Garcinia Cambogia Research Articles

Combination of Lactobacillus plantarum HAC03 and Garcinia cambogia Has a Significant Anti-Obesity Effect in Diet-Induced Obesity Mice.

Obesity is a major global health problem which is associated with various diseases and psychological conditions. Increasing understanding of the relationship between obesity and gut microbiota has led to a worldwide effort to use microbiota as a treatment for obesity. However, several clinical trials have shown that obesity treatment with single strains of probiotics did not achieve as significant results as in animal studies. To overcome this limitation, we attempted to find a new combination that goes beyond the effects of probiotics alone by combining probiotics and a natural substance that has a stronger anti-obesity effect. In this study, we used a diet-induced obesity mouse (DIO) model to investigate the effects of combining Lactobacillus plantarum HAC03 with Garcinia cambogia extract, as compared to the effects of each substance alone. Combining L. plantarum HAC03 and G. cambogia, treatment showed a more than two-fold reduction in weight gain compared to each substance administered alone. Even though the total amount administered was kept the same as for other single experiments, the combination treatment significantly reduced biochemical markers of obesity and adipocyte size, in comparison to the treatment with either substance alone. The treatment with a combination of two substances also significantly decreased the gene expression of fatty acid synthesis (FAS, ACC, PPARγ and SREBP1c) in mesenteric adipose tissue (MAT). Furthermore, 16S rRNA gene sequencing of the fecal microbiota suggested that the combination of L. plantarum HAC03 and G. cambogia extract treatment changed the diversity of gut microbiota and altered specific bacterial taxa at the genus level (the Eubacterium coprostanoligenes group and Lachnospiraceae UCG group) and specific functions (NAD salvage pathway I and starch degradation V). Our results support that the idea that the combination of L. plantarum HAC03 and G. cambogia extract has a synergistic anti-obesity effect by restoring the composition of the gut microbiota. This combination also increases the abundance of bacteria responsible for energy metabolism, as well as the production of SCFAs and BCAAs. Furthermore, no significant adverse effects were observed during the experiment.

Dose Dependent Effects of Aqueous Extract of Garcinia cambogia Desr. Against Letrozole Induced Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome in Female Adult Rats With Possible Mechanisms Exploration.

Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is an endocrine metabolic disorder of women. This study aimed to explore the potential of aqueous extract of Garcinia cambogia Desr. (AEGC) in PCOS. The HPLC was used to determine the phytoconstituents present in Garcinia cambogia. Thirty adult female albino rats were divided into 6 groups: Normal control (NC) disease Control (PCOS; letrozole 1mg/kg), plant extract (AEGC 100, 300, 500mg/kg) and standard (metformin; 20mg/kg). Disease was confirmed by vaginal smear cytology. After 10 weeks, animals were euthanized, ovaries dissected for histopathology, blood collected for hormonal and biochemical analysis. HPLC analysis showed the presence of phenolic contents; chlorogenic acid, gallic acid, coumaric acid while flavonoid contents were quercetin, kaempferol, and rutin. After treatment, there was dose dependent reduction of weight, ovarian cysts, improvement of follicle growth. DPPH radical scavenging percentage was 67.89%. Hormonal analysis showed a significant improvement (P < .05) in follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), estrogen, and progesterone while a reduction in testosterone, luteinizing hormone (LH) and insulin level. Antioxidant enzymatic markers were significantly (P < .05) increased. Lipid profile and LFTs were also improved. The study validated the potential of Garcinia cambogia in the management of PCOS.

Utilising the Ethanolic Extracts of Leaves Garcinia Cambogia and Commiphora Mukul Herbal Pills Prepared for Treating Anti-Obesity Effects

A complex disorder called obesity is characterised by an excessive quantity of bodily fat. It raises the risk of developing other illnesses and medical conditions like diabetes, high blood pressure, and heart conditions. When our BMI is 30kg/m2 or greater, obesity is considered to exist. Today, more ailments are treated with traditional medicines—mostly herbal in nature—than with allopathic drugs. Compared to herbal drugs, allopathic drugs have higher side effects. The purpose of the current work is to create and assess the herbal tablet prepared using an ethanolic extract of Commiphoramukul and Garcinia cambogia leaves. Wet granulation was used to manufacture the formulation. Both the pre-compression parameter and the post-compression parameter of the prepared formulation were assessed. The calculation demonstrated that the permissible pre- and post-compression parameter is within bounds. Before and after the IEC's stability investigation, the Garcinia cambogia (HCA) content assay yielded results of 49.78% and 49.69%, respectively (Ion Exchange Chromatography). The content of Commiphoramukul (guggulsterones) was 12.38% and 12.26% before and after the UV Spectrophotometer stability investigation. The formulation was found to be reasonably stable based on the findings.

Metarhizium indicum, a new species of entomopathogenic fungus infecting leafhopper, Busoniomimus manjunathi from India

A new species of entomopathogenic fungus, Metarhizium indicum, which derives its species epithet after its Indian origin is reported here. The fungus was found to cause natural epizootics in leafhopper (Busoniomimus manjunathi) infesting Garcinia gummi-gutta (Malabar tamarind), an evergreen spice tree native to South and Southeast Asia, known for its use as a culinary flavourant, dietary supplement and traditional remedy for various human ailments. The fungus was found to cause more than 60% mortality in field collected insects. The identity of the new species was established based on its distinct morphological characteristics and multi-gene sequence data analyses. Phylogenetic analyses using internal transcribed spacer region (ITS), DNA lyase (APN2) and a concatenated set of four marker genes [translation elongation factor 1-alpha (TEF), β-tubulin (BTUB), RNA polymerase II largest subunit (RPB1) and RNA polymerase II second largest subunit (RPB2)] along with marked differences in nucleotide composition and genetic distance unambiguously support our claim that the present fungus infecting Garcinia leafhopper is a new addition to the genus Metarhizium.

Narrative Review: The FDA's Perfunctory Approach of Dietary Supplement Regulations Giving Rise to Copious Reports of Adverse Events.

Background: The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) originated from the passage of the 1906 Pure Food and Drugs act aimed to rein in the long-standing abuse in the consumer product marketplace. The act was passed to prohibit interstate commerce of misbranded and adulterated foods, drinks, drugs. Thus, promoting the FDA's mission to protect the public health by regulating human and veterinary drugs, biological products, medical devices, food supply, cosmetics, and tobacco to ensure safety, efficacy, and security. Progressing further in 1994, the Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act (DSHEA) was established designating specific label requirements, providing regulatory framework, and authorizing the FDA to promulgate good manufacturing practices for dietary supplements. This act defined and classified "dietary supplements" and "dietary ingredients" as food requiring all over the counter products (OTC) products to consist of labeling that is easy to understand and meets the FDA quality, effectiveness, and safety standards. However, under the umbrella of OTC products, the FDA fell short in its regulation of the expansive dietary supplement market. The objective of this study is to discern how the lack of efficacy in the FDA's regulations of OTC dietary supplements inevitably inspired more harm than benefit. Methods: This review comprised of case studies including young adolescents and adult consumers who experienced adverse events from the use of dietary supplements. Products which showed highest prevalence in adverse event reports through the Food and Drug Administration CFSAN Adverse Event Reporting System (CAERS) included but not limited to; Vitamin E (vitamin derivative), Beta-sitosterol (plant sterol) Yohimbine, Kava Kava Kratom, Garcinia Cambogia, (herbal products) and OxyElite Pro (marketed weight loss product). The primary endpoint was evaluating the FDA's regulations on dietary supplement safety protocols. The secondary endpoint was assessing the actions of the FDA in response to these case events. Results: Overall, between 2004 to 2021, a total of 79,071 adverse events related to the use of dietary supplements were reported to the Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition. Vitamin E products for example, marketed for decades for their antioxidant benefits in turn have shown significant evidence of toxicity and an increased risk of bleeding outweighing its potential benefit. The FDA's response was simply implementing a label guideline update, yet this update had evidence of minimal effect as the number of cases gradually continued to increase. Likewise, herbal products such as Kava Kava, Yohimbine, Kratom, and Garcinia Cambogia, in addition to weight regulating products, such as OxyElite Pro and HydroxyCut, have been linked to organ failure, hepatic, renal, cardiac toxicity, and death respectively. The FDA merely responded through instating public consumer warnings of their effects with consumption and limited recalls of certain products. Conclusion: With the easy accessibility of these products, the general public is more inclined to its use without proper guidance and monitoring from their healthcare team, posing as a major concern for possible interactions, contraindications and unfavorable outcomes. With proper implementation of stringent regulations post findings from increased studies on efficacy and safety, cases of adverse events could have been reduced significantly or averted completely. The FDA's minimalistic efforts consisting of only post-marketing monitoring and retrospective actions of label modifying have time and time again shown flaws as seen in the growing series of reports. By emending the over-the-counter supplement review process to reflect that of prescription medication, the magnitude of adverse events can be diminished. The process should include preclinical research in addition to clinical research, FDA thorough examination of data prior approval and post marketing surveillance.

Garcinia cambogia water extract alleviates insulin resistance and hepatic lipid accumulation in mice fed a high-fat diet.

Garcinia cambogia is widely used as a weight-loss supplement, and it is reported to be negatively associated with metabolic diseases including insulin resistance (IR), type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), and dyslipidemia. This study aimed to investigate the effect of G. cambogia water extract (GE) on high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity, IR, and hepatic lipid accumulation. C57BL/6 male mice were fed HFD with or without GE, GED and GEP for 16 weeks, and the mice were subjected to insulin tolerance tests and liver histological analysis. The hydroxycitric acid (HCA) levels of GE, GED, and GEP were measured by high-performance liquid chromatography. The results showed that GE significantly reduced HFD-induced body weight gain (P < 0.001), alleviated IR (P < 0.01), reduced serum total cholesterol (TC) (P < 0.001), and attenuated HFD-induced hepatic lipid accumulation. To investigate the constituent that was responsible for these effects, we separated GE into the component that dissolved in ethanol (GED) and the component that was precipitated by ethanol (GEP). Further mouse experiments showed that both GED and GEP were effective, but GED (which was used at a dose of 4 g/L) was more effective than GEP (which was used at a lower dose of 1 g/L). The HCA levels in GED and GEP were similar, although less than in GE. HCA may be the effective component in GE. This study provides evidence that G. cambogia can be used as a natural supplement to alleviate IR and hepatic lipid accumulation.

THE ADJUVANT USE OF HERBAL MEDICINES TO AID BODY FAT LOSS IN OVERWEIGHT INDIVIDUALS

Obesity is an emerging issue in Brazil and in the world since there are several pathologies associated with excessive weight. The use of medicinal plants is atemporal and they have been used as a source of food and for therapeutic purposes. Objective: The purpose of this study is to approach the possibility of herbal medicine in obese patients and to conceive through clinical studies and analysis the activity of Camellia sinensis (green tea) and Garcinia cambogia plants in cooperation for the reduction of body fat. Methods: The bibliographic survey considered original articles and reviews published between 2013 and 2021 in online databases, with studies in humans. Results: Forty-seven articles were pre-selected, and those were 30 papers discarded after analysis and the other 17 were submitted for reading on their respective themes. Conclusion: In the midst of these conceptions, it is concluded that there is a need for investment in research in the field of alternative medicine and herbal medicine in order to that these drugs be used efficiently and safely, since the clinical tests showed satisfactory results.

Garcinia gummi-gutta: Phytochemicals and pharmacological applications.

Garcinia gummi-gutta, also known as Garcinia cambogia, is a member of the Guttiferae family. Garcinia is a polygamous genus consisting 200 species of trees and shrubs. It is found in different zones of the planet including Asia's tropical regions. In India alone, around 30 species have been discovered. They are widely used as a flavoring agent to garnish fish curry in southern India, particularly in Kerala and Karnataka. The fruit rind of G. gummi-gutta has traditionally been used to treat gastrointestinal problems, diarrhea, and ulcers. South Indian people have been utilizing it traditionally as evidenced by its ethnobotanical properties. In vivo and in vitro effects of the crude fruit extract showed anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, anthelmintic, anti-microbial, and antioxidant activities. G. gummi-gutta fruit rind is medicinally significant and is frequently used in ayurvedic and traditional medicine for many diseases. Various secondary metabolites such as organic acids-hydroxycitric acid (HCA), flavonoids, terpenes, polysaccharides and polyisoprenylated benzophenones-garcinol, xanthochymol, guttiferone, benzophenone, xanthone, biflavonoids, alkaloids, tannins, phenols, and saponins isolated from the G. gummi-gutta have diverse pharmacological activities. This review provides a summary of G. gummi-gutta, including itsbiological activities, phytochemistry, and ethnobotanical applications.

Comparative clinical evaluation of a local drug delivery of cranberry and garcinia fruit gel with tetracycline fibers for amelioration of periodontitis: A split mouth study.

The present study formulates and evaluates a polyberry gel comprising extracts of cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon) and brindle berry (Garcinia cambogia) in patients suffering from chronic periodontitis. The polyberry gel was evaluated for various physicochemical parameters, in vitro permeability and stability, and the active phytoconstituents were quantified by High-performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC). Total phenolic content, total antioxidants, and ascorbic acid were estimated in the two extracts by in vitro assays. Patients suffering from chronic periodontitis with probing pocket depth (PPD) up to 5 mm were divided into 3 groups of 21 patients each and treated with scaling and root planing (SRP) or SRP followed by subgingival placement of polyberry gel or tetracycline fibers (standard). Plaque Index (PI), Gingival Index (GI), PPD, Clinical Attachment Level (CAL), and the salivary aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and C-reactive protein (CRP) levels were recorded at baseline and after 1 month. A significant (P < 0.01) reduction in the periodontic disease parameters was observed in the standard and gel-treated groups between their baseline and 1-month time-interval readings. The polyberry gel treatment significantly (P < 0.05 for AST and P < 0.01 for the rest) attenuated the periodontitis-elevated PI, GI PPD, CAL, AST and CRP levels when compared with SRP at the end of the study and was comparable with tetracycline. The amelioration of periodontitis and gingival inflammation may be attributed to the potent antioxidant activity of the polyphenolic phytoconstituents of the gel. The polyberry gel may thus be used as a safe adjunct to SRP/tetracycline in chronic periodontitis.

Erlotinib and Garcinia Cambogia Prevent Adenine Induced Nephrotoxicity in Adult Male Albino Rats Through Modulating EKR1/2, STAT3, and p53 Apoptotic Pathways

Erlotinib and Garcinia Cambogia Prevent Adenine Induced Nephrotoxicity in Adult Male Albino Rats Through Modulating EKR1/2, STAT3, and p53 Apoptotic Pathways

Is G. cambogia a promising treatment? Effects on cultured nasal epithelial cells.

The purpose of this study is to assess the effects of applying Garcinia cambogia to cultured human nasal epithelial cells. A cell culture was set up consisting of human primary nasal epithelial cells harvested during septorhinoplasty from volunteers. The cells came from individuals with no history of rhinosinusitis. One assay for assessing cytotoxicity in cell culture utilizes MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide). This method allows visualization of fragmented DNA, condensation of nuclei and changes to the external cellular membrane or cytoskeleton. Our study employed this method. Nasal epithelial cells at 37°C were exposed in culture to G. cambogia for a period of 24 hours. Afterwards an MTT assay was used in conjunction with confocal microscopy to assess evidence of toxicity. The proliferative capability of the nasal epithelial cells was also evaluated by inducing a scratch injury to cultured cells followed by light microscopic examination. Testing for cytotoxicity in this manner indicates that G. cambogia does not appear harmful to cultured nasal epithelial cells when applied directly. The cells exposed to this plant extract were still fully viable 24 hours afterwards. There was no increase in viability at the level of statistical significance. It was noted, however, that proliferation did increase slightly within the exposure period. The MTT assay and confocal microscopy confirm these findings. Under confocal microscopic examination, a compact morphology with unaltered nuclear and cytoskeletal appearances was observed. Thus, there is no evidence suggesting viability is impaired or that cytotoxicity occurs. Ordinary light microscopic examination showed the area denuded of cells had become re-covered completely within 24 hours in the cultures where G. cambogia had been applied. The result suggests that exposure to G. cambogia has no significant effect in terms of stimulating or inhibiting cellular proliferation. G. cambogia may offer clinical benefit as a supplementary topical treatment for inflammation of the nose and sinuses, as seen in chronic and acute rhinosinusitis, or nasal polyps. The plant appears to increase nasal epitheliocytic proliferation slightly, as revealed by the MTT assay. There were no indications of a cytotoxic effect on epithelial cells of the nose.

Bioactivity-based molecular networking-guided identification of guttiferone J from Garcinia cambogia as an anti-obesity candidate.

Pharmacological intervention to induce browning of white adipose tissue provides a promising anti-obesity therapy. The fruits of Garcinia cambogia (Clusiaceae) have been widely applied to manage body weight; however, the chemical principles remain unclear. The current study aims to discover browning inducers from the fruits of G.cambogia and investigate the underlying mechanisms. The bioactivity-based molecular networking and Oil Red O staining on 3T3-L1 and C3H10T1/2 adipocytes were applied for guided isolation. High-fat diet-induced obese mice were recruited to evaluate the anti-obesity activity. The bioactivity-based molecular networking-guided isolation yielded several polycyclic polyprenylated acylphloroglucinols from the fruits of G.cambogia with lipid-lowering effect in adipocytes, including guttiferone J (GOJ), garcinol and 14-deoxygarcinol. As the most potent one, GOJ (10 μM) reduced lipid accumulation by 70% and 76% in 3T3-L1 and C3H10T1/2 adipocytes, respectively. Furthermore, GOJ (2.5-10 μM) increased the expression of the deacetylase sirtuin 3 (SIRT3) and activated it, which, in turn, reduced the acetylation level of PPARγ coactivator-1α to boost mitochondrial biogenesis and promoted uncoupling protein 1 expression to enhance thermogenesis, resulting in browning of adipocytes. In high-fat diet-induced-obese mice, GOJ (10 and 20 mg·kg-1 ·day-1 for 12 weeks) protected against adiposity, hyperlipidaemia, insulin resistance and liver lipotoxicity, through boosting SIRT3-mediated browning of inguinal adipose tissue. GOJ represents a new scaffold of thermogenic inducer, which is responsible for the anti-obesity property of G.cambogia and can be further developed as a candidate for treating obesity and its related disorders.

Computational modelling and theoretical calculations on hydroxy citric acid and mangostine and comparing the corrosion inhibition effect of aqueous and alcoholic extracts Garcinia cambogia leaves for mild steel in hydrochloric acid

The utility of Garcinia cambogia leaves aqueous and alcoholic (GCLW and GCLA) extracts were used as a green candidate for mitigating the mild steel corrosion in 0.5N HCl solution. The protective efficiency was monitored electrochemically and theoretically using different soft wares including Gaussian09, Biovia material studio, and also with Fukui function analysis procedure from D Mol 3 calculations. The preliminary phytochemical screening of active components of the extracts were done using IR and UV-Visible spectral studies. Mangostine and hydroxy citric acid (HCA) were identified as the active constituents of the extracts and their presence on the metal surface after inhibition is confirmed using XPS elemental analysis. The increased activity of the aqueous extract may be due to the increased percentage of HCA in the water extract than the alcoholic counterpart. 4V/V% GCLW has 84 % efficiency at room temperature whereas the same volume percentage alcoholic extract has only 81% efficiency. The inhibition efficiency decreases with rise in temperature suggesting the physical mode of adsorption of the inhibitor system on the metal surface. But the results of computational modelling suggest chemisorption resulted from the donation of electron pairs from O22, H46, and H38 of mangostine and O12 of HCA. This bond is strengthened by the back acceptance of electron pairs from the filled metal orbital to C2 of mangostine and O3 of HCA. Tafel extrapolation studies suggest mixed type inhibition nature for both GCLW and GCLA with anodic prominence. Thermodynamic adsorption suggests the Langmuir monolayer model for GCLW and Temkin model for GCLA.

S3072 Liver Injury Caused by a Weight Loss Supplement Containing Green Tea Extract and Garcinia Cambogia

Introduction: Herbal-induced liver injury (HILI) is a growing topic worldwide, and herbal and dietary supplements (HDS) are the second leading class of compounds after antimicrobials causing liver injury in the United States. It is thought that many cases go unrecognized, as patients fail to mention their use of HDS. This is a case of mild liver injury in a young woman after taking a short course of a weight loss supplement containing a garcinia cambogia (GC) and green tea extract (GTE). Case Description/Methods: A 45-year-old female with a history of obesity presented to clinic with elevated liver enzymes identified on routine labs from two weeks prior. Medication reconciliation revealed that one month prior, she started a 15-day course of Revert 10.0 by Natureal for weight loss. She stopped taking the supplement on her own as she felt it was not helpful. Her only prescription medication was her oral contraceptive pill. She was born in the United States and denied any prior history of liver disease. She was asymptomatic with no nausea, abdominal pain, or jaundice. Her physical exam was unremarkable. Baseline laboratory values from six months prior showed AST 18 U/L (normal < 40), ALT 14 U/L (normal < 32), ALP 76 U/L (normal 39-117), TBili 0.4 mg/dL (normal < 1.2). Her liver tests after one week of using Revert 10.0 revealed elevations of AST to 49 and ALT to 83, with normal ALP 61, and TBili 0.2. LFTs after two weeks showed further rises in AST to 66, and ALT to 112, with normal ALP 66, and TBili 0.2. Her viral hepatitis panel was non-reactive. An abdominal ultrasound and CT scan of the abdomen/pelvis showed no abnormalities with normal echogenicity and liver morphology. Two weeks after withdrawing the supplement, her LFTs had returned to normal, AST 24, ALT 26, ALP 72, and TBili 0.2. (Figure) Discussion: This is the first report of liver injury from Revert 10.0. We encourage clinicians to consider HILI in patients with even mild laboratory abnormalities, and to conduct thorough history-taking. While GC and GTE are both known hepatotoxins, there are no cases reported of the two agents working in conjunction to cause HILI. Furthermore, the Roussel Uclaf Causality Assessment Method, the gold standard for HILI diagnosis does not consider the potential for synergy between multiple known hepatotoxic agents. Our case highlights that further research should explore how synergy of multiple supplements can affect presentation of HILI.Figure 1.: Liver Enzyme Trend Over Time

Garcinia cambogia Phenolics as Potent Anti-COVID-19 Agents: Phytochemical Profiling, Biological Activities, and Molecular Docking.

COVID-19 is a disease caused by the coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 and became a pandemic in a critically short time. Phenolic secondary metabolites attracted much attention from the pharmaceutical industries for their easily accessible natural sources and proven antiviral activity. In our mission, a metabolomics study of the Garcinia cambogia Roxb. fruit rind was performed using LC-HRESIMS to investigate its chemical profile, especially the polar aspects, followed by a detailed phytochemical analysis, which led to the isolation of eight known compounds. Using spectrometric techniques, the isolated compounds were identified as quercetin, amentoflavone, vitexin, rutin, naringin, catechin, p-coumaric, and gallic acids. The antiviral activities of the isolated compounds were investigated using two assays; the 3CL-Mpro enzyme showed that naringin had a potent effect with IC50 16.62 μg/mL, followed by catechin and gallic acid (IC50 26.2, 30.35 μg/mL, respectively), while the direct antiviral inhibition effect of naringin confirmed the potency with an EC50 of 0.0169 μM. To show the molecular interaction, in situ molecular docking was carried out using a COVID-19 protease enzyme. Both biological effects and docking studies showed the hydrophobic interactions with Gln 189 or Glu 166, per the predicated binding pose of the isolated naringin.

Chemical Profiles and Antiobesity Effect of a Mixture of Astragalus membranaceus and Lithospermum erythrorhizon Extract in High Fat Diet Fed Mice

The present study aimed to evaluate the antiobesity potential and synergistic effects of ALM16, a mixture of Astragalus membranaceus (AM) and Lithospermum erythrorhizon (LE) extracts, in HFD-induced obese mice. C57BL/6 mice were fed a normal diet (ND), high-fat diet (HFD), HFD + AM, HFD + LE or HFD + ALM16 (50, 100, and 200 mg/kg) daily for 5 weeks. Compared to the ND group, HFD-fed mice showed significant increases in body weight, food efficiency ratio, weights of white adipose tissues, adipocytes size, liver weight, and hepatic steatosis grade. However, ALM16 significantly reduced those increases induced by HFD. Moreover, as compared to the HFD group, the ALM16 group significantly ameliorated serum levels of lipid profiles (TG, TC, HDL, and LDL), adipokines (leptin and adiponectin), and liver damage markers (AST and ALT levels). Notably, ALM16 was more effective than AM or LE alone and had a similar or more potent effect than Garcinia cambogia extracts, as a positive control, at the same dose. These results demonstrate that ALM16 synergistically exerts anti-obesity effects based on complementary interactions between each component. Also, metabolic profiling between each extract and the ALM16 was confirmed by UPLC-QTOF/MS, and the difference was confirmed by relative quantification.

14-Deoxygarcinol improves insulin sensitivity in high-fat diet-induced obese mice via mitigating NF-κB/Sirtuin 2-NLRP3-mediated adipose tissue remodeling.

Interleukin (IL)-1β is a culprit of adipose tissue inflammation, which in turn causes systematic inflammation and insulin resistance in obese individuals. IL-1β is mainly produced in monocytes and macrophages and marginally in adipocytes, through cleavage of the inactive pro-IL-1β precursor by caspase-1, which is activated via the NLRP3 inflammasome complex. The nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) transcription factor is the master regulator of inflammatory responses. Brindle berry (Garcinia cambogia) has been widely used as health products for treating obesity and related metabolic disorders, but its active principles remain unclear. We previously found a series of polyisoprenylated benzophenones from brindle berry with anti-inflammatory activities. In this study we investigated whether 14-deoxygarcinol (DOG), a major polyisoprenylated benzophenone from brindle berry, alleviated adipose tissue inflammation and insulin sensitivity in high-fat diet fed mice. The mice were administered DOG (2.5, 5 mg · kg-1 · d-1, i.p.) for 4 weeks. We showed that DOG injection dose-dependently improved insulin resistance and hyperlipidemia, but not adiposity in high-fat diet-fed mice. We found that DOG injection significantly alleviated adipose tissue inflammation via preventing macrophage infiltration and pro-inflammatory polarization of macrophages, and adipose tissue fibrosis via reducing the abnormal deposition of extracellular matrix. In LPS plus nigericin-stimulated THP-1 macrophages, DOG (1.25, 2.5, 5 μM) dose-dependently suppressed the activation of NLRP3 inflammasome and NF-κB signaling pathway. We demonstrated that DOG bound to and activated the deacetylase Sirtuin 2, which in turn deacetylated and inactivated NLRP3 inflammasome to reduce IL-1β secretion. Moreover, DOG (1.25, 2.5, 5 μM) dose-dependently mitigated inflammatory responses in macrophage conditioned media-treated adipocytes and suppressed macrophage migration toward adipocytes. Taken together, DOG might be a drug candidate to treat metabolic disorders through modulation of adipose tissue remodeling.

“Evaluation of Shelf Life Extension of Vacuum Packed Sardine Marinade Formulated with Leaves of Tamarind (Tamarindus indica) and Malabar Tamarind (Garcinia gummigutta).”

ABSTRACT A ready-to-cook ‘sardine marinade’ was developed by marinating Sardinella longiceps with two different marinades, i.e., leaves of Tamarindus indica and Garcinia gummigutta as the main ingredients in the marinade along with Capsicum annuum and Cocos nucifera as minor ingredients in marinade. Apart from nutritional benefits, the developed products along with control (raw sardine) stored under vacuum at 3°C for 20 days have markedly controlled microbial proliferation and lipid oxidation, thereby prolonging the shelf life of fish. Fish with T. indica leaves showed significantly lower value for pH, trimethyl amine, total volatile base nitrogen, peroxide value, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, and total viable count till last day of storage than G. gummigutta and control (p< 0.05). Based on sensory evaluation, a shelf life of 16 days can be ensured for fish stored under vacuum, whereas a shelf life of more than 20 days can be ensured due to the synergistic use of plants and vacuum packaging.

Quality Evaluation of Dietary Supplements for Weight Loss Based on Garcinia cambogia.

Food supplements of plant origin for weight control are increasingly being demanded by consumers as a way to promote good health. Among them, those based on Garcinia cambogia (GCFS) are widely commercialized considering their bioactive properties, mainly due to (-)-hydroxycitric acid ((-)-HCA). However, recently, controversy has arisen over their safety; thus, further research and continuous monitoring of their composition is required. Hence, in this work, a multi-analytical approach was followed to determine not only (-)-HCA but also other constituents of 18 GCFS, which could be used as quality markers to detect fraudulent practices in these samples. Discrepancies between the declared (-)-HCA content and that experimentally determined were detected by LC–UV in 33% of the samples. Moreover, GC–MS analyses of GCFS allowed the detection of different compounds not present in G. cambogia fruits and not declared on supplement labels, probably related to heat exposure or to the addition of excipients or other extracts. This multi-analytical methodology is shown to be advantageous to address different fraudulent practices affecting the quality of these supplements.

Green synthesis of ZnO nanoparticles with enhanced photocatalytic and antibacterial activity

The study describes a concise and eco-friendly approach for synthesising nano ZnO (nZnO) particles using raw Garcinia Cambogia fruit pulp extract. The remarkable crystallinity, purity, and hexagonal wurtzite structure of nZnO are established by X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. The formation of almost spherical nZnO with an average diameter of 32.8 nm is revealed by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM). The Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectrum of nZnO outlines the synthesis mechanism. The recombinations of free excitons and oxygen vacancies are responsible for the peaks in the photoluminescence (PL) spectra. UV-Visible Diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (UV-Vis DRS) revealed that the optical bandgap of nZnO is 3.24 eV. nZnO exhibited excellent photocatalytic activity against the degradation of cationic and anionic dyes. The effects of process parameters on the extent of dye removal, such as photocatalyst quantity, solution pH, and time of irradiation, were investigated. The photocatalytic degradations of dyes were modelled by pseudo-first order kinetics, having a strong correlation coefficient (R2>0.95). Statistical assessments of dye degradation using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and Least Significant Difference (LSD) were conducted. Antibacterial studies show that nZnO has a substantial bactericidal effect against pathogenic bacteria. Consequently, the green synthesised nZnO might be utilised to eliminate dyes and bacteria from industrial effluent water in an environmentally benign and cost-effective way.