Inequality Gap Research Articles

Development of a Recombinant Omicron BA.1 Subunit Vaccine Candidate in Pichia pastoris.

Low-cost and safe vaccines are needed to fill the vaccine inequity gap for future pandemics. Pichia pastoris is an ideal expression system for recombinant protein production due to its cost-effective and easy-to-scale-up process. Here, we developed a next-generation SARS-CoV2 Omicron BA.1-based recombinant vaccine candidate expressed in P. pastoris. The receptor binding domain of Omicron BA.1 spike protein (RBD-Omicron) was produced at 0.35 g/L in supernatant. With a 60% recovery after two-step purification, RBD-Omicron showed 99% purity. After in vitro characterisation of purified RBD-Omicron via chromatography, mass spectrometry, calorimetry and surface plasmon resonance-based methods, it was injected into mice for immunization studies. Three different doses of Alum and CpG adjuvanted RBD-Omicron were investigated and 10 μg RBD-Omicron gave the highest antigenicity. After two doses of vaccination, IgG titers in mice serum reached to more than 106. These serum antibodies also recognized earlier (Delta Plus: B.1.617.2) and later (Eris: EG.5, Pirola: BA.2.86) SARS-CoV2 variants. The long-term immunological response in mice was measured by analyzing serum antibody titers and T-cell response of splenocytes after 60 weeks. Interestingly, IgG titers and Th1 response were significantly high even after a year. Omicron subvariants are dominantly circulating in the world, so Omicron sub-lineage-based vaccines can be used for future pandemics. The RBD-Omicron-based vaccine candidate developed in this study is suitable for technology transfer and transition into the clinic.

Inventive thinking among rural students: a preliminary research

Inventive thinking is identified as one of the most significant skills for addressing 21st-century challenges. This skill serves as a catalyst for the Malaysia government's efforts to nurture innovative and creative culture responding to the digital disruption demands. This effort is aimed to narrow down the inequality gaps between rural and urban areas by fostering quality education and training for citizen. Therefore, this study aims to determine rural students' level of inventive thinking. This study utilized a survey design with instrument is adapted from the Systematic Inventive Thinking Model. Simple random sampling was employed by selecting thirty rural students from Form Four Science stream in Seremban, Negeri Sembilan. This study is significant for assessing students' ability to think inventively. The findings showed that the rural students' level of inventive thinking was moderately low. Therefore, there is a need to foster rural students' inventiveness within the classroom context. Stakeholders are responsible to monitor, strategize, and implement intervention programs to enhance particularly rural students' inventive thinking.

Entre la dominancia social y el empoderamiento femenino todavía hay una brecha que cerrar

A reflection is presented on the gender gap that exists so that women can generate agency and, consequently, talk about empowerment. This is due to factors based on social dominance. Power relations are an inherent topic in gender studies because it is through this form of domination over others that discrimination is generated. This, based on the social need for the establishment of hierarchies for control and unequal treatment between people and groups. It is still necessary to close the gap of inequality and exclusion for people who are still immersed in categories of inferiority due to their age, religion, sexual orientation, social origin and language, which produces discrimination. In Mexico it is a serious problem because the ideas of classism, homophobia, xenophobia that have already done enough damage remain, relegating people from actively participating in the construction of an egalitarian society, where the rights established by the Mexican Constitution really apply to everyone. and all, as stipulated in its first article.

Social Health Insurance for Universal Health Coverage in Low and Middle-Income Countries (LMICs): a retrospective policy analysis of attainments, setbacks and equity implications of Kenya’s social health insurance model

ObjectivesTo analyse the potential of the Social Health Insurance (SHI) model to support the achievement of Universal Health Coverage (UHC) in Low and Middle-Income Countries (LMICs) through a policy analysis...

Inequality and Informal Economy: The Moderating Role of Financial Technology

Abstract Increasing income distribution gaps have become a global socio-economic problem accentuating economic and social exclusion with a potential of generating declining social cohesion and political stability. This study examines the relationship between the informal economy and income inequality, alongside the moderating effect of financial technology (fintech). The persistent prevalence of informal economies in emerging markets and developing economies (EMDE) is often associated with elevated income inequalities. Utilizing data from 2012 to 2022 across 18 African countries, this study employs the two-step system Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) to address potential endogeneity biases and to robustly estimate the relationship between the size of the informal economy and income distribution. The results indicate that a larger informal economy correlates with reduced income inequalities, acting as a buffer for marginalized communities by providing economic opportunities. Conversely, fintech initially indicates an increase in income disparities due to skill and access discrepancies. However, when functioning as a moderating factor between informal economies and income inequality, fintech demonstrates a potential to reduce the inequality gap. This study suggests that policy interventions geared towards economic formalisation need to account for the dual role of financial technologies. Further research is required to explore other socio-economic factors, including political dynamics and labour market policies, which influence income inequalities. Prominent policy decision confronting African governments is the role of the informal economy. The findings of the study advocate for a nuanced approach to addressing structural reforms within informal sectors and carefully utilise fintech as a tool for promoting equitable income distribution

The quest for social justice through ICT access and inclusion for rural schools and communities: The South African case of Urglobal

Mobile technology has been recognized as a tool in reducing the inequality gap, especially for those in developing communities. With a Gini score of 63 in 2014, South Africa is regarded as one of the most unequal countries in the world. Furthermore, 86% of total wealth is controlled by 10% of the population with 7% of the wealth shared by 60% of the citizens. In 2017 Urglobal initiated a concept of driving technology training for rural schools and communities using mobility. In this paper we contribute to the debate by exploring the question of how providing access to technology for rural communities can lead to inclusion and social justice. Pre- and post-training surveys together with dialogue sessions were held with the pertinent respondents to explore this question. Empirical findings reflect that driving technology training on a mobile basis can be an entry point for rural communities in achieving social justice. The study is significant in that it provides a citizen-centred design for technology training and substantiates that mobility does ensure societal access regardless of geography. The study contributes to the body of knowledge by providing proof of concept that can be used for the integration of technology into rural schools and communities.

Controversies in implementing the exemption policy for the elderly healthcare services in Tanzania: experiences from the priority setting process in two selected districts

BackgroundHealth financing system in Tanzania changed in the early 1990s as a result of the introduction of cost-sharing policies by the 1990s health sector reforms. The reforms brought about user fees which has led to inequity in access to health care services and catastrophic health expenditure among the elderly. In efforts to reduce the inequity gap among vulnerable groups, in 1994, the government introduced an exemption and waiver policy. More than three decades later, inequity in health care services access has persisted with the elderly population being more affected. The latter poses questions on the implementation efficiency of the exemption policy. We aimed to assess the implementation of the exemption policy on access to health services among the elderly in Tanzania by learning from the experiences of the priority setting process in two districts of western Tanzania.MethodsAn exploratory qualitative case study adopting Key informant interviews (KIIs) was used to collect data in Nzega and Igunga districts. The key informants involved the representatives of the planning team and decision makers from the community, health facility and district level. Information saturation was attained after the 24th interview and thus data collection ended. The content analysis approach was used to analyse the data.FindingsAlthough there is a designated office that deals with exemptions for the elderly in health facilities, there are challenges in accessing health services. The challenges include insufficient drugs, some laboratory tests not covered by the exemption, a lengthy process to access service, poor financial mechanisms for exempted services, inadequate information and clarity of the exemption categories, and limited to no involvement of different stakeholders in the exemption process.ConclusionThe exemption policy was introduced to help disadvantaged groups, including the elderly. However, its implementation encountered challenges which burden both the elderly and the health facilities. Its implementation has thus become a controversy to its initial aim that was to relieve the elderly from high healthcare costs. Revisiting the policy through a thorough stakeholders’ engagement and establishing alternative financing of the exemption policy are recommended.

The Effects of Oil and Non-Oil Export Revenue on Income Inequality in Angola

This study examines the impact of oil and non-oil export revenue on income inequality in Angola from 1995 to 2023, aiming to contribute to the existing discourse surrounding the empirical effects of these revenue streams on income disparity within the Angolan context. Our contribution is twofold. First, there is a notable scarcity of empirical studies addressing this issue within the Angolan economy; the prevailing literature often relies on aggregated or grouped data. Second, this research pioneers the application of the Palma Ratio as a metric to assess the relationship between natural resource revenues and income inequality in Angola. To ensure the reliability and validity of our econometric analysis, we conducted rigorous pre- and post-estimation tests. This research employs a quantitative correlational design to ascertain the existence and nature of the relationship between revenues from oil and non-oil exports and income inequality in Angola. A comprehensive statistical and econometric analysis was performed utilizing data from national sources, including the National Bank of Angola, and international databases, such as the World Bank. Employing the Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) method, our findings reveal that oil export revenues significantly exacerbate the income inequality gap between the wealthiest and the poorest segments of the population. In contrast, non-oil export revenues are found to mitigate this disparity. Based on the empirical evidence presented, this study advocates for the allocation of a portion of oil revenues towards social programs, particularly in health care and education subsidies, to promote a more equitable income distribution and enhance social welfare in Angola.

Bi-causality between gender inequality and wage gap and its impact on economic growth

It is imperative that research be conducted on the intricate and important subject of how gender inequality and the pay gap connect to the development of India's economy. There are significant differences between the genders in a range of social, health, educational, and professional possibilities in India, just as there are in many other regions of the globe. In India, this is also the case. The main factor that contributes to the gender pay gap is the fact that women get less money than men do for doing the same job. A cycle of gender inequality is maintained and exacerbated by the salary disparity that exists today. In addition, the gender pay gap restricts women's ability to achieve economic independence, which in turn restricts their opportunities to pursue higher levels of education and healthcare. This has repercussions for the expansion of human capital, which plays an essential role in the development of the economy. Women who earn less than males are less inclined to invest in their own education and professional development, which in turn lowers the general level of competition in the labour market in developing countries.

Quality of life among indigenous and Afro-descendant Chilean older people: A persistent inequality gap

Quality of life among indigenous and Afro-descendant Chilean older people: A persistent inequality gap

Economics of Corruption: Demand Side Case of Western Balkan Countries

Corruption is a very negative phenomenon, which distorts markets and harms economic growth. Corruption has its side of supply and demand. Both supply and demand for corruption are influenced by many factors. The purpose of this article is to identify some macroeconomic and institutional factors that lead to the demand for corruption in the Western Balkans. The Corruption Perception Index and Control of Corruption index are used as measures of corruption, therefore in this paper two models are built, where independent variables are real income per capita, inequality gap, unemployment rate, rule of law, and government efficiency. A panel model, with data for the period 2012-2022 is used to identify the most important variables affecting corruption in the Western Balkans. The results show that the index used to measure corruption affects the statistical significance of the variables, with inequality gap and rule of law being significant in both models. The identification of the factors can serve the governments of these countries to design policies and adopt strategies that will reduce the involvement of people in corrupt practices.

AN ANALYSIS OF THE INCIDENCE OF WELFARE INEQUALITY AMONG HOUSEHOLDS IN NIGERIA

This paper investigates the incidence of welfare inequality in Nigeria. It utilizes the General House Holds Survey Panel dataset 2018/2019 conducted by the National Bureau of Statistics (NBS) in collaboration with Federal ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development and World Bank with sample of 5000 households across the country. Four inequality indices namely: Atkinson‘s inequality measure, Gini Coefficient, Donaldson-Waymark’s and Lorenz curve were used to measure the incidence of welfare inequality among six geo-political zones, Gender (Male/Female headed household); Occupation (Farming/Non-farming household) and Sector (Urban/Rural) of household residence. The results indicate that, North-East has the highest degree of inequality, closely followed by South-South, while North-Central has the lowest degree of inequality in Nigeria. On gender of household head, male headed households have high degree of inequality than female headed households; however, non-farming households recorded high degree of inequality than farming households and finally rural households have the highest degree of inequality than their urban counterpart. By and large the incidence of welfare inequality in Nigeria is apparent, the magnitude depends on the geo-political zone, Gender, occupation or sector of household residents. It is therefore, recommended that, government at all level should create an enabling environment for sustainable wealth creation that would lessens the level of poverty and drastically reduce the quantum of welfare inequality gap among different zones and sub-groups in Nigeria.

9.N. Practice session: From Data to Action – Joining forces to close the inequity gap in adolescent health

Abstract Persistent adolescent health inequalities exist in Europe, necessitating interventions that address both individual and societal factors, especially those pertinent to youths in unfavourable contexts. Collaborative efforts involving cross-sectoral partnerships and adolescent engagement are crucial in identifying and mitigating these disparities. Three case studies exemplify this approach. Case study 1: Effective intervention development hinges upon the translation of epidemiological insights into tangible actions. Heiko Schmengler will discuss how individual and contextual-level data is made actionable for the development of ePro-schools, an e-health intervention to promote healthy dietary habits and physical activity amongst adolescents in socially disadvantaged settings. ePro-schools brings together stakeholders from academia, the health sector, the education system, and local communities. This collaborative approach ensures that the intervention is not only grounded in solid scientific evidence but also fits the specific cultural, social, and economic contexts of the adolescents it aims to serve. Case study 2: Adolescents are not passive consumers of interventions, but active agents who frequently understand best what they need to improve regarding their health. Lourdes Cantarero Arevalo will share innovative methodologies and best practices for involving adolescents in data collection, intervention design, and policy development processes with the final aim to empower the voices of adolescents in vulnerable situations while addressing problems that are relevant for them. Case study 3: Filipa Alves da Costa will draw attention to the health concerns of adolescents resulting from incarceration. This talk will outline the development of a policy brief derived from UN global study data, which highlights the importance of cross-sectoral collaboration in developing actions to safeguard access to high quality healthcare for adolescents within the criminal justice system. A cross-sectoral approach is critical given that criminal justice systems typically fall outside the direct oversight of health ministries. The goal is to encourage policymakers, practitioners, and advocates to consider inter-sectoral strategies to address the complex health challenges these adolescents face. Following the presentations, we will facilitate a dynamic discussion with the audience, encouraging an exchange of ideas on strategies to address adolescent health inequalities from a multilevel perspective. This discussion aims to draw on the collective expertise of participants from diverse backgrounds, including practitioners, researchers, and policymakers. This dialogue aims to identify common barriers and opportunities, fostering a collaborative approach to tackling inequalities. The goal is to emerge from the workshop with a richer understanding of effective strategies that can be leveraged to close the gap in adolescent health across Europe. Key messages • Health inequalities among adolescents must be tackled collaboratively across different sectors and with participation of adolescents. • Participants will gain valuable insights on innovative solutions and effective methodologies from the case studies to inform their own efforts in addressing adolescent health inequalities.

Empowering youths through citizen science to address health inequalities in adolescence

Abstract Citizen Science (CS) stands as a beacon of hope in the fight against inequalities in adolescent health, revolutionizing scientific research by involving individuals from diverse backgrounds. Unlike traditional methods, CS transcends academic boundaries, fostering inclusivity and collaboration irrespective of age, nationality, or social status. This approach has gained momentum in adolescent health research, empowering young people as co-researchers from project inception, thereby reducing disparities in health knowledge and access. Studies demonstrate its efficacy in enhancing empowerment and health literacy among participants. YouthChronic is an example of how CS can mitigate health inequalities among adolescents. The project ensures active participation in every research stage by engaging adolescents with chronic conditions as citizen scientists. Open-ended questions facilitate detailed responses, while participation in analysis and dissemination enhances their research involvement and sense of ownership. Through initiatives like YouthChronic, CS is reshaping the research landscape, making it more relevant and impactful to bridge the inequality gap. Young Citizen Scientists’ views on their participation: “As part of YouthChronic, we felt like our experiences with chronic conditions were finally being heard. The researchers were cool-they listened to us, let us be flexible with our participation, and even taught us some research skills. Learning from other peers’ experiences made us feel less alone and gave us new insights. But it’s frustrating that we’re limited by resources. We have big ideas, like running an advocacy campaign, but we need funding to make them happen”. In conclusion, by actively involving adolescents in the scientific process through CS initiatives like YouthChronic, we can reduce inequalities in adolescent health, empower marginalized voices, and pave the way for a brighter, more inclusive future in scientific exploration and discovery.

Income and education disparities in childhood malnutrition: a multi-country decomposition analysis

IntroductionChildhood malnutrition is a complex issue with a range of contributing factors. The consequences of malnutrition are severe, particularly for children. This study aims to identify the factors contributing to inequality gaps in childhood malnutrition. Our study provides insights into modifiable elements to inform interventions targeted at distinct contexts and populations to improve child nutrition.MethodsThis study utilized data from the Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) of 27 countries. First, the risk differences (RDs) between the prevalence of childhood malnutrition among the determinant variables, household income, and maternal education categories were calculated. The Blinder‒Oaxaca decomposition was subsequently used to determine the extent to which the difference in childhood malnutrition prevalence between low-income and high-income groups and maternal education levels results from the contributory effects of the explanatory variables: child and maternal individual-level compositional factors.ResultsWe examined data from 138,782 children in 27 countries from 2015 to 2020. The prevalence of childhood malnutrition (10.5%) varied across countries, ranging from 6.5% in Burundi to 29.5% in Timor Leste. On average, the prevalence of childhood malnutrition was 11.0% in low-income households and 10.7% among mothers without education. Some nations had pro-low-income (i.e., malnutrition concentrated among children from poor households) or pro-no-maternal education (i.e., malnutrition concentrated among children from mothers with no formal education) inequality in childhood malnutrition, but most did not. We found a complex interplay of compositional effects, such as the child’s age, maternal education, maternal health behavior, and place of residence, that influence the inequality in childhood malnutrition rates across 10 pro-low-income countries. In addition, we also found that a complex mix of compositional effects, such as the household wealth index, maternal health behavior, and maternal age, contribute to childhood malnutrition inequality between educated and uneducated mothers across the 7 pro-no maternal education countries.ConclusionThe prevalence of childhood malnutrition varies among low-income, high-income, and no maternal education-maternal education groups. This study highlights the need for a country-specific approach to addressing childhood malnutrition, with policies and interventions tailored to each country’s specific context.

The New Strategy to Improve Indonesia's National Economic Growth

Post-order new economic growth has decreased. The source of the decline in economic growth is that state revenues in the oil and gas sector have decreased. Indonesia needs more consistent high economic growth to accelerate Indonesia's leap to become a high-income country. In this situation Thus, there are several challenges so that Indonesia can achieve growth targets and, at the same time maintain growth The challenges that must be faced​ in the form of quality sources of Power are human beings who still have valued investment in resources Power life and wealth intellectuals who are still low, plus with Posture exports that have not been worth economy high. With this, an appropriate policy strategy is needed for the three things above to become locomotives of future economic growth. Although Indonesia needs high economic growth, several boundaries must be adhered to, namely, the nature of economic growth must be inclusive, so as not to widen the gap in social inequality. A growth economy must be supported by a diversity of rich life and, at the same time intended to guard sustainability naturally as a source of main Continuity of Development and Justice between generations.

Impact of net zero policy scenarios on air pollution inequalities in England and Wales

BackgroundThe UK is committed to achieve net zero greenhouse gas emissions by 2050. The suite of policies needed to reach net zero will lead to improvements in air quality and, consequently, could lessen air pollution inequalities. We assessed air pollution inequalities across different sociodemographic groups in England and Wales and explored how these might be differentially impacted by future air pollution projections in 2030 and 2040 under net zero policies. MethodsWe employed a geodemographic classification approach to categorise neighbourhoods into five distinct clusters based on 2021 UK Census sociodemographic variables. We modelled fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) concentrations for the year 2019, and predicted concentrations in 2030 and 2040. We compared a business-as-usual (BAU) scenario and two policy pathways to achieve net zero currently considered by the UK government. We aggregated air pollution concentrations to the neighbourhood level and assessed differential neighbourhood-level concentrations across the geodemographic groups using descriptive statistics and box plots. ResultsThe Urban Central Professionals group experienced 14 µg/m3 higher average NO2 concentrations compared with the Rural Elderly group in 2019. Despite substantial improvements to air quality in 2030 and 2040 of up to 6.3 µg/m3 for NO2 based on BAU, and further reductions of up to 2.4 µg/m3 NO2 under net zero policies, the overall pattern of inequality persists, but is predicted to be less pronounced. ConclusionsOur findings demonstrate the effectiveness of targeted policies and innovations in reducing both air quality and greenhouse gas emissions and in bridging the environmental inequality gap. Our findings are essential to develop targeted communication campaigns to secure acceptance and willingness across the sociodemographic spectrum to support the significant behavioural changes needed to achieve net zero, by highlighting the wider co-benefits to the environment and health of such policies.

A Systematic Literature Review on Transparency in Executive Remuneration Disclosures and Their Determinants

There are ongoing debates globally regarding excessive executive compensation, the perceived weak link between pay and performance, and the widening inequality gap. The South African corporate governance code King IV’s Principle 14 addresses the need for fair, responsible, and transparent remuneration. At the same time, the newly enacted Companies Amendment Act No. 16 of 2024 in South Africa emphasizes transparency in compensation, shareholder voting, and responding to shareholder feedback. This study conducts a systematic literature review of 30 articles on the transparency of executive remuneration disclosures and their determinants by analyzing Scopus-indexed articles published between 2010 and 2023, selected through specific keyword searches. The findings suggest an increasing focus on research regarding the disclosure of executive compensation, predominantly conducted in the Global North and primarily framed through agency theory. Studies exploring the factors influencing executive remuneration and the relationship between pay and performance are prevalent, with mixed results generally indicating a positive connection. Firm size emerges as a key factor in transparency, and many studies employ binary scoring to evaluate whether executive compensation disclosure is present. This paper provides valuable insights for investors, analysts, and policymakers and adds to the current understanding of executive remuneration transparency.

E-taxing maturity in developing economies: evidence from corporate tax payers in Ghana

Purpose The adoption of e-taxing plays an important role in modernizing tax administration. Ghana, like many other developing countries, has adopted e-taxing to modernize its revenue collection processes and improve its tax-to-GDP ratio. This study aims to examine the current state of e-taxing maturity in Ghana, focusing on the advancements made and what can be done to achieve a mature e-taxing system. Design/methodology/approach Through qualitative design, interviews were conducted with Ghana Revenue Authority, National Information Technology Agency and Businesses to provide an in-depth understanding of the strengths, weaknesses and opportunities for improving e-taxing maturity. Findings The study reveals mixed e-taxing maturity. While the digital service aspect of e-taxing has seen progress, digital infrastructure, digital analytics, digital integration and digital culture hinder the full actualization of mature e-taxing. Research limitations/implications The findings suggest the need for a comprehensive plan that addresses regulatory, cultural, technical and organizational aspects to drive digital transformation in e-taxing tax implementation. Social implications The lack of resilient infrastructure, especially in rural areas, can worsen societal inequalities. Owing to the lack of telecommunication infrastructure and poor internet connectivity in rural areas, businesses in these areas may lack the needed information for business growth and expansion. This can result in unfair treatment of rural businesses widening the inequality gap between businesses in urban areas and rural areas. Therefore, the study is important from the standpoint that implementing the recommendations will help to bridge the gap between businesses in urban areas and rural areas. Originality/value To the best of the author’s knowledge, this study is among the first to conduct an empirical study on e-taxing maturity in Ghana.

Tackling Inequalities in Access to Medicines for People Experiencing Homelessness: A Meta-Ethnography and Qualitative Systematic Review.

Despite increased awareness of the detrimental relationship between homelessness and health, people experiencing homelessness remain an underserved population in health and social care research. Due to barriers affecting the accessibility of medicine and healthcare services, as well as reported competing priorities such as food and shelter, evidence has demonstrated that people experiencing homelessness are less likely to undergo routine examinations, receive diagnoses and adhere to prescribed medical treatments. To enhance service design and access for those experiencing homelessness, it is critical to better recognise, understand and address the barriers these individuals face. This meta-ethnography aims to identify barriers, enablers and interventions to begin addressing this inequality gap. A systematic literature search was undertaken in October and re-ran in December 2023 across four databases: MEDLINE, Embase, CINAHL and Scopus. Qualitative studies were included if they addressed barriers, enablers and interventions aimed at tackling medicines and health service inequalities among populations experiencing homelessness. Study quality was assessed using the Joanna Briggs Institute critical appraisal checklist. Data were synthesised using a meta-ethnographic approach, as outlined by Noblit and Hare. The review was registered on PROSPERO (CRD42024511502) and performed according to PRISMA guidelines. This meta-ethnographic systematic review synthesised data from eight studies across multiple countries. Three overarching third-order constructs (termed 'themes') were developed through reciprocal translation and centred around: recognising and acknowledging the discrimination, stigma and barriers experienced when using current services; exploring safe and practical use of medicines and the promotion of general health education and appreciating strategies to tackle inequalities, namely community outreach programmes designed for homeless communities. This work highlighted the barriers, enablers and interventions that sought to address the inequalities affecting people experiencing homelessness in accessing medication and healthcare services. Future research should utilise lived-experience narratives and co-design to further explore ways to tackle wider healthcare accessibility inequalities for this minoritised population. Not applicable, as this is a systematic review. Public contributors (minority research champions and one public health research champion, H.K.G. and T.G.) informed and shaped this project during study design and conceptualisation. They helped to ensure that the study was conducted, and the findings were reported with sensitivity.