Rich And Poor Research Articles

Self-Employment Transitions and Health Outcomes in Later Life: Evidence From China.

Self-employment is a vital alternative to waged employment for older workers. Recent research has shown that employment transitions frequently occur when individuals approach retirement. However, evidence of how older people's health changes when they switch between self and waged employment is lacking, particularly outside Western contexts. To address this research gap, we explored the health impact of employment transitions for the older working population in China by hukou (urban or rural household registration status), region, and education. We employed fixed effect models to examine the impact of employment transitions on cognitive, mental, and physical health and life satisfaction drawing on data from four waves (2011, 2013, 2015, and 2018) of the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (N = 4,606). Given China's unique context, we analyzed the results of agricultural and nonagricultural work separately. Individuals transitioning into or remaining in self-employment had lower self-rated health and life satisfaction than those remaining in waged employment. There was no significant difference in cognitive functioning or depressive symptoms. Additionally, those who transitioned from self-employment into waged employment rated their health worse than those who remained in waged employment. The health impacts were more apparent for agricultural than nonagricultural self-employment, particularly for older workers living in urban regions with rural hukou and lower education levels. Most older Chinese transitioning into or staying self-employed are or were pushed into self-employment due to their low human capital and socioeconomic status, which affects their subsequent health. Pension reform and policies supporting older adults to stay in the workforce could help close the economic and health gaps between rural and urban older adults.

Augmented reality technology in tourism and hospitality research: a review from 2010 to 2024

Purpose Augmented reality (AR) is revolutionizing the tourism and hospitality industry by offering immersive experiences as well as creating more engaging, informative and accessible travel experiences that attract tourists from around the globe. From virtual tours and immersive historical site recreations to navigation assistance and cultural education, AR technology is transforming the way we explore and interact with the destinations. This study aims to identify benefits, risks, tools and techniques of AR in the tourism and hospitality literature. Design/methodology/approach The authors conducted a systematic literature review to answer six research questions. The authors also identified 33 primary studies, dated from January 2010 to February 2024 and coded them via a thematic analysis. Related studies were obtained through searching in Web of Science and Scopus. Findings The results identified nine themes for benefits, eight themes for risks/disadvantages and four tools and applications-related themes. Through the thematic analysis, the major benefits of AR in the tourism and hospitality were found to be differentiated travel experiences, improved performance of tourism value chain, more effective marketing efforts of tourism businesses, enhanced tourists’ engagement, enhanced performance of tourism destinations, stimulated behavioral intentions, tourist empowerment and providing more value, interactivity and integrity. Furthermore, eight risks were identified: physical, privacy and security, social, service failure, technical, psychological, managerial, information and knowledge gaps. The authors also recognized four tools and applications-related themes, namely, AR-enabled tools, AR applications, AR-enabled apps and AR-based techniques. Originality/value To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this review provides the first systematic exploration of the existing literature on usage of AR in the context of tourism and hospitality value chain.

Evaluation of the impact of the educational revolution in Peru and the gender wage gap, 2017-2021

Background Women’s educational attainment and their generation of value through education has increased the prospects for achieving economic equality between men and women. However, women continue to earn lower wages than men, reflecting growing inequality in several countries. Therefore, the objective of the study is to estimate the impact of education on the gender wage gap in Peru over the period 2017-2021. Methods Quantitative, explanatory study aimed at identifying the impact of education on the gender wage gap in Peru during the period 2017-2021. The research design is non-experimental and uses a time series that analyses the influence of the latent variable of education on the gender wage gap. This is a continuous variable to estimate the Tobit model. Results The results show that the gender gap in Peru exhibited a decreasing trend between men and women during the period 2017-2020, with an average reduction of 10% until 2020 due to the health crisis. The highest average salary was achieved by men in 2019, reaching S/2289.97 soles, while women reached an average salary of S/1368.85 soles. In the post-pandemic scenario for 2021, the gender gap increased by 3%, with men earning an average salary of S/1999.63 soles and women earning an average salary of S/1281.16 soles. The analysis from 2017-2021 shows that years of education had a positive impact on the gender wage gap in Peru based on the Tobit model estimation. Conclusions During the analysis period of 2017-2021, years of education had a positive impact on the gender wage gap in Peru, with the greatest impact occurring during the health crisis. The probability of women’s incomes improving with an increase in years of education was 2.35%, while for men, the highest impact was in 2018, with a probability of income improvement of 2.16% in terms of marginal effect.

Correlation between Administration and Business

The article notes that one of the main strategic directions of the economic policy of the state is the full support of entrepreneurial activity, the creation of the necessary legal framework for administration to ensure economic independence and equality of entrepreneurs. It indicates the leading role of administration in providing these tasks. It is argued that the administration and the state of business in the country are interconnected phenomena. The article analyzes the state of legal regulation of relations between the state and business from the theoretical and practical side. The reader’s attention is drawn to the ways of state influence on business entities in order to protect the interests of business in the country. It is noted about the special role of administrative law in achieving a balance of public (state) and private interests (business). The authors reveal in detail the permission as a method of administrative and legal regulation of entrepreneurship in the country and give legal examples, statistics, judicial practice and public opinion on this matter, as well as reveal the licensing system of the Republic of Uzbekistan in the field of entrepreneurship. It is noted that the merit of the legislation on administrative procedures in the legal regulation of relations between the state and business. The topic under study is consolidated by the analysis of leading scientists in the field of administrative law, the experience of leading foreign countries, as well as the results of a survey of entrepreneurs regarding the implementation of the Law on Administrative Procedures. The topic under study is consolidated by the analysis of leading scientists in the field of administrative law, the experience of leading foreign countries, as well as the results of a survey of entrepreneurs regarding the implementation of the Law on Administrative Procedures.

Inequality in financial risk protection in health among displaced populations: The case of Venezuelan women in Brazil

ObjectiveWorsening economic and social conditions in Venezuela have forced many to migrate. Women and girls are particularly at risk of health vulnerability in this context. This study examines healthcare expenditure and financial risk protection inequalities among Venezuelan migrant women in Brazil. MethodsWe conducted a survey of 2012 Venezuelan women aged 15–49 who migrated to Brazil between 2018 and 2021. We estimated and decomposed concentration indices to analyse inequalities in out-of-pocket healthcare expenditures (OOPHE) and catastrophic health expenditures (CHE) across the entire socioeconomic distribution. We applied Blinder-Oaxaca decompositions to explain differences in healthcare spending between migrant and Brazilian women. ResultsVenezuelan migrant women displayed noticeable disparities in OOPHE and incidence of CHE. Approximately half of our sample of migrants reported no income, no expenditures, and hence no CHE. OOPHE and CHE incidence were concentrated among less poor migrant women, whilst for Brazilian women, CHE was concentrated among the poorer. Location, time since arrival to Brazil, higher education, and income were key contributors to socioeconomic inequality in OOPHE and CHE for migrants. The main explanatory factor for differences in OOPHE between migrants and non-migrants was differences in income profiles. ConclusionsAddressing financial risk protection in health is crucial for displaced populations, especially women and girls. While the public health system in Brazil offers universal healthcare coverage in principle, our results suggest that there is still a significant risk of lack of access to healthcare for Venezuelan migrant women, which may be driven by insufficient financial means.

Using public perceptions to inform urban protected area buffer zone planning.

The buffer zones between urban protected areas (UPAs) and their cities play a significant role in managing and protecting UPAs. However, they are also the frontier of conflicts due to complex functionality and a large number of stakeholders. Besides ensuring the buffer zone's function of protecting the UPA, it is also vital to understand how it can fulfill the diverse needs of multiple interest groups residing in or utilizing this area. To address the significant social science research gap in UPA buffer zone management, we establish a conceptual framework and explore how the public's overall satisfaction with the buffer depends on five essential buffer zone qualities, namely environmental quality, connectivity, infrastructure, cultural, and visual quality. We focus on China's Urban Scenic and Historic Areas (USHA), a major type of UPA with high cultural, social, and esthetic values. Using the buffer of Shugang-Slender West Lake Scenic and Historic Area in Yangzhou City as the case study, we conducted intercept and online surveys (n = 499), investigating the perceptions of three user groups-residents, businesses, and tourists. The results indicate high overall satisfaction for all three groups. Environmental, visual, and cultural qualities were rated higher than connectivity and infrastructure quality. Residents generally showed the highest satisfaction and tourists the lowest. For all three groups, environmental quality, connectivity, and infrastructure quality significantly influenced overall satisfaction, while cultural and visual quality did not. This suggests that the public expects the buffer zone to serve as high-quality multi-functional open spaces that enhance the quality of life while providing recreation, service, and transportation functions. Besides direct planning and management advice to China's UPAs and other countries with similar contexts, our study offers a transferable framework for incorporating social perceptions and highlights their significance in informing the functional planning of UPA buffer zones for public welfare.

Reducing Social Class Gaps in Political Engagement by Reframing Voting as a Duty to Others

Reducing Social Class Gaps in Political Engagement by Reframing Voting as a Duty to Others

Extractive Politics, Redistribution, and War: On the Rationality of Kleptocratic Mismanagement

ABSTRACT We study a model on the impact of vertical inequality on autocrats’ exploitation of societal wealth and their intended risk of war. Using a general equilibrium model, we demonstrate that autocrats are willing to use the military for redistribution when it increases their share of the rents. They are also willing to harm the economy to deter external threats and are most powerful for extreme un-/equal distributions. These findings offer interesting interpretations. Firstly, even in the absence of external military threats, some autocrats maintain large armies for redistribution, depending on the level of inequality. Secondly, not too low inequality can benefit ordinary citizens. Thirdly, kleptocratic mismanagement is not necessarily an unintended side effect of shameless self-enrichment, but rather a rationally chosen governance to deter too large military threats. This policy could prevent hostilities, but ruins the economy, destroying a society’s wealth. The latter causes ordinary citizens to favor war since the autocrat would then lose their grip at home. These results help to explain why some autocrats maintain excessively large armies, while others stifle their economies, and yet others are drawn into wars.

The Role of Housing Policy and Access to Health Services in Reducing Economic Inequality and Improving Welfare in Indonesia

This study investigates the role of housing policy and access to health services in reducing economic inequality and improving welfare in Indonesia. Using a quantitative approach, data were collected from respondents through a structured questionnaire employing a Likert scale. The data were analyzed using Structural Equation Modeling-Partial Least Squares (SEM-PLS 3). The findings reveal that all hypothesized relationships are positive and significant. Specifically, access to health services significantly enhances welfare and reduces economic inequality. Similarly, housing policy significantly improves welfare and reduces economic inequality. These results underscore the critical impact of robust housing policies and accessible health services on achieving greater economic equity and enhanced overall welfare. The study provides essential insights for policymakers to design effective interventions aimed at fostering a more equitable and prosperous society in Indonesia.

GANDHI AMBEDKAR DEBATE

The present paper intends to explore the divergent perspectives and paths of Mohandas Karamachand Gandhi and Dr B R Ambedkar on different socio-political issues of Indian Society. Before Independence, Outsiders (Aliens, British People) ruled India. Gandhi was afraid of our own people ruling like outsiders (alienation of administration) after Independence. However, in the light of the present context Gandhi's fear has come true. On the other side Dr. B R Ambedkar strongly believed in State power and a strong legal system. Catastrophically the dreams of Dr B R Ambedkar on social economic equality remains a myth. To understand the dynamics of two variant discourses of Gandhi and Dr B R Ambedkar and to follow both Gandhi and Ambedkar Principles are essential. Both ideas of Gandhi Ambedkar together bring a better order in India. People not only from the East but also from western world are inspired by Gandhian Principles of Truth and Non-Violence. The people of the world consider Ambedkar as an icon for Equality. Ideas of both Gandhi and Ambedkar could generate political consciousness among socially marginalized groups. Though both Gandhi and Ambedkar had different ideas and Concepts, and followed different paths both wanted to reform Indian society in general and Hindu Society in particular. Gandhi was influenced by Dr B R Ambedkar. At one point of time Gandhi wanted to fight for the cause of untouchables.

Role of Digital Literacy in Shaping the Socialization of University Students

The objectives of the study were to explore the current landscape of digital literacy among university students; to identify the role of digital literacy on socialization dynamics within university students. This study collected quantitative data from 300 students through a questionnaire. The analysis found that majority of the respondents agreed that digital literacy assists students in developing social skills and etiquette, digital literacy positively impacts their social interaction manners, digital literacy has significant impact on communication skills, digital tools influence their social interactions. They had also agreed that digital literacy influences their perception of social norms, digital literacy facilitates and integrates different cultures, norms, and practices, access to digital technology can bridge up social interaction gaps among students, digital literacy can empower students to participate more actively in civic engagement, digital literacy promotes critical thinking among students. They had also agreed that digital literacy has made people more connected, digital literacy platforms influenced their values or attitudes toward social issues, digital literacy education emphasizes ethical considerations during socialization, empathy can be cultivated and practiced in online interactions, similar to face-to-face interactions, digital literacy tools can help to convey empathy and emotional nuances effectively. They had also agreed that digital literacy promotes understanding and respect among university students and digital literacy skills enhance students’ adaptability in social settings.

Frequency-domain approach to the causal nexus between domestic and international economic policy uncertainties and equity returns of G20 countries

Frequency-domain approach to the causal nexus between domestic and international economic policy uncertainties and equity returns of G20 countries

Quantity and Quality: Equity Considerations for the Funding of Categorical Programs in Community Colleges

ABSTRACT Categorical funding is often intended to support our most historically underserved students, while also addressing financial inequities. Extant research suggests, however, that these funding streams may be equitable in intention but not in practice. Situated in a multidimensional equity framework, this study leverages descriptive budget data, funding and regulation documentation, and interviews with categorical-affiliated staff across multiple institutions within the US’s largest community college system to examine funding (in)equities of categorical funding and their potential to address persistent inequities in student access and success within higher education. Our findings suggest that in addition to trade-offs in the funding formulas themselves, contextual factors via program regulations and institutional characteristics also ultimately influence the “equitable” resourcing of these potentially high-impact programs. This study contributes to literature on higher education finance and policy, including the often-overlooked mechanism of categorical funding, and offers implications for future policy and practice, as well as opportunities for future research.

Potential Conflicts in The Nusantara IKN and Its Prevention

The Unitary State of the Republic of Indonesia was founded and its independence was fought for none other than to protect the entire Indonesian nation and all of Indonesia's blood, promote general welfare, educate the life of the nation, implement world order based on independence, eternal peace and social justice." This is as stated in the Preamble to the Law. -The 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia (1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia) paragraph 4 (four). This means that it is the duty of the President as head of state and head of government to improve the welfare of all Indonesian people both living on the island of Java and outside Java In fact, after all these decades it turns out that there is still inequality in various fields, especially the economy between the island of Java and other regions outside Java, one of which is due to the position of the country's capital in the Jakarta area which is located on the island of Java, so that development is uneven. The high inequality in economic, social and cultural development between Java and non-Java is getting higher day by day. So President Joko Widodo, on April 29 2019, announced his policy to move the National Capital (IKN) from the DKI Jakarta area to other areas in East Kalimantan, namely North Penajam Paser Regency and Kutai Kertangerara Regency which were chosen as the potential IKN locations. President Jokowi's decision received support from the DPR RI with the issuance of Law (UU) No. 3 of 2022 concerning the Move of the National Capital. In 2023, this law has been revised or amended with the approval of the DPR RI, to become Law No. 21 of 2023. In this context, a fairly comprehensive basis and review of the study of the movement of IKN from the DKI Jakarta area to the North Penajam Paser and Kutai Kertanegara Regency areas is needed. East Kalimantan so that there is no potential for conflict to arise in IKN. For this reason, it is necessary to prepare programs and activities as well as policies to prevent or at least minimize the potential for social conflict and the impacts arising from social conflict between immigrant communities and the indigenous people of East Kalimantan. This type of research uses qualitative research methods, namely methods that focus on in-depth observation. Therefore, the use of qualitative methods in research can produce a more comprehensive study of a phenomenon. Data and information collection techniques are carried out through observation and literature study The results of the study concluded that IKN was prone to the emergence of social conflict due to the long-standing and hereditary problem of land ownership belonging to indigenous communities in North Penajam Paser. Apart from that, it is also caused by the social gap between immigrant communities, who on average have a bachelor's degree, have special skills, a high work ethic and a better level of welfare compared to the majority of native communities. Another factor is the factor of injustice between individuals in society, whether due to differences in opinions and feelings, cultural differences, politics. economic and welfare differences that can have an impact on the birth of clashes both between individuals and between community groups. It turns out that there have been many social conflicts in this area for a long time, which if allowed to continue will create disharmony between the immigrant community and the native communities of North Penajam Paser and Kutai Kertanegara.

Harnessing food system equity from the ground up: shifting co-governance practices in the funding of food security responses during the pandemic crisis in Toronto, Canada

ABSTRACT The COVID-19 pandemic was a disrupting force that magnified social inequities and service gaps in underserved urban communities. It was also a “window of opportunity” for the Black Lives Matter movement and Indigenous reconciliation synergies to spur calls to action for more open and inclusive dialog regarding community food security. Increasingly, community-based organizations (CBOs) that have not been traditionally food-focused are becoming more involved in food security responses. These factors have offered space to revisit antiquated and exclusionary practices within resource allocation and decision-making processes that reinforce systems of oppression within the food system. We explore the interconnection between CBOs, municipal actors, and funders in Toronto and draw upon the concept of co-governance to unpack their evolving relationships and influence on equity-focused change in policies and practices. Based on an analysis of interviews (n = 48), this paper articulates that a number of realized progressive, yet incremental, changes have been made, including changes to policies and internal practices and targeted support for Black and Indigenous communities. However, ultimately, a transfer of resources and influence is required in order to achieve the broader goal of harnessing food system equity.

The social class test gap: A worldwide investigation of the role of academic anxiety and income inequality in standardized test score disparities.

The social class test gap: A worldwide investigation of the role of academic anxiety and income inequality in standardized test score disparities.

Peran UMKM dalam Meningkatkan Kesejahteraan Perekonomian di Indonesia

This research aims to determine the role of MSMEs in improving economic prosperity in Indonesia. This research approach collects data through literature studies, which involves reading literature from various sources including books, journals and reports using qualitative and deductive approaches. The findings in this research are that micro, small and medium enterprises (MSMEs) are a very crucial sector for economic prosperity in Indonesia. This is because MSMEs play an important role in absorbing labor, increasing people's income, creating new business opportunities, increasing economic equality, and preserving local culture and wisdom. Apart from that, MSMEs also play an important role in creating jobs, increasing local economic growth, increasing innovation and creativity, stimulating local economic growth, economic diversification, as well as contributing to taxes and state revenues. This can improve economic prosperity in Indonesia. The indicators for measuring the level of welfare are income, housing and settlement, education and health.

The Big Tradeoff averted: five avenues to promote efficiency and equality simultaneously

Society as a whole faces a host of economic tradeoffs, many of which emerge around economic policies. An example of tradeoffs that any society faces in many economic realms is the tradeoff between economic efficiency and income equality (aka the efficiency-equality tradeoff). This tradeoff has been called “the Big Tradeoff” by the esteemed economist Arthur Okun, who also termed it “the Double Standard of a Capitalist Democracy.” Although the efficiency-equality tradeoff is more or less an inevitable tradeoff in most societal settings and economic contexts, there are still some special circumstances in which this tradeoff can be avoided. This paper identifies five such avenues and elaborates on why and how the tradeoff between these two somewhat contradictory societal goals—efficiency and equality—can be deftly averted under the mentioned circumstances. These avenues with their transformative potential can and should be used so that a capitalist society as an integrated whole can promote both efficiency and equality at the same time under these scenarios and avoid facing the Big Tradeoff in cases where it is evitable. Static and dynamic economic models are developed, solved, and applied to facilitate the articulation and exposition of the main points of each solution with formal rigor and logical coherence. Finally, policy implications are discussed.

Digitalising Higher Education Pedagogies: Gauging the Perspectives of Selected Senior Academic Members in Ghana

This study examined factors affecting digital technology use and their adoption in Higher Education pedagogies to promote economic equity and transformation toward a better society. Using a descriptive research survey design with purposive sampling of one hundred respondents, the following were the major findings: Overall, incorporating technology into higher education pedagogy was rated very highly. Younger faculty, compared to older ones, were found to be more technology user-friendly in pedagogical delivery. Years of teaching experience and workload strongly impacted faculty use of digital technologies, while institutional-related factors such as availability of professional development, accessibility to technology, and technical and leadership support were rated as leading factors affecting faculty’s perception of the use of technology. Even though the majority considered a significant relationship between the digitalization of pedagogy in Higher Education and the development of a better society, the connection was not perceived to be automatic. While acknowledging the impact of digital pedagogy in Higher Institutions to leverage business and economic output, there was also the need for conscious crafting of technology development and national digital transformation towards a more inclusive and sustainable direction from both Higher Education and Government.

Research on the influence of AI on social labor force composition

This paper focuses on the impact of AI technology on the workforce structure. As AI technology permeates our lives, one of the most important questions is whether it revolutionizes the composition of the workforce. Deep learning technology, combined with AI's increasingly powerful arithmetic chip, has significant advantages over the human brain and other mechanical devices in terms of logical operations and information capture. The change of labor force structure not only involves the problem of technology replacing human resources, but also is related to the long-term development of social economy. Although the popularization of AI provides opportunities for many people to improve themselves, how to balance technology and manpower to ensure the smooth transition and sustainable development of the economy is an urgent problem to be solved. Especially in terms of economic equality, how to ensure that the popularization and application of AI technology will not aggravate social inequality is also a question for us to think deeply. Therefore, it is of great practical significance for the research and discussion of labor force structure.