Incineration Research Articles

Investigation of the tracers for plastic-enriched waste burning aerosols

To better identify the tracers for open-waste burning (OWB) aerosols, we have conducted aerosol sampling at 2 landfill sites, i.e., Okhla and Bhalswa in New Delhi. The metals such as, As, Cd, Sb and Sn, which have been observed almost negligible in remote aerosols, are found abundantly in these OWB aerosol samples (n=26), i.e., 60±65, 41±53, 537±847 and 1325±1218ngm−3, respectively. Samples (n=20) collected at urban locations in New Delhi, i.e., at Employees' State Insurance (ESI) hospital and National Physical Laboratory (NPL) also show high abundances of these metals in the particles. Filter samples are also analyzed for water-soluble dicarboxylic acids (C2–C12) and related compounds (oxocarboxylic acids and α-dicarbonyls). Terephthalic acid (tPh) was found to account for more than 77% of total diacids determined in OWB aerosols. However, such a high abundance of tPh is not observed in aerosols collected at urban sites. Instead, phthalic acid (Ph) was found as the third/fourth most abundant diacid (∼3%) following C2 (>70%) and C4 (>12%) in these waste burning influenced urban aerosols. A possible secondary formation pathway of Ph by photo-degradation of phthalate ester (di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate) in plastic-waste burning aerosol is suggested. Ionic composition of OWB aerosols showed that Cl− is the most abundant ion (40±8% of total ions determined). The correlation studies of the potential metals with the organic tracers of garbage burning, i.e., phthalic, isophthalic and terephthalic acids show that especially Sn can be used as marker for tracing the plastic-enriched waste burning aerosols.

Analiza i ocena jakości konsultacji społecznych na przykładzie budowy zakładu termicznego przekształcania odpadów komunalnych w Tarnowie

Analiza i ocena jakości konsultacji społecznych na przykładzie budowy zakładu termicznego przekształcania odpadów komunalnych w Tarnowie

Assessment of Solid Waste Management Practices and the Role of Public Participation in Jigjiga Town, Somali Regional State, Ethiopia

Solid waste, which is a consequence of day-to-day activity of human kind, needs to be managed properly. Jigjiga City, like other cities in developing countries, faces problems associated with poorly managed solid waste operation. This study concerns about analysis of the city’s current municipal solid waste management problems, opportunities and existing solid waste management practices and role of community participation. The survey was conducted in 03 and 05 kebeles. Different sampling methods were employed to select the study units including: stratified sampling, systematic random sampling, and purposive sampling. Though the bulk of the data collected were qualitative in nature, it was also supported by quantitative information collected through survey and secondary sources. The study discovered that there is low performance of SWM in the city mainly due to: lack of properly designed collection system and time schedule, inadequate and malfunctioning operation equipment, open burning of refuse, poor condition of the final dumpsite and less awareness creation among community which encouraged illegal dumping are the technical problem identified. Insufficient funds as well as lack of promotion on-waste reduction, recycling, absence of waste recovery, practice of energy option, waste separation and composting are among the management challenges facing the city. Social problems encountered include: lack of public awareness, unwillingness to pay, ill dumping manner (often around residence and any open spaces) and improper outlook for waste workers. Incompetence of organizations in terms of equipment required for operation and man power /staff qualifications, training and human resource developments and/or unreliable service are the institutional challenge that the city encountered in the sector. Finally, the study forwarded some important recommendations towards improving the waste management practices.

Rice Husk ash as Flatting Extender in Cellulose Matt Paint

The high silica content of rice husk ash (RHA) promotes its attractiveness as an abundant, cheap and renewable resource for various industrial applications such as surface coatings formulation. This study investigated the applicability of rice husk ash (RHA) as a flatting extender in cellulose matt paint and compared its flatting effect with those of two commercial extenders; fumed silica (the standard flatting agent) and silica flour. RHA was obtained by controlled incineration of rice husks at a temperature of 6500C and duration of 4hrs. The granular ash was then ground and sieved to obtain RHA flour with a particle size of ~32microns used in the formulation of the cellulose paints. Cellulose paint produced with fumed silica of 20μm-particle size was the reference standard while a sample produced with 0% extender served as the Control. The gloss values of the dry films of the paints were measured with a gloss meter at 200 angle of reflectance and their matt values calculated from their gloss values. The results showed that all three extenders substantially reduced the gloss levels of the cellulose paint samples with a resultant corresponding increase in their matt values. Although the flatting agents displayed varied degrees of flatting effect, their matt values were all over 100% higher than that of the Control. Fumed silica was highest in flatting performance, followed closely by RHA while silica flour ranked third. This trend was evident in the matt values (%) of 98.2±0.00, 94.7±0.06 and 86.9±0.11 obtained for cellulose matt paints produced with fumed silica, RHA and silica flour respectively. The Control had the lowest matt value of 42.9% showing its glossy nature due to the absence of a flatting agent.

Waste-to-Wealth: Energy Pack as an Integrated Biofuel

The global trend is moving towards green energy generation and application. However, there exists a transition period where the usage of fossil fuel is unavoidable while green energy is being developed. A transitional level of fuel – Energy Pack is introduced. Energy Pack is an industrial waste oil integrated biofuel, which the existing biofuel is ‘packed’ with industrial oil for improved heating value. The feasibility of producing this transitional level of fuel is investigated and the energy potential of the product is studied. The integration of Energy Pack production process into the existing biofuel generation facilities is modelled and its energy performance is studied. Besides, the absorption correlation of industrial oil into the biofuel is studied. The physical elements and properties of Energy Pack are compared to the existing biofuels. In addition, the incineration impact of Energy Pack is investigated. The introduction of Energy Pack gives one solution to industrial waste management as well as improving the heating performance of the existing biofuel.

INVESTIGATING THE STANDARD PROCESS OF INCINERATION IN LANGKAWI ISLAND, MALAYSIA

Development activities and increasing urbanization have direct impact on solid waste generation, especially in municipalities of the developing coun tries, which poses a major challenge to the authori ties. Many various technologies and strategies can be use d in the field of garbage procedures. Incineration is a well-organized approach and tool to decrease the vo lume of waste and insist for additional landfill ar ea. One of the important benefits of using the incinera tion is its ability to decrease a significant amoun t of waste combustibles by 80 to 95%. Controlling air po llution in the process of using the incineration po ses a challenge for solid waste disposal. The data util ized in this article include personal interview of the experts handling the incineration process in Langka wi and personal observation. Secondary data obtaine d from the Ministry of Housing and Local Government was used to investigate the external air pollution from using the incinerator in Langkawi. The results showed, through the analysis of raw data with SPSS IBM 19 and Pearson correlation analysis and identif y cluster of dendrogram generated by UPGMA, an external pollution minimum (p<0.05) between sampling sites inside the incinerator. The reasons for the difference are related to untimely and inappropriat e opening of the combustion chamber door, exorbitance blowing and improper use of the install ed air pollution control devices. The proper treatm ent of solid waste is very crucial, especially in Langk awi Island which is a tourist destination. The use of incinerator can enhance solid waste treatment, but only when the standard operating procedure is observed. Without properly observing the procedure, the use of an incinerator can cause more environmental and personal health issues like air p ollution and the releasing of hazardous waste and clinical waste s into the landfill. These are some of the reasons that motivated this study to investi gate the use of incineration in Langkawi Island.

Rapid and Reliable Elimination System for Radioactive Cesium Using Magnetic Nanocomposites

We have devised the rapid elimination system for the contaminated radioactive cesium using magnetic nanocomposites. The Great East Japan Earthquake hit caused a serious meltdown of the overheated fuel rods and the release of radioactive chemicals into the environment. Until now, fuel rods have been cooled using seawater to control its temperature, therefore huge amount of waste water containing high concentrations of radioactive cesium have been continuously generated. On the other hand, radioactive cesium is easily condensed in the fly ash originating from incineration of garbage. The garbage incineration plant is overflowing with the fly ash which cannot be discarded (when the radioactivity of fly ash exceeds 8000 Bq/kg, we cannot discard it as a usual manner). Prussian blue is known as an effective eliminator of radioacitive cesium from seawater and fly ash slurry, however complete and rapid collection of Prussian blue dispersed in water is very difficult. Recently, we have developed a novel form of magnetically guidable Prussian blue coated magnetic nanocomposite clusters via the application of nanotechnology for drug delivery system. Using this type of nanocomposites under magnetic field, we have confirmed that 99.9% and over 80% of cesium were rapidly removed from seawater and fly ash, respectively.

A Study of the Primary School Environment in a Local Government Area, South West Nigeria

Background: School environment connotes the physical, biological and social milieu within which members of the school community operate. Its status has great impact on the health of the school children and other members of the community. Objective: To assess the healthfulness of the primary school environment in Ilesa East Local Government Area, Osun State, Southwest Nigeria. Methods: A cross sectional descriptive study of all primary schools in the area was done using a validated healthful school environment checklist. Data was analyzed using SPSS and compared between the two ownership groups of the schools. Results: There were 64 schools in all, of which 34 were public schools and 30 were private schools. All (100%) practiced open dumping and burning of refuse. Sundry health hazards were found in 81% of studied schools. The recommended toilet-pupils ratio existed in only 5.8% of the schools. Water sources were located far away in 24% of the schools with water supply. Dilapidated Classrooms were found in 42.2% of the schools. There was no difference between the scores of the two groups of schools. P=0.923 (Mann-Whitney U Test). Conclusion: The school environment was not healthy in most schools. There is a need to monitor and enforce the implementation of national guidelines on school environment in the study area.

Prawo własności odpadów komunalnych

Informując o planowanych, a następnie wprowadzonych, zmianach w systemie gospodarowania odpadami, media spopularyzowały stwierdzenie, że gminy przejmą własność odpadów komunalnych. Hasło to, powtarzane wielokrotnie, utrwaliło się w świadomości społecznej. Trafiło nawet do języka prawniczego, jako swoisty skrót myślowy. Warto zatem podjąć refleksję nad jego sensem i prawdziwością. Celem niniejszego artykułu jest przedstawienie wniosków z analizy tytułu prawnego do śmieci, jaki przysługuje poszczególnym podmiotom prawnym zaangażowanym w proces gospodarowania odpadami od ich powstania do utylizacji.Rozważania na ten temat z pozoru wydają się pobawione jakiejkolwiek doniosłości w sferze prawnej czy ekonomicznej. W istocie wnioski z nich płynące mają praktyczne znaczenie, choćby w kontekście kradzieży odpadów. Warto pamiętać, że w tle owych rozważań znajduje się proces gospodarowania odpadami będący wyzwaniem dla współczesnego świata i jednocześnie dochodową gałęzią gospodarki. O wielkich pieniądzach, jakie wchodzą w grę, można mówić zarówno w kontekście rynku usług wywozu i zagospodarowywania odpadów komunalnych, jak i zysków z odzysku surowców wtórnych. Dość powiedzieć, że przygotowany przez Bank of America Merrill Lynch w kwietniu 2013 r. raport „No time to waste – global waste primer” szacuje wartość światowego rynku odpadów komunalnych na kwotę ok. 410-430 mld USD, w rozumianej zaś szeroko branży śmieciowej (w tym odpady radioaktywne, medyczne czy spalarnie śmieci) – na bilion dolarów.

都市ごみ焼却処理過程における放射性セシウムの挙動解析のためのマルチゾーン平衡計算の開発(2)溶融スラグ、溶融塩の影響の評価

都市ごみ焼却処理過程における放射性セシウムの挙動解析のためのマルチゾーン平衡計算の開発(2)溶融スラグ、溶融塩の影響の評価

Phthalates and Other Plastic Additives in Surface Sediments of the Cross River System, S.E. Niger Delta, Nigeria: Environmental Implication

Quantitative determination of phthalates and other plastic additives was carried out using GC-MS in order to understand the distribution and fate of these compounds in surface sediments of the Cross River System. Results show the concentration ranges (mean±standard deviation) of the three phthalates as: di(ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP; 1.97– 86.76 [24.06 ± 29.88 mg/kg dry weight dw]); di(n-butyl)phthalate (DnBP; 0.16 – 17.41 [3.25 ± 5.03 mg/kg dw]); di(isobutyl)phthalate (DiBP; 1.14 – 29.64 [9.82 ± 10.23 mg/kg dw]). However, examination of n-hexane procedural blank (used also in the study for clean-up protocol) GC trace revealed the presence of certain amounts of DEHP and tris-2,6-di(t-butyl)phenylphosphite (PhP) which interfere with the targeted analytes. Therefore, extract/blank (E/B) ratios were calculated and were in the range 1.05 – 12.54, indicating that the concentrations of DEHP and PhP previously assigned to the sediments were partly derived from laboratory artifacts. Differences in grain size distribution, partitioning behavior, volatility and solubility in the aqueous phase as well as localized influx may account for the observed spatial variation of phthalates and other plastic additives in the river system. The primary sources of these phthalates and tris-2,6-di(t-butyl)phenylphosphate (PhP’) were considered to be the result of direct discharge of untreated effluent/solid waste and emission arising from burning of refuse containing plastic materials, respectively. The occurrence of certain anti-oxidant degradation products in sediments (not in the blank) such as 2,6-di(t-butyl)-4-hydroxybenzaldehyde (HBA) and 2,6-di(t-butyl)quinine (Qn) and PhP’ (a compound proposed here as a possible marker for plastic combustion for the region/air basin), suggests that phthalates contamination had occurred before sample contact with laboratory artifacts.

Source emissions and health impacts of urban air pollution in Hyderabad, India

The source apportionment study in Hyderabad listed transportation, industries, and waste burning as critical sources of particulate matter (PM) pollution in the city. In this paper, we present sector-specific emissions for 2010–2011 for the Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation region, accounting for 42,600 t of PM10 (PM size <10 μm), 24,500 t of PM2.5 (PM size <2.5 μm), 11,000 t of sulfur dioxide, 127,000 t of nitrogen oxides, 431,000 t of carbon monoxide, 113,400 t of non-methane volatile organic compounds, and 25.2 million tons of carbon dioxide emissions. The inventory is spatially disaggregated at 0.01° resolution on a GIS platform, for use in a chemical transport model (ATMoS). The modeled concentrations for the urban area are 105.2 ± 28.6 μg/m3 for PM10 and 72.6 ± 18.0 μg/m3 for PM2.5, when overlaid on gridded population, resulted in estimated 3,700 premature deaths and 280,000 asthma attacks for 2010–2011. The analysis shows that aggressive pollution control measures are imperative to control pollution in Hyderabad and reduce excess exposure levels on the roads and in the residential areas. The planning and implementation of measures like advancing the public transportation systems, integrating the road and metro-rail services, promotion of walking and cycling, introduction of cleaner brick production technologies, encouraging efficient technologies for the old and the new industries, and better waste management systems to control garbage burning need to take priority, as these measures are expected to result in health benefits, which surpass any of the institutional, technical, and economic costs.

Analysis of forest fires causes and their motivations in northern Algeria: the Delphi method

Abstract: Forest fires in Algeria are mostly human-caused and result from local social behavior, whether voluntary (arson) or involuntary (negligence). Understanding the reasons why fires start is, therefore, a crucial factor in preventing or reducing their incidence, developing significant prevention efforts and designing specific fire prevention campaigns. The Delphi method is a promising tool for improving knowledge about how fire starts and why, and above all helps reduce the number of fires started by unknown causes, the majority type in Algeria. The Delphi method uses a set of procedures for eliciting and refining the opinions of a panel of experts on a particular subject of interest. This method was used in three case studies, in coastal or inner wilayas (provinces) selected from a highly fire-prone area in north-central Algeria. Results showed the traditional use of fire in agriculture and forestry, in situations related to land use changes and in interpersonal conflicts are the major causes of voluntary fires. For involuntary events (negligence), experts unanimously identified the importance of the restart of fire, caused by fire crews who do not ensure the mopping up of controlled fires (91.49%) and the negligent use of agricultural fires, particularly stubble burning (80.14%). For voluntary fires (arson), results highlight the importance of fires set for land use changes (77.30%), pyromania (67.38%) and honey gathering (62.41%). Illegal dumping and burning of garbage was also mentioned by responders in all study-areas.

Comparison of subtropical surface water chemistry between the large Pearl River in China and small mountainous rivers in Taiwan

Small mountainous rivers in Oceania typically have higher sediment yields than larger rivers because of their steep gradients and frequent tropical storm-induced high rainfall. The high sediment yields of these small mountainous rivers enable them to transport a large amount of terrigenous material to the oceans. However, data are unfortunately sparse on this topic. In this study, we investigated the water quality and sediment geochemistry of 35 small rivers in Taiwan and compared these data with that of the large Pearl River.Although Taiwan and the Pearl River Basin are both traversed by the Tropic of Cancer, and thus have similar weather patterns, their water chemistry is quite different. The most notable difference is that despite higher rainfall in Taiwan, and hence, a larger dilution effect, the total dissolved solid concentration (TDS), Mg+2, Na++K+, Cl−, and SO4-2 are generally higher in the Taiwanese rivers compared to the Pearl River. On the other hand, the sediment load in Taiwanese rivers is higher compared with the Pearl River, as expected. These observations reflect the higher rate of chemical weathering and denudation in Taiwan due to its steeper terrain and the larger impact of typhoons, hence episodic heavyrainsin that region. The pattern of distribution vs. altitude is also different, with higher TDS, Ca+2, Mg+2, SO4-2,HCO3- and pH values at higher altitudes in the Pearl River Basin, whereas these values are lower at higher elevations in Taiwan. We see this difference because the upper reaches of the Pearl River are primarily covered with limestone, whereas the high mountains of Taiwan are mainly composed of slate and schist that are more resistant to chemical weathering and less affected by acid rain compared with limestone. Pollution-related parameters such as non-sea-salt SO4-2(nss-SO4-2), nss-SO4/(Na++K+) and Cl−/(Na++K+) also suggest that rivers in Taiwan are much more polluted than the Pearl River Basin, perhaps due to the widespread burning of coal and plastic-laden refuse in Taiwan.

Correlation analysis of unintentional polychlorinated naphthalenes with polychlorinated dibenzo-&amp;lt;italic&amp;gt;p&amp;lt;/italic&amp;gt;-dioxins and dibenzofurans produced during industrial processes

Polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs) and polychlorinated dibenzo- p -dioxins/dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) could be unintentionally produced and released during industrial thermal processes. The correlation analysis of PCNs with PCDD/Fs might provide helpful information for developing the techniques for controlling the release of PCNs and PCDD/Fs. In this study, the concentration relationships of PCDDs, PCDFs and PCNs homologues in fly ash samples from waste incinerations and metallurgical processes were analyzed by Pearson correlation analysis. For PCDDs, PCDFs and PCNs, the common characteristic was that the correlation coefficients between adjacent homologues were obvious higher than that of non-adjacent homologues, indicating the formation of higher chlorinated homologues possibly through the chlorination of low chlorinated homologues. For non-adjacent homologues, the correlation coefficients were higher for PCNs than that of PCDD/Fs. The linear correlation analysis was also performed for PCN and PCDD/F homologues, and the results indicated that tetra-, penta- and hexa- chlorinated homologues were closely correlated with PetanCDF, HexaCDF, and HxCDD ( R 2: 0.58-0.89), indicating similar formation pathway of these homologues during industrial thermal processes.

Metabolism of the environmental toxicant benzo(a)pyrene by subcellular fractions of human ovary

Knowledge of the ability of the female reproductive system to metabolize environmental chemicals is critical not only from the standpoint of toxicity but also from infertility risk assessment. Benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) is a toxicant that is released into the environment from automobile exhausts, cigarette smoke, burning of refuse, industrial emissions, and hazardous waste sites. In exposed animals, BaP becomes activated to reactive metabolites that interfere with target organ function and as a consequence cause toxicity. Studies on animal models conducted in our laboratories and those of others have shown that BaP possess endocrine disrupting properties. Thus, this chemical has the potential to cause infertility and cancers in the female genital tract. An understanding of BaP metabolism in the female reproductive system will be of importance in the diagnosis and management of female fertility as well as cancers in the reproductive tissues. Therefore, the objective of our study was to examine the metabolism of BaP by human ovarian subcellular fractions. Human ovary samples (eight individuals) were obtained from postoperative tissue removed from subjects with uterine tumors. Subcellular fractions (nuclear, cytosolic, mitochondrial, and microsomal) were prepared by differential centrifugation. BaP (1 μM and 3 μM) was individually incubated with individual subcellular fractions for 15 min and the products were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography. Among the different fractions tested, microsomal BaP metabolism was higher than the rest of the fractions. The BaP metabolites identified were as follows: BaP-9,10-diol, BaP-4,5-diol, BaP-7,8-diol, 9(OH) BaP, 3(OH) BaP, BaP-1,6-dione, BaP-3,6-dione, and BaP-6,12-dione. Of interest was the presence of DNA-reactive metabolites such as BaP-3,6-dione, BaP-6,12-dione, and BaP 7,8-diol, which have been implicated in the causation of infertility and cancer. Our results indicate that women who are exposed to BaP via cigarette smoke, occupational settings, and diet are more likely at a larger risk of this toxicant-induced infertility and cancer than others.

Single particle size and fluorescence spectra from emissions of burning materials in a tube furnace to simulate burn pits

A single-particle fluorescence spectrometer (SPFS) and an aerodynamic particle sizer were used to measure the fluorescence spectra and particle size distribution from the particulate emissions of 12 different burning materials in a tube furnace to simulate open-air burning of garbage. Although the particulate emissions are likely dominated by particles <1 μm diameter, only the spectra of supermicron particles were measured here. The overall fluorescence spectral profiles exhibit either one or two broad bands peaked around 300–450 nm within the 280–650 nm spectral range, when the particles are illuminated with a 263-nm laser. Different burning materials have different profiles, some of them (cigarette, hair, uniform, paper, and plastics) show small changes during the burning process, and while others (beef, bread, carrot, Styrofoam, and wood) show big variations, which initially exhibit a single UV peak (around 310–340 nm) and a long shoulder in visible, and then gradually evolve into a bimodal spectrum with another visible peak (around 430–450 nm) having increasing intensity during the burning process. These spectral profiles could mainly derive from polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons with the combinations of tyrosine-like, tryptophan-like, and other humic-like substances. About 68 % of these single-particle fluorescence spectra can be grouped into 10 clustered spectral templates that are derived from the spectra of millions of atmospheric aerosol particles observed in three locations; while the others, particularly these bimodal spectra, do not fall into any of the 10 templates. Therefore, the spectra from particulate emissions of burning materials can be easily discriminated from that of common atmospheric aerosol particles. The SFFS technology could be a good tool for monitoring burning pit emissions and possibly for distinguishing them from atmospheric aerosol particles.

통계에 따른 50년간 국내 산불발생원인 변화 분석

50년간 우리나라의 산불발생원인은 시대에 상관없이 입산자실화에 의한 산불이 가장 많이 발생하였다. '60-'70년대는 입산자실화외에 성묘객부주의, 어린이불장난, 논밭두렁태우기, 쓰레기소각, 담뱃불순 이었으나, '80년대 이후에는 논밭두렁태우기, 담뱃불, 쓰레기소각, 성묘객부주의, 어린이불장난 순으로 나타났다. 입산자실화를 제외하고 성묘객부주의와 어린이불장난에 의한 산불발생건수는 지속적으로 감소하고 있으며 반면에, 논밭두렁태우기, 쓰레기소각, 담뱃불에 의한 산불발생건수는 지속적으로 증가하고 있는 것으로 나타났다. 논밭두렁태우기와 쓰레기소각에 의한 산불은 '90년대 쓰레기 종량제 실시이후 지속적으로 증가하고 있으며, 어린이불장난에 의한 산불은 '70년대 이후 농산촌 어린이 인구수의 급격한 감소에 함께 발생건수가 크게 감소하였다. 성묘객부주의에 의한 산불발생건수가 '70년대 이후 지속적으로 감소하는 것은 매장에서 화장으로 분묘에서 납골당을 선호하는 장례문화의 변화가 산불발생건수의 감소에 많은 영향을 미친 것으로 판단된다. Over the past 50 years, the causes of forest fire were mainly broken out by accidential fire of mountain goers regardless of the era. In 1960s and 1970s, forest fires occurred in the following order; carelessness of visitors to their ancestral tombs, children's playing with fire, burnings on the ridges between fields or rice paddles, incineration of garbage, and incompletely extinguished cigarette butts stand in order for the highly causes of the fire. However, after 80s, the order was changed to burnings on the ridges between fields or rice paddles, incompletely extinguished cigarette butts, incineration of garbage, carelessness of gravesites, and children's playing with fire. The fire occurrences by gravesites and children's playing with fire were largely decreased except the fire which was broken out mistakenly by mountain-goers, but the one by burnings on the ridges between fields or rice paddles, incineration of garbage, and incompletely extinguished cigarette butts showed a continuously increase. The occurrences by the ridges between fields or rice paddles and incineration of garbage have been increased after the enforcement of volume-rate disposal system since 1990s. The cases by children's playing with fire was decreased with the rapid declination of the number of children in farmland and mountainside country. The cases by carelessness of gravesites have been also decreased since 1970, and it was shown that the case of forest fire was decreased by changing with the funeral culture.

FAKTOR-FAKTOR YANG BERHUBUNGAN DENGAN KEJADIAN ISPA PADA BALITA DI PUSKESMAS PASARKEMIS, KABUPATEN TANGERANG

ARI incidence at Pasar Kemis Public Health Center is the highest infectious disease case in last 2 years. The prevalence of ARI at Pasar Kemis Public Health Center was 9.2% for all age groups and 10.9% for children under fives, while in 2020 it was 8.9% for all age groups and 5.3% for children under fives. This shows that ARI cases in 2020 decreased compared to 2019. The purpose of this study was to determine the factors associated with ARI incidence in children under five. This type of research is analytic observational with a case-control design by taking primary data in working area of Pasar Kemis Public Health Center. The dependent variables in this study are nutritional status, exclusive breastfeeding, immunization status, family members smoking behavior, use of mosquito coils, garbage burning behavior, ventilation area, residential density and economic status and the independent variable was ARI incidence. The sample size used was 33 case samples and 66 control samples with data inclusion and exclusion techniques. The instruments are questionnaires, roll meters, microtoise, and scales. Data were analyzed by univariate, bivariate, and multivariable with Chi Square technique and processed using SPSS. Result shows that birth weight (p value=0.00; OR=8.62; 95% CI=1.68-44.25) and house ventilation (p value=0.02; OR=3.63; 95% CI=1.13-11.61) correlated with ARI incidence in children under five. Factors that most correlated is birth weight (p value=0.02; OR adj=5.55; 95% CI=1.23-24.92). Suggestion in this research is to pay attention to pregnant women’s nutrition so that they don’t give birth with low birth weight and pay attention housing health.

Fire and People in Three Rural Communities in Kabylia (Algeria): Results of a Survey

This research was conducted to investigate about the causes of wildfires in three municipalities of the Tizi Ouzou and Bouira provinces, in Kabylia. Unknown forest fire causes account for 80% of total in Algeria, with a peak of about 99% in Kabylia, the most forested region in the country but also the most severely affected by wildfires. The three study areas exhibit a rather high forestry ratio (40% on average) but also a very high population density, up to 300 people per km2, living in a multitude of small hamlets, near or inside the domanial forests and exerting an enormous pressure on them. Survey was carried out on people (N = 300) randomly selected in nine hamlets (thaddarth) through ad hoc questionnaires (134 possible replies) filled with face-to-face interviews. Factorial Correspondence Analysis was used to process data (300 × 134 replies in total). Fires result mainly voluntary (52.95%): pastoral fires to renew pastures (11.30%), political fires as security counter-terrorism measure (11.24%), uncontrolled garbage burning (6.83%). Negligent fires account for 41.79%: carelessly tossed cigarette butts (9.13%), agricultural works (burning of cut bush, stubble burning, 7.03%), restart of fire (6.83%) and forest activities in the forest (6.31%). Results depict a common core of fires due to the pressure on the domanial forests, on which traditional use of fire (pastoralism) and national security needs (counter-terrorism) dominate.