Gardenia Fruit Research Articles

Allergic contact dermatitis from gardenia fruit

A 41-year-old man, with severe itchy dermatitis on the left leg, had treated a bruise on the left knee with a topical folk remedy called Sokujikoh, which contains about 16% powdered gardenia fruit. After 4 days, an exacerbation of symptoms appeared, with edema, erythema, and vesicles on the treated area. Patch testing indicated sensitivity to the seeds of gardenia fruit and, to a lesser extent, the pericarp (fruit wall). The allergens could be extracted into ethanol and, less readily, into water.

The Greening of Steamed Glutinous Rice Colored Yellow with Gardenia Fruit (Gardenia jasnoides Ellis)

The Greening of Steamed Glutinous Rice Colored Yellow with Gardenia Fruit (Gardenia jasnoides Ellis)

Genipin, a New Type of Protein Crosslinking Reagent from Gardenia Fruits

Journal Article Genipin, a New Type of Protein Crosslinking Reagent from Gardenia Fruits Get access Shigeaki Fujikawa, Shigeaki Fujikawa Institute for Fundamental Research, Sun tory Ltd., Shimamoto-cho, Mishima-gun, Osaka 618, Japan Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Shigeyuki Nakamura, Shigeyuki Nakamura Institute for Fundamental Research, Sun tory Ltd., Shimamoto-cho, Mishima-gun, Osaka 618, Japan Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Kunimasa Kooa Kunimasa Kooa Institute for Fundamental Research, Sun tory Ltd., Shimamoto-cho, Mishima-gun, Osaka 618, Japan Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Agricultural and Biological Chemistry, Volume 52, Issue 3, 1 March 1988, Pages 869–870, https://doi.org/10.1080/00021369.1988.10868755 Published: 01 March 1988 Article history Received: 27 October 1987 Published: 01 March 1988

Genipin, a new type of protein crosslinking reagent from gardenia fruits.

Genipin, a new type of protein crosslinking reagent from gardenia fruits.

Brilliant skyblue pigment formation from gardenia fruits

It is well known that blue pigment is formed by the reaction of amino acids with genipin, the hydrolyzate of geniposide from gardenia fruits. We studied the effect of the amino acid on blue pigment formation and found a linear relationship between the molecular weight of the neutral amino acid and the λ max of the blue pigment formed. Thin layer chromatographic analysis revealed brilliant skyblue components of the blue pigments formed from glycine, alanine, leucine, phenylalanine and tyrosine. Furthermore, a brilliant skyblue color was obtained by a reverse phase column chromatography (HP-20) of blue pigments formed from glycine, leucine and phenylalanine. The λ max of these purified pigments lay above 600 nm, and the peaks were sharper than those of crude pigments. After standing for two weeks at 40°C in 40% ethanol solution, the brilliant skyblue pigment formed from genipin and glycine remained stable, losing none of its initial absorbance.

Continuous blue pigment formation by gardenia fruit using immobilized growing cells

Bacillus subtilis no. 24 was used as a microorganism which hydrolyzes geniposide and forms a blue pigment. This microorganism possessed β-glucosidase activity during aerobic growth (log phase) and assimilated geniposide as a carbon source. The growth of this cell was depressed by genipin formed by the hydrolysis of geniposide. Blue pigment was formed continuously for 20 d in medium containing geniposide, yeast extract and Polypepton, using growing cells immobilized in calcium-alginate gel.

Simultaneous determination of geniposide, geniposidic acid and gardenoside in gardenia fruit by high performance liquid chromatography.

Simultaneous determination of geniposide, geniposidic acid and gardenoside in gardenia fruit by high performance liquid chromatography.

Natural Yellow Colors Extracted from Gardenia Fruit (Gardenia jasminoides ELLIS) and Colors Found in Commercial Gardenia Fruit Extract Color-Analysis of Natural Yellow Colors by High Performance Liquid Chromatography-

In the previous paper, thin layer and high performance liquid chromatographic methods for the determination of geniposide were reported. In this work, separation and determination of natural colors in gardenia fruit extracts were investigated.Natural colors, crocin and crocetin, and geniposide (which is a contaminant) could be simultaneously separated by reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) on a Nucleosil 7 C18 column with methyl alcohol-water as the eluant (Fig. 1).The natural yellow colors in gardenia fruit could be extracted with methyl alcohol, 50v/v% aqueous methyl and ethyl alcohols or water. The color intensities (absorbances at 438nm, as crocin) of the extracts became maximum after about 24 hours. Some of the extracts showed a slight loss of colors on subsequent extraction (Fig. 2). The color intensity of the extract with methyl alcohol or 50v/v% aqueous methyl and ethyl alcohols was higher than that of the extract with water, and the ratio of geniposide/color intensity (G/C) in the former extract was 0.4, less than that in the latter extract (Table 2).The color intensity of commercial gardenia fruit extract color was expressed as E1%1cm value at 438nm, as crocin. The values obtained for eighteen samples from different companies were in the range of 4.9 to 175, and the ratios of G/C in 12 of the 18 samples were 0.4-1.6 (Table 3). These results suggested that the samples may have been manufactured by extraction with the above solvents or water.The natural colors in the extract and the samples were analyzed by HPLC. Several peaks (2-4 peaks) besides crocin were detected on the chromatograms, but crocetin was not detected (except in sample Nos. 2 and 11). In sample Nos. 2 and 11, crocin was converted into crocetin during alkaline hydrolysis [Fig. 6 (Sample 2) and Fig. 7 (Sample 2)].The peak which appeared at the retention time of about 20min on HPLC was observed on all the chromatograms (Figs. 3, 4 and 7). The color corresponding to this peak may occur together with crocin in gardenia fruit; its structure might be analogous to those of crocin and crocetin.

Studies on physical and chemical quality evaluation of crude drugs preparations. III. Analysis of gardenia fruits and its preparations

Studies on physical and chemical quality evaluation of crude drugs preparations. III. Analysis of gardenia fruits and its preparations

Chromatographic Separation and Determination of Geniposide in Commercial Gardenia Fruit Extract Color

Gardenia Fruit (Gardenia jasminoides ELLIS) contains natural colors as well as crocin and crocetin. Recently, several iridoid glucosides (geniposide, gardenoside, etc.) have been reported as constituents of this fruit. Geniposide, a major iridoid component, has been recognized to have a purgative effect in mice.In this work, chromatographic separation and determination of geniposide in commercial gardenia fruit extract color were investigated. Geniposide was analyzed by thin layer chromatography (TLC) on a silica gel plate with a mixture of chloroform-methyl alcohol (4:1) as the developing solvent. The spot on the plate was colored purplish-red when the plate was heated at 100°C for 8min after spraying p-anisaldehyde reagent. The colored spot was determined with a dual-wavelength TLC scanner (measuring wavelength, 500nm; reference, 700nm). The relationship between spot area on the densitogram and the concentration was found to be linear in the concentration range from 100 to 1200ppm (1-12μg/spot) of geniposide (Fig. 2). The detection limit was 300ng of geniposide.High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was carried out as follows. Geniposide was determined using a reversed-phase system under the following conditions. Column, Nucleosil 7 C18; eluant, primary water, secondary methyl alcohol (0-100% methyl alcohol linear gradient at 3%/min); detector, 254nm. A linear calibration curve was obtained in the range of 2.8-1, 200ppm (14-6, 000ng/injection) for geniposide (Fig. 3). The minimum detectable amount was 10ng of geniposide.Gardenia fruit (1g) was treated with various solvents and the extracts obtained were analyzed by HPLC. The geniposide content ranged from 53 to 102mg (Table 3). Eighteen samples of commercial gardenia fruit extract color were examined by TLC and HPLC. Geniposide contents in the samples were found to be 0-35.90% (Table 4). These methods are considered to be suitable for the analysis of geniposide in gardenia fruit extracts.

Analysis of Natural Dye in Foods. Determination of Natural Yellow Dye from the Fruits of Gardenia by Detecting Geniposide

In order to determine a natural yellow dye from the fruits of gardenia in various foods, thinlayer chromatography (TLC) and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) were employed for the identification of geniposide which was a main component of the fruits of gardenia. Samples were analysed on TLC of silica gel (the solvent system for detection of geniposide : chloroform/methanol/water=65 : 35 : 10v/v, lower layer) and HPLC (Shodex ODS column with a mobile phase of 0.05M disodiumhydrogenphosphate/acetonitril=85 : 15v/v). This method was found to be a sensitive way to identify a natural yellow dye from the fruits of gardenia in foods.

Pharmacological studies of gardenia fruit. III. Relationship between in vivo hydrolysis of geniposide and its choleretic effect in rats.

The role of genipin in the choleretic action of geniposide, the principle component of gardenia fruit, was examined. Geniposide showed a delayed and prolonged action by intraduodenal administration of 1 g/kg or over, while genipin showed a fast choleretic action with 50 mg/kg. Geniposide did not show choleretic action after intraportal administration of 10-400 mg/kg but genipin showed a choleretic action with 2.5 mg/kg. Geniposide and genipin appeared in portal blood after intraduodenal administration of geniposide, while genipin appeared after intraduodenal administration of genipin. Genipin and genipin glucuronide appeared in the bile after oral and intraduodenal administration of geniposide and oral administration of genipin. Genipin and genipin glucuronide that appeared in portal blood and bile after administration of geniposide and genipin showed a periodical pattern similar to that of choleretic action of these two substances. These evidences indicate that the choleretic action of geniposide is due to genipin formed by hydrolysis of geniposide in the digestive tract.