Representation Gap Research Articles

Leadership in Action: A Student-Run Designated Emphasis in Healthcare Leadership

Background: Throughout medical school students are exposed to a variety of fields within medicine, but structured leadership and teaching opportunities are limited. There is a need for more training to prepare students of all backgrounds to be future leaders in all healthcare realms, especially critical care medicine, in order to address the lack of diversity seen in leadership positions. Methods: Implemented entirely by students with faculty guidance, the Kern model was applied to develop a student-run longitudinal Designated Emphasis in Healthcare Leadership. This program was implemented at a medical school leading the nation in creating opportunities for diverse and underrepresented groups in medicine. Students are involved in structured leadership lectures, projects, and mentorship, and there is an emphasis on learning by doing. A survey was sent out to all present and past student participants to assess its acceptability and effectiveness. Results: A post-participation survey found that a total of 96% of participants identified themselves as healthcare leaders, felt confident leading a team, and felt comfortable working with a diverse team. Further, 96% of participants agreed or strongly agreed they would recommend the program to other medical students. Qualitative feedback revealed that participants felt they learned how to “apply leadership skills to the healthcare setting” and were provided an “environment to grow and practice vital leadership skills that will help [them] be effective clinicians.” Conclusions: Our initial research shows that introducing a longitudinal leadership program into Medical Education may allow participants to start developing personal and professional leadership qualities. The program is well-received by the students and preliminary data shows that there may be increase in leadership capabilities when participating in this program. Such a program can enable future healthcare providers to become leaders in their own fields, so that they can hone interpersonal communication skills, bridge the gap of representation in leadership positions, and lead teams effectively.

Who Are We Missing? Conducting a Diversity Audit in a Liberal Arts College Library

In the spring of 2021, Thomas Tredway Library at Augustana College undertook an audit of the library's print book collection to determine if there were gaps in representation of the voices of authors of differing races/ethnicities; genders; or sexual orientations. With the results of this audit, Augustana College librarians now have a better understanding of which voices and perspectives are missing and/or underrepresented in the print collection. This article documents the audit methodology; shares the results; and provides suggestions and a toolkit for other libraries to use in audits of their own.

Diversity among health care leaders in Canada: a cross-sectional study of perceived gender and race.

Background:Diverse health care leadership teams may improve health care experiences and outcomes for patients. We sought to explore the race and gender of hospital and health ministry executives in Canada and compare their diversity with that of the populations they serve.Methods:This cross-sectional study included leaders of Canada’s largest hospitals and all provincial and territorial health ministries. We included individuals listed on institutional websites as part of the leadership team if a name and photo were available. Six reviewers coded and analyzed the perceived race and gender of leaders, in duplicate. We compared the proportion of racialized health care leaders with the race demographics of the general population from the 2016 Canadian Census.Results:We included 3056 leaders from 135 institutions, with reviewer concordance on gender for 3022 leaders and on race for 2946 leaders. Reviewers perceived 37 (47.4%) of 78 health ministry leaders as women, and fewer than 5 (< 7%) of 80 as racialized. In Alberta, Saskatchewan, Prince Edward Island and Nova Scotia, provinces with a centralized hospital executive team, reviewers coded 36 (50.0%) of 72 leaders as women and 5 (7.1%) of 70 as racialized. In British Columbia, New Brunswick and Newfoundland and Labrador, provinces with hospital leadership by region, reviewers perceived 120 (56.1%) of 214 leaders as women and 24 (11.5%) of 209 as racialized. In Manitoba, Ontario and Quebec, where leadership teams exist at each hospital, reviewers perceived 1326 (49.9%) of 2658 leaders as women and 243 (9.2%) of 2633 as racialized. We calculated the representation gap between racialized executives and the racialized population as 14.5% for British Columbia, 27.5% for Manitoba, 20.7% for Ontario, 12.4% for Quebec, 7.6% for New Brunswick, 7.3% for Prince Edward Island and 11.6% for Newfoundland and Labrador.Interpretation:In a study of more than 3000 health care leaders in Canada, gender parity was present, but racialized executives were substantially under-represented. This work should prompt health care institutions to increase racial diversity in leadership.

Comparative Analysis of Racial and Gender Diversity in Orthopedic Surgery Applicants and Residents from 2007 and 2019

Introduction Since 1999, orthopedic surgery has noted significant gaps in racial and gender diversity. A 2007 study demonstrated that diversity in orthopedic surgery lagged behind other specialties. Our study’s purpose was to evaluate changes in orthopedic surgery applicant and resident diversity from 2007 to 2019 and to compare current levels of diversity between applicants and residents alongside 7 other specialties. Methods Using public demographic data, our study evaluated racial and gender demographics of medical school graduates, residency applicants, and residents from 2007 to 2019 for orthopedic surgery and 7 additional specialties. Furthermore, diversity metrics between orthopedic surgery applicants and residents were compared. Results From 2007 to 2019, the proportion of minority applicants increased by 26%, while the proportion of female applicants increased by 64% (p&lt;0.001). Orthopedic surgery experienced a 10% decrease in minority resident representation, despite individual increases in some areas (p=0.004). Meanwhile, female representation increased 24% among orthopedic residents (p&lt;0.001). When compared to other specialties in 2019, orthopedic surgery had the lowest proportions of minority and female residents (p&lt;0.001*). Discussion Since 2007, orthopedic surgery experienced growths in minority and female applicant representation. However, additional efforts are needed to address the gaps in minority and female representation in orthopedic residencies compared to other specialties.

AttrE2vec: Unsupervised attributed edge representation learning

Representation learning has overcome the often arduous and manual featurization of networks through (unsupervised) feature learning as it results in embeddings that can apply to a variety of downstream learning tasks. The focus of representation learning on graphs has focused mainly on shallow (node-centric) or deep (graph-based) learning approaches. While there have been approaches that work on homogeneous and heterogeneous networks with multi-typed nodes and edges, there is a gap in learning edge representations. This paper proposes a novel unsupervised inductive method called AttrE2Vec, which learns a low-dimensional vector representation for edges in attributed networks. It systematically captures the topological proximity, attributes affinity, and feature similarity of edges. Contrary to current advances in edge embedding research, our proposal extends the body of methods providing representations for edges, capturing graph attributes in an inductive and unsupervised manner. Experimental results show that, compared to contemporary approaches, our method builds more powerful edge vector representations, reflected by higher quality measures (AUC, accuracy) in downstream tasks as edge classification and edge clustering. It is also confirmed by analyzing low-dimensional embedding projections.

Gender and Racial Trends among Geriatric Psychiatry Fellows in the USA: A Call to Action.

The United States (USA) is a culturally and ethnically diverse country with an estimated 5.6 to 8 million elderly population living with psychiatric and substance use disorders and a dwindling geriatric psychiatry workforce.In this study, we explored the gender and racial trends in USA geriatrics psychiatry fellowship programs from 2007-20, and forecasted the 2030 geriatric psychiatry workforce to identify the gaps and provide recommendations. This retrospective analysis of the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) data included trainees in geriatric psychiatry fellowship programs in the USA from 2007-20. Races were classified as White (Non-Hispanic), Asian/Pacific Islander, Hispanic, Black (Non-Hispanic), Native American/Alaskan, Others, and Unknown. Gender was categorized as Male, Female, and Not Reported. Amongst the geriatric psychiatry fellowship trainees, there was an overall decrease in the representation of all races from 2011-20. There was a relative decrease of 16%, 8.6% and 2.3% for White (Non-Hispanic), Asian/Pacific Islander, and Black (Non-Hispanics) respectively whereas the Hispanic and Native American/Alaskan trainees remained unchanged. Women relatively increased 28.4% from 2007-20 while men relatively decreased 27.1%. Our projections suggest that without changes in the current health professional recruitment trendsand the shortage of geriatric psychiatrists will persist with a shortfall of 1,080 (9.7%) by 2030. There are critical gaps in racial and gender representation in geriatric psychiatry fellowship programs in the USA. An inclusive workforce is required to address diverse communities and bridge gaps in physician workforce gender and racial disparities.

Attitudes vs. actions? Direct-democratic preferences and participation of populist citizens

Direct-democratic instruments are often seen as a cure for the current disenchantment with representative democracy. While research has begun to investigate whether direct-democratic instruments match the procedural preferences of populist citizens, it is an under-researched question whether populist citizens and populist voters would actually participate in direct-democratic voting. This study advances existing research by focussing both on direct-democratic preferences and effective direct-democratic participation of different types of populist citizens in Germany—populist voters on the right and left and citizens with general populist attitudes. Analyses based on survey data from 2018 show that while populist citizens and right-wing populist voters display strong attitudinal sympathy for direct-democratic instruments, especially right-wing populist voters fail effectively to participate in direct-democratic voting. Those who strongly participate in direct-democratic procedures are sophisticated and postmaterialist citizens whose preferences hardly align with those of right-wing populist voters and citizens, widening rather than closing the ‘representation gap’.

Representation and Preparation Matters

This interview provides insight into the lack of representation for educators of color in schools across America and explicates the importance of having education programs that are designed to develop culturally intelligent educators. The purpose of this piece is to enlighten, empower, and encourage educational entities and communities to address the gap in representation of African American and Latinx educators and educator preparation programs directly and collaboratively—not only to increase representation within the education profession but to create and implement mechanisms that will retain educators of color in the profession over the long term. The principle of ongoing professional learning typically involves educators seeking and receiving training and learning from education experts. LaTisha Cole argues that educators should instead seek authentic learning opportunities from the students and families they serve.

Identifying Gaps in Representation of Minorities in Pain Medicine

Identifying Gaps in Representation of Minorities in Pain Medicine

ЄМНІСТЬ РИНКУ ПРОДУКЦІЇ РИБАЛЬСТВА ТА РИБНИЦТВА НА ЗАСАДАХ ВИЗНАЧЕННЯ СПІВВІДНОШЕННЯ ПРОПОЗИЦІЇ ТА ПОПИТУ

Methodological approaches for assessing the capacity of the national and regional market for fishing and fish farming (aquaculture) products are substantiated in the work. The structure of the fish market was studied and the active factors affecting its dynamics in the sectors of sea and freshwater fishing, sea and freshwater fishing (aquaculture), the processing sector and export-import dynamics were determined. Based on the method of structural characteristics, the component capacities of the national market of fish and fish products were calculated. A methodical approach was chosen for calculation based on the real and potential capacity of regional markets using the index of their purchasing power, the functioning of which is determined by the availability of infrastructure throughout the territory of Ukraine for the cultivation of a wide range of commercial aquaculture. This allows you to adjust the volume of product sales, assess the level of consumption of fishery products, build a marketing strategy, import substitution for manufacturers and importers, adjust the assortment, choose a price policy, determine the market share of any manufacturer and its competitive position. The dynamics of the catch of aquatic bioresources in the Ukrainian Black Sea region by fishing areas and regions are shown. The supply of commercial aquaculture and import-export trends in the fishing industry were evaluated. An assessment of the level of dependence on imports was carried out using data from European, state, industry and customs statistics, which made it possible to identify certain gaps in the statistical representation of the development of the industry. The option of reducing import dependence due to the development of the country's aquaculture activities is substantiated. The characteristics of the fishing industry of Ukraine according to the most imported types of fish products are given. Measures to intensify fishing activities to meet the needs of the population with fish and fish products and the development of an import substitution program are proposed, since the quality of products entering the national market does not meet the standards of safe consumption.

Decolonising cinematography education: experimenting with lighting ratios and textures for Black and Asian skin tones

Cinematographers are trained to control and measure the relative difference in brightness between two parts of a scene, or a face, for expressive purposes. Painting is often referred to for inspiration as practitioners learn to compose and represent light and shadow in an aesthetically considered manner. In this respect, it is noteworthy that the painters generally studied by film-making students are mostly from Renaissance traditions and produced work featuring predominantly White models. This gap of racial representation in cinematographic pedagogy is stark and has long been overlooked. This article mounts an enquiry into the lack of diversity in cinematography education, examining how different aesthetic traditions, such as Asian ink paintings, could pave new ways for decolonising the conventional conceptions of lighting ratios. Drawing on qualitative and quantitative case studies undertaken in university workshops, I discuss how students respond to Black and Asian artwork as visual references when they are tasked with lighting models with non-White skin tones to accommodate the different reflectance of their skins. By comparing the learning outcomes and current industry techniques for optimising screen representation of Black, Asian and minority ethnic groups, the article evaluates how students respond to learning from modern artwork that promotes diverse identities, and argues for the benefits of integrating greater inclusiveness into cinematography.

Limited Opportunities and Numerous Barriers to Ocean Science Careers in Under-Resourced Nations

Both local and international careers in the ocean sciences are largely unavailable or inaccessible to interested students and graduates from under-resourced nations. Barriers to ocean science careers result from a range of region-specific factors. Financial and infrastructural resources supporting ocean science opportunities are limited. Inter- and intranational abuses of power, societal instabilities, and exploitation of communities and resources can create and exacerbate these resource deficits. Access to available resources is not evenly distributed due to societally constructed gaps in opportunity, representation, inclusion, and equity in education and in the geosciences in particular. Ocean careers in under-resourced nations are further constrained by the lack of awareness efforts and examples of real-life, societally beneficial applications of geoscience in education, as well as the absence of specialized mentors and role models.

Political Representation Gaps in Europe: Causes and Consequences

Political Representation Gaps in Europe: Causes and Consequences

An Advanced Dirichlet Prior Network for Out-of-Distribution Detection in Remote Sensing

Remote sensing deals with a plethora of sensors, a large number of classes/categories, and a huge variation in geography. Due to the difficulty of collecting labeled data uniformly representing all scenarios, data-hungry deep learning models are often trained with labeled data in a source domain that is limited in the above-mentioned aspects. However, during the test/inference phase, such deep learning models are often subjected to a distributional shift, also called out-of-distribution (OOD) samples, in the form of unseen classes, geographic differences, and multisensor differences. Deep learning models can behave in an unexpected manner when subjected to such distributional uncertainties. Vulnerability to OOD data severely reduces the reliability of deep learning models and trusting on such predictions in the absence of any reliability indicator may lead to wrong policy decisions or mishaps in time-bound remote sensing applications. Motivated by this, in this work, we propose a Dirichlet prior network-based model to quantify the distributional uncertainty of deep learning-based remote sensing models. The approach seeks to maximize the representation gap between the in-domain and OOD examples for better segregation of OOD samples at test time. Extensive experiments on several remote sensing image classification datasets demonstrate that the proposed model can quantify distributional uncertainty. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first work to elaborately study distributional uncertainty in context of remote sensing. The codes are publicly available at <uri xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">https://gitlab.lrz.de/ai4eo/Uncertainty/-/tree/main/DPN-RS</uri> .

Cancer Types: Their Social Media Coverage, Incidence and Distortion in French-Speaking Countries of the West*

This article investigates the coverage of different types of cancer on two major social networks sites, Facebook and Instagram. A categorical content analysis is performed on a corpus of 2,446 posts collected via a web listening tool on these two social media. The primary objective is to assess the coverage of different types of cancer on these social media. The second objective is to detect any distortions between this social media coverage and the number of new patients (incidence rate) in French-speaking countries of the West in 2020. Our results highlight the predominance of breast cancer coverage (18.3%), pediatric cancer (9.7%), leukemia (4.2%), but also the over-representation of female cancers accompanied by an under-representation of male cancers and urological cancers. Insofar as the efforts of groups defending certain diseases create a considerable impact on social media— and subsequently on the public agenda — it is of paramount importance to draw the attention of policymakers, scientists, and organizations on these representation gaps (distortions), by further engaging, for instance, communities around less visible cancers.

Whose eggs are these? Gender in ocean-themed picture books

Ocean-themed picture books are important educational resources that promote marine science literacy. At the same time, these picture books also carry messages about gender to child readers. Through an analysis of 100 ocean-themed informational and narrative non-fiction picture books, the authors uncover various ways in which ideas about gender are communicated to child readers, whether in relation to human or animal characters or animals with human traits and qualities. The article tests the hypothesis that marine science picture books educate children about gender in traditional, normative and binarized ways. The findings suggest that marine science picture books are male-dominated, with narrow, often stereotyped gender roles ascribed to both human and sea animal characters. Despite a male-dominated presence, the authors describe ways in which contemporary picture books might begin to fill the gaps in diverse gender representation in this genre.

Implementations, interpretative malleability, value-laden-ness and the moral significance of agent-based social simulations

The focus of social simulation on representing the social world calls for an investigation of whether its implementations are inherently value-laden. In this article, I investigate what kind of thing implementation is in social simulation and consider the extent to which it has moral significance. When the purpose of a computational artefact is simulating human institutions, designers with different value judgements may have rational reasons for developing different implementations. I provide three arguments to show that different implementations amount to taking moral stands via the artefact. First, the meaning of a social simulation is not homogeneous among its users, which indicates that simulations have high interpretive malleability. I place malleability as the condition of simulation to be a metaphorical vehicle for representing the social world, allowing for different value judgements about the institutional world that the artefact is expected to simulate. Second, simulating the social world involves distinguishing between malfunction of the artefact and representation gaps, which reflect the role of meaning in simulating the social world and how meaning may or not remain coherent among the models that constitute a single implementation. Third, social simulations are akin to Kroes’ (Kroes, Technical artefacts: creations of mind and matter: a philosophy of engineering design, Springer, Dordrecht, 2012) techno-symbolic artefacts, in which the artefact’s effectiveness relative to a purpose hinges not only on the functional effectiveness of the artefact’s structure, but also on the artefact’s meaning. Meaning, not just technical function, makes implementations morally appraisable relative to a purpose. I investigate Schelling’s model of ethnic residential segregation as an example, in which different implementations amount to taking different moral stands via the artefact.

Gender balance in national parliament: voters’ perceptions towards the gender corrective mechanism in Malta

ABSTRACT This quantitative study queried perceptions of the gender corrective mechanism as part of a broader parliamentary gender balance reform programme in Southern European, EU island state Malta. A representative sample (n = 435) of the Maltese electorate showed support for increased representation of women (88.5%) and the integration of the gender corrective mechanism (66.5%); but manifested a preference for other measures, namely childcare facilities, full-time backbenchers and more females in the electoral commission. Consequently, should the preferred measures not be sufficiently addressed, the reform risks falling short of sustainable development. The study adds to literature about how the electorate engages with more representative parliaments when this is targeted using constitutional amendments. Recommendations include financial support for parties to attract candidates from under-represented genders, and an effective public information campaign that explains the gender corrective mechanism as a safety-valve that compensates for any gaps in representation that the other reform pillars fail to achieve.

The paradox of poor representation: How voter–party incongruence curbs affective polarisation

Research on the relationship between ideology and affective polarisation highlights ideological disagreement as a key driver of animosity between partisan groups. By operationalising disagreement on the left–right dimension, however, existing studies often overlook voter–party incongruence as a potential determinant of affective evaluations. How does incongruence on policy issues impact affective evaluations of mainstream political parties and their leaders? We tackle this question by analysing data from the British Election Study collected ahead of the 2019 UK General Election using an instrumental variable approach. Consistent with our expectations, we find that voter–party incongruence has a significant causal impact on affective evaluations. Perceived representational gaps between party and voter drive negative evaluations of the in-party and positive evaluations of the opposition, thus lowering affective polarisation overall. The results offer a more nuanced perspective on the role of ideological conflict in driving affective polarisation.

Joining up well-being and sexual misconduct data and policy in HE: ‘To stand in the gap’ as a feminist approach

This article joins up evidence and policy relating to two linked concerns in higher education (HE) that are treated as unrelated: postgraduate research student (PGR) well-being, and staff sexual misconduct towards students. Against the standard methodology of systematic reviews, we build on feminist approaches to apply a ‘re-performance’ approach to the review. Re-performance re-enacts established methods, contextualising previous analysis through ethnographic and desk-based research, exposing gaps in evidence, analysis, representation, care and policy. We reveal how aspects of PGR experience, particularly the cultures that engender ill-being and enable sexual misconduct, are silenced in evidence-making. Our ‘re-performance’ uncovers how this occurs in three ways, through: the (mis)construction of the ‘typical student’ in well-being literatures; the (mis)construction of the phenomenon of ‘well-being’ exacerbated by generic survey tools focusing on a medicalised model of mental health; the (mis)construction of HE institutions as integrated, agential and ethical, aided by the fragmentation of administrative systems and knowledge production between disciplines. Together, these organising modes conceal lack of care, staff sexual misconduct and poor well-being. From these findings, specific policy issues are identified: the risks to giving more responsibility to supervisors for PGR well-being; a pattern of institutional listening while silencing; and the need to explore feedback loops between patterns of vulnerability to ill-being and staff sexual misconduct. Through our analysis, the article demonstrates how to ‘stand in the gaps’ – between knowledges; and between evidence and action; between policy and care – in a way that can be generalised across policy domains, epistemologies and policy-making contexts.