pregnancy related illnesses due to prior experience of herbal medicine use and easy accessibility of the products with less cost. However, herbal products could affect fetal growth and contribute to maternal and fetal morbidity and mortality. Herbal drug use during pregnancy is not well studied in Ethiopia specifically in northeast Ethiopia.MethodsA cross-sectional survey was conducted among 254 pregnant women on antenatal care follow-up at Dessie referral hospital. Semi-structured questionnaires were used for data collection. After collection, data were coded, entered and analyzed by SPSS version 20. Chi squared test and Logistic regression were used to evaluate the association between dependent and independent variables.ResultAmong the total of 254 respondents, 130 (51.2%) used herbal drugs during current pregnancy. The most commonly mentioned reason for herbal drug use was “herbal medicines are accessible without prescription” (43.1%). The herbal medicines used were Ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) (43.8%), followed by Garlic (Allium sativum L.) (23.8%), Damakese (Ocimum lamiifolium Hochst. ex Benth.) (21.5%) and Tena-adam (Ruta chalepensis L.) (10.8%). The indications for herbal drug use were nausea/vomiting (43.8%), headache (30.8%) and common cold (25.4%). The most commonly mentioned sources of information on herbal medicine were families and friends (80.0%) followed by neighbors (12.3%), and the most commonly cited sources of herbal products were market (67.7%) and self-preparation (20.0%). Being illiterate or having only primary school education (Adjusted Odds Ratio [AOR]: 3.717, 95% CI: 0.992-13.928), having secondary school education background (AOR: 3.645, 95% CI: 1.394-9.534), and poor monthly income (AOR: 7.234, 95% CI: 2.192-23.877) were the variables that showed significant association with herbal drug use during current pregnancy.ConclusionThis study showed that half of the sampled pregnant women used herbal medicine during current pregnancy, and education status and monthly income level of the women were associated with herbal drug use.

Effect of garlic (Allium sativum) - supplemented diet on growth performance, body composition and fatty acid profile of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss).

In this study, rainbow trout were fed for a total of 90 days with different feed mixes containing 0.00%, 1.00%, 1.50% and 2.00% garlic (Allium sativum). The effect of garlic on the growth performance, body composition and fatty acid profile of rainbow trout was researched. The starting weight of fish in the experimental group was approximately 64.12±0.29 gr, which increased to 234.12±3.54gr, 246.31±4.41gr, 258.74±4.42gr, and 268.79±4.79gr, while the difference in growth between the groups was observed to be statistically significant (p<0.05). At the end of the feeding period, the specific growth rate (SGR), the economic conversion ratio (ECR), the feed conversion ratio (FCR), the economic profit index (EPI) and the protein efficiency ratio (PER) were checked. In this study, the nutritional composition and fatty acid profiles of fish after 90 days of feeding were examined. As a result of this study, the supplementation of garlic to the diet given to rainbow trout caused an increase in their protein ratio and a decrease in their moisture content and fat ratio. Additionally, it led to a decrease in fatty acid and monounsaturated fatty acid levels and an increase in polyunsaturated fatty acids.

Phytochemicals and antioxidant potential of ginger (Zingiber officinale) and garlic (Allium sativum) extracts

Matured fresh root of Ginger (Zingiber officinale R.) and bulb of Garlic (Allium sativum L.) and their binary mixture were evaluated for phytochemicals and antioxidant potential using standard methods. The results of preliminary phytochemical screening of aqueous and ethanol extract of Ginger and Garlic showed the presence of some phytochemicals such as tannin, saponin, flavonoids, alkaloids, terpenoids, steroids and glycosides at various levels. The antioxidant activities of aqueous and ethanol extracts of ginger and garlic showed a total phenolic content mg/g of Ginger (6.432 and 14.176) Garlic (7.172 and 2.146), DPPH content Ginger (58.817 and 86.915) % Garlic (37.582 and 26.451), OH radicals ginger (85.358 and 87.694) garlic (83.956 and 79.751), Fe2+ chelation of ginger (4.584 and 43.444) garlic (7.961 and 53.984), NO radicals of ginger (74.894 and 12.658) garlic (58.966 and 86.392). However the antioxidant contents of the binary mixture of both aqueous and ethanol extracts of ginger and garlic (70:30) showed increased in all antioxidant properties. These implies that both aqueous and ethanol extracts of ginger and garlic possessed good phytochemicals and antioxidant potential which indicates that consumption of these two spices either separately or as a mixture could be encouraged especially for those suffering from any form of cardiovascular diseases.

In vitro Antiplatelet Activities of Aqueous Extract of Garlic (Allium sativum) and black Garlic in Human Blood

Coronary heart disease is one of the deadliest cardiovascular disease in the world. Recent studies have shown an increase in aspirin resistance as a gold standard therapy causing recurrent heart attacks. Antiplatelet of natural resources thus need to be explored. Garlic (Allium sativum) is known to be effective as an antiplatelet, but the problem arose after consuming garlic prolonged is the presence of unpleasant breath and body odor which reduces patient compliance in therapy. Black Garlic is a product made of garlic which tastes delicious and does not smell pungent like raw garlic. There has been no study of Black Garlic as an antiplatelet before. The aim of this research was to determine the antiplatelet activities of aqueous extract of garlic (AEG) and Black Garlic (AEBG) and to evaluate their differences in human blood in vitro. This research was designed to be experimental posttest only, which was performed in 10 groups, namely the vehicle controls, positive controls, as well as the concentration groups of AEG and AEBG (each 1-4μg/μL). The antiplatelet activity was tested using the Born method, which measured the plasma uptake before and after induced with Papain. Evaluation was done by calculating the percent inhibition of platelet aggregation of the concentration groups relative to vehicle controls. The results showed that both AEG and AEBG have antiplatelet activities ([H=16.664; 5 df; p=0.005] and [H=16.225; 5 df; p=0.006] respectively). The inhibition of platelet aggregation is also shown to be significantly different in both samples [H=21.693; 7 d.f; p=0.003].

The Physicochemical Properties, Volatile Compounds and Taste Profile of Black Garlic (Allium sativum L.) Cloves, Paste and Powder

Black garlic is produced as a result of the so-called “fermentation processes” of whole heads or cloves kept under controlled conditions of temperature and humidity for several weeks. During this long-term heat treatment, garlic undergoes enzymatic and non-enzymatic browning reactions, which greatly change its taste, aroma, physicochemical, organoleptic and bioactive properties. Black garlic is most often produced in the form of cloves, and recently also in the form of paste and powder. This work focused on the comparison of functional properties of black garlic, such as volatile compounds, taste profile, total polyphenols content, antioxidant activity, color (CIE L*, a*, b*), water activity (aw), pH, soluble solids content (°Brix) and moisture content, depending on the form of its occurrence: cloves, spreading paste and powder. After long-term heat treatment, garlic was characterized by a higher content of dry matter and water-soluble solids, respectively at about 22% and 24% for spreading paste and 166% and 44% for powder. The conducted research showed significant differences in the bioactive properties of the tested garlic samples, with the lowest content of polyphenols and antioxidant properties in fresh, unprocessed garlic (6.05 ± 0.07 mg GAE/1 g d.m. and 232.95 ± 4.06 µM TEAC/1 g d.m., respectively), while in garlic subjected to long-term heat treatment, the total polyphenols content and antioxidant potential were two times higher than in the unprocessed garlic. The polyphenol content and antioxidant properties were the highest in the spread garlic (respectively, 15.16 ± 0.08 mg GAE/1 g d.m. and 638.46 ± 3.37 µM TEAC/1 g d.m.) and the lowest in the powdered samples (respectively, 11.02 ± 0.51 mg GAE/1 g d.m. and 541.71 ± 5.22 µM TEAC/1 g d.m.). Obtained black garlic samples gain completely different sensory characteristics determined using instrumental methods. In black garlic and its preparations, the intensity of unpleasant taste and aroma is reduced as a result of the appearance of metabolites during the long-term heat treatment, which in turn determined the specific, delicate sweet–sour taste and pleasant aroma, completely unrelated to the aroma of the unprocessed product. Taking into account the obtained results, it can be stated that black garlic, in the form of cloves, paste and powder, exhibits completely different properties than white garlic.

Molecular Docking Studies with Garlic Phytochemical Constituents to Inhibit the Human EGFR Protein for Lung Cancer Therapy

In both developed and emerging economies, carcinoma is one of the most frequent malignancies. Non-small cell lung cancer accounts for 80% of all melanoma within India. The basic concept of molecular precision medicine for lung cancer is the EGFR (Epidermal growth factor receptor), which belongs to the tyrosine kinase receptor family (RTKs). Garlic (Allium sativum L), an Indian Traditional spice from the Allium family, appears to be capable of inhibiting cancer cell formation through an apoptotic route. In the present research, the competence and binding ability of various phytochemical compounds from garlic targeting lung melanoma marker protein were assessed. Garlic's medicinal benefits are assumed to be due to key components within the elemental composition, such as organosulfur compounds and flavonoids. There were 19 compounds along with 2 reference compounds that were used for molecular docking purposes. The study revealed that the chemicals investigated are bound effectively to EGFR. When compared to water-soluble and lipid-soluble organosulfur compounds, garlic flavonoids had the anticipated free energy of interaction. Especially in contrast to Alliin, S-Methyl-L-cysteine, Kaempferol, Quercetin, Myrecetin, Apigenin along with Erlotinib demonstrated excellent interaction. Alliin, the much more prevalent component throughout the whole garlic bulb, has a stronger affinity via intermolecular hydrogen bonding, with a binding energy of -7.4 kcal/ Mol. The water-soluble chemical S-Methyl-L-cysteine also had positive interactions with EGFR (-7.3 Kcal/mol). Among the flavonoid groups studied, Quercetin, Myrecetin and Apigenin were found to be the best suitable compound with a binding energy of -8.5 kcal/ Mol. The current findings pave the way for a deeper understanding of garlic's active substance interactions with EGFR. The substances discovered might be utilised as a prototype for anti-cancer treatmentHowever, more research into these compounds' biochemical functions is required before they can be used to treat lung cancer.