Gantt Chart Research Articles

Digitalization of planning for low-rise development of rural areas

The article is devoted to the consideration of the current problem of low-rise development of settlements in rural areas. The presence of federal and regional legislative initiatives at the strategic level of planning is noted. The purpose of the study is related to the development of methods and algorithms for the current planning of low-rise buildings. The stated task is considered as a multi-project planning problem. The problem was formulated and formalized using scheduling schemes and priority rules. For numerical experimentation, a model of a multi-project planning program and a test task were developed, including 27 projects of various buildings with household buildings. The task contains 504 requests for the implementation of project work, as well as the work requirements for workers of various specialties, construction mechanisms and funding levels. The developed program layout, in addition to carrying out calculations using the presented algorithms, visualizes the results of numerical experimentation in the form of Gantt charts and resource consumption diagrams. The performance of the developed methods and algorithms has been confirmed. Conclusions and discussion of the study results are presented.

Resource-based planning strategies

Issues of energy saving and increasing energy efficiency, being one of the main mechanisms for ensuring sustainable development of the Russian economy, are becoming especially relevant. In this regard, the role of planning energy-saving measures, including the development of resourcebased strategies, is increasing. The article is devoted to the consideration of the current problem of a resource-oriented strategy for multi-project planning. The purpose of the study is related to the presentation of the developed resource-based methods and algorithms. The problem was formulated and formalized using scheduling schemes and priority rules. For numerical experimentation, a prototype of a multi-project planning program and a test task, including 15 projects, were developed. The task contains 450 requests for the implementation of project work, as well as connections between the subsequent/preceding work of each project. The developed program layout, in addition to carrying out calculations using the presented algorithms, visualizes the results of numerical experimentation in the form of Gantt charts and resource consumption diagrams. The performance of the developed methods and algorithms has been confirmed. Conclusions and discussion of the study results are presented.

Scheduling choice method for flexible job shop problems using a fuzzy decision maker

The Flexible Job Shop Scheduling Problem (FJSP) emerges as a challenging extension of the classic Job Shop, presenting NP-Hard characteristics. In the FJSP, a set of jobs, comprising multiple operations, must be allocated to a predefined set of machines, each with its respective execution times. The distribution of operations across machines significantly impacts scheduling efficiency, which can be evaluated and optimized based on various performance criteria and objectives. To address this complex problem, a multi-objective optimization algorithm is employed, focusing on three main performance criteria: completion time of all operations (Makespan), load assigned to the most heavily utilized machine, and the sum of loads across all machines. An FJSP algorithm based on the Artificial Bee Colony (ABC) metaheuristic (FJSP. ABC) generates a Pareto set comprising non-dominated and dominated solutions. These solutions represent optimal or near-optimal production schedules and offer diverse representations, such as Gantt charts. However, the decision-making process for selecting the best production schedule from the Pareto set demands additional considerations. To this end, we propose adopting a decision-making (DM) algorithm based on Fuzzy TOPSIS (Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to the Ideal Solution in a Fuzzy environment). The DM Fuzzy TOPSIS algorithm accommodates the inclusion of variables not covered by the FJSP algorithm and aids decision-makers in identifying the most suitable production schedule based on the specific requirements of the production system. These additional variables may include maximizing or minimizing machine idleness, balancing the load of operations on machines, etc. Experimental results demonstrate that the application of the proposed algorithm yields values close to the expected outcomes for the analyzed variables proposed. The DM Fuzzy TOPSIS algorithm proves to be a valuable tool for supporting decision-making in production systems, assisting in the selection of the best production schedule among the optimal or near-optimal solutions obtained from the Pareto set. By integrating multi-objective optimization and decision-making techniques, this research contributes to more efficient and informed production scheduling practices, ultimately enhancing overall system performance.

Barriers and Facilitators to Implementing the National Patient Safety Implementation Framework in Public Health Facilities in Tamil Nadu: A Qualitative Study.

In 2017, the National Patient Safety Implementation Framework (NPSIF) was introduced in India to ensure patient safety at different levels of the health care delivery system by 2025. Evaluating the implementation status, feasibility, and challenges and obtaining suggestions for improvement are key to the successful and sustainable implementation of any national health framework. Hence, we explored the facilitators and challenges in implementing the NPSIF and sought suggestions to address the challenges. We adopted a descriptive qualitative approach to inquire about NPSIF implementation. Health care workers were selected using maximum variability sampling from 18 secondary- and tertiary-level public health care facilities in Tamil Nadu, India. From August to October 2021, we conducted a total of 80 key informant interviews and in-depth interviews with the relevant officers in-charge and HCWs of varied cadres. Facilitating factors reported were facilities obtaining/working toward quality certification; availability of standard protocols and checklists; and government rewards for the best-performing hospitals, doctors, and staff. Major implementation challenges reported were staff shortages; lack of infrastructure, facilities, and equipment; lack of awareness about patient safety, noncompliance to standard guidelines, and lack of patient cooperation. Recommendations suggested to overcome these challenges included providing educational materials to patients, offering regular continuing medical education and training, improving record maintenance, having a dedicated staff/team and surveillance system setup for patient safety and dedicated staff for data entry, filling existing staff vacancies, and using a carryover option for funding. Based on the current situation of patient safety practices in public health facilities in Tamil Nadu, it will be difficult to achieve full-scale implementation of the NPSIF by 2025. However, as a first step, a core patient safety committee can be formed at the state level to develop a Gantt chart for implementation based on the priorities over the next 2 years.

Regulatory Guidelines and Production Planning Strategies for Biosimilars in the USA

At present, biosimilar projects are ruling the pharma market. This article aims to show that project management is crucialin developing biosimilars. Bad project management will give a bad reputation to the organization, project cost overruns, projectschedule delays, demotivation of the project team, sustainability risk to the organization, and more over huge loss. It is the main reasonmost companies are spending more on the training of employees, particularly on project management. Biosimilars are biologicalproducts that are highly similar to a reference product despite modest changes in therapeutically inactive components. Biosimilarshave no clinically significant changes in product safety, purity, or potency compared to the reference product. With the imminentpatent expiration of certain important high-cost biologics, biosimilar manufacture is becoming increasingly profitable for firms.However, the introduction of biosimilars necessitates the adoption of critical new rules. Because of the inherent differences involvedwith the production methods used by different companies and even different sites within the same company, the existing standardsthat regulate the approval pathways for generic pharmaceuticals are insufficient for biosimilars. Biosimilars are similar to but notidentical to the original. Due to the exclusive nature of the manufacturing line and the techniques employed by these competitors,basic variances in methodology may exist between competing organizations. Even modest variations in the manufacturing process canresult in micro heterogeneity, characterized by minor differences in molecular structure, stability, production cell line behavior, growthconditions, vectors, and purification methods. For these reasons, developing biosimilars takes a lot of work.1 CBER regulatesbiosimilars in the US Market. The reference Medicine's Patent status and market potential should be considered when developingbiosimilars. The main objective of this article is to show that the project management strategies and regulatory approval process areequally important to enter biosimilars into the market. Concerning quality in the project management of biosimilar products, budget,deadlines, and scopes are major constraints. A Gantt chart has been enacted to represent a graphical illustration of a schedule. Ganttchart helps to plan, coordinate, and track specific tasks in a project.

Building Water Quality Commissioning in Healthcare Settings: Reducing Legionella and Water Contaminants Utilizing a Construction Scheduling Method

Construction activities in healthcare settings potentially expose building occupants to life-threatening waterborne pathogens, including Legionella. The lack of a building water quality commissioning (BWQC) process has been identified as a substantial construction risk factor associated with disease cases and deaths. A BWQC schedule method was developed as a technical note to address gaps between the construction, commissioning, and operation phases of work to establish water quality and safety for a building water distribution system. The BWQC schedule method enables healthcare organizations to meet commissioning criteria set forth in guidelines and regulatory requirements for implementing a water management program (WMP) prior to initiating patient care operations. The authors used Office Timeline® Pro+Edition V7.02, Office Timeline LLC, Bellevue WA 98004, USA to depict a Gantt chart as a BWQC schedule listing key project tasks and milestones of construction and water management activities. Design and construction professionals, in conjunction with healthcare organizations, should examine the BWQC construction schedule method and customize it for project-specific implementation. Additionally, building owners should consider incorporating the method into an organization’s construction policies for a standardized approach to BWQC practices.

OptiDJS+: A Next-Generation Enhanced Dynamic Johnson Sequencing Algorithm for Efficient Resource Scheduling in Distributed Overloading within Cloud Computing Environment

The continuously evolving world of cloud computing presents new challenges in resource allocation as dispersed systems struggle with overloaded conditions. In this regard, we introduce OptiDJS+, a cutting-edge enhanced dynamic Johnson sequencing algorithm made to successfully handle resource scheduling challenges in cloud computing settings. With a solid foundation in the dynamic Johnson sequencing algorithm, OptiDJS+ builds upon it to suit the demands of modern cloud infrastructures. OptiDJS+ makes use of sophisticated optimization algorithms, heuristic approaches, and adaptive mechanisms to improve resource allocation, workload distribution, and task scheduling. To obtain the best performance, this strategy uses historical data, dynamic resource reconfiguration, and adaptation to changing workloads. It accomplishes this by utilizing real-time monitoring and machine learning. It takes factors like load balance and make-up into account. We outline the design philosophies, implementation specifics, and empirical assessments of OptiDJS+ in this work. Through rigorous testing and benchmarking against cutting-edge scheduling algorithms, we show the better performance and resilience of OptiDJS+ in terms of reaction times, resource utilization, and scalability. The outcomes underline its success in reducing resource contention and raising service quality generally in cloud computing environments. In contexts where there is distributed overloading, OptiDJS+ offers a significant advancement in the search for effective resource scheduling solutions. Its versatility, optimization skills, and improved decision-making procedures make it a viable tool for tackling the resource allocation issues that cloud service providers and consumers encounter daily. We think that OptiDJS+ opens the way for more dependable and effective cloud computing ecosystems, assisting in the full realization of cloud technologies’ promises across a range of application areas. In order to use the OptiDJS+ Johnson sequencing algorithm for cloud computing task scheduling, we provide a two-step procedure. After examining the links between the jobs, we generate a Gantt chart. The Gantt chart graph is then changed into a two-machine OptiDJS+ Johnson sequencing problem by assigning tasks to servers. The OptiDJS+ dynamic Johnson sequencing approach is then used to minimize the time span and find the best sequence of operations on each server. Through extensive simulations and testing, we evaluate the performance of our proposed OptiDJS+ dynamic Johnson sequencing approach with two servers to that of current scheduling techniques. The results demonstrate that our technique greatly improves performance in terms of makespan reduction and resource utilization. The recommended approach also demonstrates its ability to scale and is effective at resolving challenging work scheduling problems in cloud computing environments.

Project Management in the Manufacturing Sector

This study will analyze the role of automation cloud-based project management software in managing and optimizing manufacturing plans and data. The objective is to understand the evolution of automated and cloud-based project management software like Jira and Asana by incorporating beneficial of traditional Gantt charts and work breakdown structures for manufacturing companies. The questionnaire was designed to collect data from 100 project managers employed in various manufacturing units. The data were quantitatively analyzed using both statistical analysis and a test of association. The objective was to understand the factors contributing to the automated and cloud-based project management software, and the challenges faced by the project managers in the incorporation of traditional Gantt charts and work breakdown structures, in the complex and time-consuming tasks associated with project management.

Development of Excel-Based Building Defect Management System Using Business Process Reengineering in Education Building

Effective maintenance of a university campus building is crucial to ensure the safety and well-being of its academic community. However, maintaining the building and its various equipment and assets can take time and effort. This study aims to optimize building maintenance by implementing Business Process Reengineering (BPR) and using an Excel-based application system to detect points of damage. The study analyzes the maintenance process's cost, duration, and damage reports using dashboard features such as Gantt chart diagrams. By comparing the Excel-based application system with the conventional system, we found that the former is more effective and efficient. The results show that the application system saves 12 hours of recapitulation time per week, increases labor productivity by 32.2%, and speeds up damage reparation by 5%.

Совершенствование организации процесса экономической оценки нефтегазового проекта за счет цифровизации

The article analyzes the process of organizing work on the evaluation of investment projects in an oil and gas company, highlights the stages of work on the justification of a rational option for field development, and gives a description of the software used. As a result of the analysis, the weak side of the digital contour of the stage of economic evaluation of the project on the basis of four criteria of the state standard of the Russian Federation is revealed. These are accuracy, productivity, safety and ease of use. Five alternative variants of IT innovations, including Russian and foreign ones, are considered. The oil and gas company’s own development “Atlas: In-vestment Evaluation” was recognized as the best, based on a weighted average assessment of seven criteria: compliance with global, industry-wide and sectoral requirements, software availability during the sanctions pe-riod, the ability to take into account industry specifics in calculations, and the minimum duration of implementa-tion of the new program and employee training. According to the IT innovation of the oil and gas company, aimed at improving the process of digitalization of the economic justification of projects, the effects of increas-ing the reliability and flexibility of work were revealed. Based on the Gantt chart, the reduction of labor intensity by evaluation stages is determined. The commercial efficiency of the process of improving the organization of work is substantiated.

The Use of Project Management Techniques and Its Positive Impacts on Project Outcomes in New Zealand Businesses

The use of project management (PM) is of immense value in achieving project success that ultimately assists businesses to thrive and contribute to the growth of an economy. This research has one main research question “How does the use of PM techniques have positive impact on project outcomes in New Zealand (NZ) businesses?”. The research adopted inductive approach to build theory and qualitative research methodology to address the main research question using four research objectives. This is an exploratory research using a case study research strategy that is coherent with the inductive qualitative research design. Two organisations representing the construction services and the Information and Communication Technology (ICT) services business in NZ were chosen. In-depth interviews were used to collect data, data analysis was completed through thematic analysis techniques. Findings were assessed through a theoretical construct mainly based on the Project Management Institute’s (PMI) PM framework. Findings indicated that the two organisations had strong focus on PM function supported by their organisational structures. Organisation A relied more on Work Breakdown Structure (WBS) and Gantt chart technics while organisation B adopted an agile approach. Both considered designating project manager when deploying a formal PM function. While Company A has not implemented dedicated technology to support PM function, Company B has though not fully utilised. Hopefully, findings from this study will assist organisations in the construction and ICT services business sectors being significantly reliant on PM function to deliver project outcomes and to be successful in their businesses.

Hybrid modelling method for the prediction and experimental validation of 3D printing resource consumption

In this study, a hybrid modelling scheme for 3D Printing (3DP) technology is proposed for predicting three resource consumption processes: production time, electric energy and material usage. First, the manufacturing process is classified into five machine operations: axial moving, material processing, unit heating, material feeding and auxiliary. Then, according to the machine behaviours, a Gantt chart and power profile (GP) diagram is generated for understanding operation processes and power variations. Based on the GP diagram, physical models and data-driven models are created for simulating the resource consumption level of each operation. The time and material consumed during part printing are physically modelled based on a computer numerical control (CNC) language: G-code. The power of each operation and the time consumed while preheating machine units are modelled through experimental measurements under different related process parameter values. The collected experimental data are regressed to obtain the functional relationships between the power, preheating time and process parameters. With the time and power submodels for all operations, the resource consumption models for the 3DP machine are assembled. To verify the effectiveness of this method, hybrid prediction modelling is demonstrated for two fused deposition modelling (FDM) machines, and the prediction accuracies are tested for real printing tasks. The proposed method can be adopted to other additive manufacturing processes by comprehensively considering related factors, including part geometries, process parameters, G-codes and machine behaviours.

Design and Development of Improvised Pivotal Animation Board

This research project aimed to create and refine an innovative tool for animators called the Improvised Pivotal Animation Board (IPAB). The IPAB differs from existing Light-emitting Diode (LED) tracing boards in terms of its unique functionality. The researchers employed the Analysis, Design, Development, Implementation, Evaluation (ADDIE) model, adapting it to suit the specific requirements of the study. During the analysis phase, the researchers examined the features of commonly used lightboxes in the animation industry and academic settings. They focused on traditional animation techniques to identify key aspects to incorporate into the IPAB. Additionally, the researchers considered the overall cost of developing the IPAB, ensuring an economically feasible design. Moreover, the design of the IPAB was aligned with the Harmonized Gender & Development Guidelines, guaranteeing inclusivity. The development phase followed a Gantt chart, serving as a roadmap for the researchers. They used this framework to guide the creation and testing of the IPAB. The results of the study indicated that the IPAB was successfully developed and exhibited optimal functionality. The device's stability was verified, and it demonstrated the ability to pivot in both left and right directions. Furthermore, the IPAB was designed to be rechargeable, enhancing its convenience and usability.

P05 Introducing new laboratory equipment for blood culture tests to improve the timeliness of antimicrobial susceptibility results in sepsis patients: a quality improvement project

Abstract Background Blood culture tests are crucial for identifying microorganisms causing sepsis and planning targeted antimicrobial therapy based on susceptibility results. However, the traditional testing method has remained unchanged for the last 60 years, resulting in a delay of approximately four days for final antimicrobial susceptibility results. This delay contributes to increased antimicrobial resistance, broad-spectrum antimicrobial use and healthcare costs. This project aims to reduce the time taken for antimicrobial susceptibility results. Methods An initial pilot study trial of 100 samples with a new system will be conducted, followed by a qualitative and quantitative evaluation strategy, keeping the existing system as a gold standard. The project scope was defined to avoid scope creep, and a detailed SWOT analysis was conducted to identify the best equipment available on the market. Interventions A process map was created, and a detailed fish bone (Ishikawa) problem analysis was done to identify key issues and potential bottlenecks. A robust stakeholder analysis has been planned, and a detailed GANTT chart has been prepared. Implementing effective communication, leadership and nudge theory can engage stakeholders and mitigate risks. A cost-benefit analysis predicted a cost savings of nearly a million pounds within one hospital of seven within the Trust. Conclusions The introduction of new laboratory equipment for blood culture tests has the potential to reduce the turnaround time for antimicrobial susceptibility results significantly to less than 24 h, leading to early diagnosis and treatment of sepsis with targeted antimicrobial therapy. This initiative also counters various problems, including antimicrobial resistance, broad-spectrum antimicrobial use and healthcare costs. This project proposal is an important step towards improving blood culture testing and the timeliness of antimicrobial susceptibility results. Organizations like the NHS must seek to improve continuously for long-term effectiveness, and this project is one such change that will reap many long-term benefits.

Optimizing the delivery schedule of equipment in a project environment considering resource leveling of storage space and its constraint: a case study

PurposeThe present work seeks to determine the optimal delivery schedule of equipment at a project site in the backdrop of limited storage space, at a minimum cost, and without disturbing the overall project schedule. In addition, the optimized delivery schedule helps in minimizing the fluctuating requirements of space at the project site across the entire project lifespan.Design/methodology/approachThe study is carried out at a Steel plant operating in a constrained space but undergoing a production capacity expansion. The problem motivated us to explore the possibility of postponing the delivery dates of certain equipment closer to the erection dates without compromising on the project schedule. Given the versatility of linear programming models in dealing with such schedule optimization problems, the authors formulated the above problem as a Zero-One Integer Linear Programming problem.FindingsThe model is implemented for all the new equipment arriving for two major units – the Hot Strip Mill (HSM) and the Blast Furnace (BF). It generates an optimized delivery schedule by delaying the delivery of some equipment by a certain number of periods, without compromising the overall project schedule and at a minimum storage cost. The average space utilization increases by 25.85 and 14.79% in HSM and BF units respectively. The fluctuations in space requirements are reduced substantially in both units.Originality/valueThe study shows a timeline in the form of a Gantt chart for the delivery of equipment, storage of equipment across different periods, and the number of periods for which the delivery of certain equipment needs to be postponed. The study uses linearly increasing storage costs with the increase in the number of periods for storage of the equipment in the temporary shed.HighlightsDetermined the optimal delivery schedule of the equipment in a project environment in the backdrop of limited storage space in the project site.Formulated the above problem as a Zero-One Integer Linear Programming (ILP) problem.The average space utilization has increased by 25.85 and 14.79% in HSM and BF units respectively.The optimized delivery schedule helps in reducing the fluctuations in space requirements substantially across the entire lifespan of the project.The timeline of delivery of equipment, storage of equipment across different periods and periods of postponement of the equipment are shown in the form of a Gantt Chart.

Modeling, evaluating, and orchestrating heterogeneous environmental leverages for large-scale data center management

Data centers are very energy-intensive facilities that can generate various environmental impacts. Numerous energy, power, and environmental leverages exist and can help cloud providers and data center managers to reduce some of these impacts. But dealing with such heterogeneous leverages can be a challenging task that requires some support from a dedicated framework. This article presents a new approach for modeling, evaluating, and orchestrating a large set of technological and logistical leverages. Our framework is based on leverages modeling and Gantt chart leverages mapping. First experimental results based on selected scenarios show the pertinence of the proposed approach in terms of management facilities and potential impacts reduction.

A novel conflict free routing with multi pickup delivery tasks for autonomous vehicles

PurposeThis study aims to propose a novel method for the conflict detection and eradication of autonomous vehicles which has predetermined routes to establish multi pickup and delivery tasks according to task priorities and vehicle capacity status on each pickup and delivery nodes in assembly cells in the automotive production.Design/methodology/approachIn the designed system, the routing of autonomous vehicles (AVs) and scheduling of pickup and delivery tasks are established in production logistics. Gantt chart is created according to vehicle routes, and conflicts are detected using the proposed conflict-sweep algorithm. The proposed conflict-solving algorithm eliminates conflicts on intersections and roads by considering vehicle routes and task priorities.FindingsIn many production systems, there is a need to obtain flexible routes in each pickup delivery task group that changes during day, week, etc. Proposed system provides remarkable advantages in obtaining conflict-free routes for pre-scheduled multi transport tasks of vehicles by considering efficiency in production systems.Originality/valueA novel method is proposed for the conflict detection and eradication of AVs. Proposed system eliminates conflicts on intersections and roads by considering pre-planned vehicle routes for a fleet of heterogeneous AVs. Unlike most of the other conflict-free algorithms, in which conflicts are solved between two points, proposed system also considers multi pickup and delivery points for AVs. This is pioneering paper that addresses conflict-free route planning with backhauls and scheduling of multi pickup and delivery tasks for AVs.

Business Strategy Proposal for Solar Energy EPC Company

Catur Elang Energi (CEE), as one of the business diversifications of PT. Catur Elang Perkasa was established in 2020 to support Indonesian government to increase the new and renewable energy contribution in Indonesia by providing EPC (Engineering, Procurement, Construction) service for roof top solar power plant. In 2022, revenue generated from their operations is not good enough to achieve the target given by management. This research conducted to know the external and internal factor and propose strategy to improve CEE performance. This study further analyzes how the company runs its business from an external and internal perspective. This study uses external analysis such as PESTEL analysis, Porter’s five forces, and competitor analysis. Moreover, there are also internal analysis such as Segmenting, Targeting Positioning (STP) analysis, Marketing Mix. Then a further analysis was conducted by using a SWOT analysis to determine the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats of Catur Elang Energi business. Business Model Canvas used to define and communicate Catur Elang Energi business and TOWS Matrix will help Catur Elang’s develop its business and sales. the recommendation given include product development for solar energy related product, promotional campaign, developing agent network, and partnership with financial institution. Strategy implementation in the form of Gantt chart also made based on recommendation that can be implemented by PT. Catur Elang Perkasa.

Optimizing construction progress by evolutionary algorithm considering multi-objective criteria

In the process of construction and installation, emergency requirements are designing a reasonable construction schedule. A suitable construction schedule will make an important contribution to reducing costs and saving construction time. Research on optimizing construction progress according to many goals to balance both time and resources is a difficult job, requiring a lot of effort. This study proposes the application of an evolutionary algorithm in optimizing the construction process with Gantt charts to meet the multi-target requirements. The multi-target function is built based on single target criteria and is used as the cost function of the evolutionary algorithm. Application results with specific projects show multi-target optimization by using evolutionary algorithms that allow automatically building a suitable and balanced construction schedule between targets. This study is expected to reduce project managers' work by providing an effective support tool

Feasibility of using the gantt chart for the development of project documentation

Gantt chart - considered an important part of project management, using the dates on the chart, you can accurately plan the delivery of materials, equipment, work of crews and subcontractors. The top level of the WBS is a project that represents the totality of the entire scope of work. The project consists of smaller works of different scope and importance, which are usually called work packages. The head of works often distributes work packages according to responsibility, assigning a responsible person to each package - an individual, a department, a subcontractor. In turn, each work package is subdivided into tasks or contains its own, smaller, internal work packages, the completion of which marks the end of work on the work package as a whole. Work on a work package is considered completed when the persons responsible for it (team) have completed all internal work packages and all tasks (events).
 A network diagram allows you to graphically establish the relationship between individual operations/work packages throughout the project area. The relationship and sequence between operations may vary from project to project, depending on the system you use in your work, the availability of funds, employees, etc. Actions are usually planned in a sequential order. Depending on the relationship between the beginning/end of previous and subsequent operations, four types of dependence are distinguished:
 
 finish-start – a new operation begins immediately after the end of the previous one;
 start-start – the start of the next operation is related to the start of the previous one, that is, in fact, two operations start at the same time;
 finish-finish - the finish of the next one depends on and is connected with the end of the next one, that is, two operations are completed simultaneously;
 start-finish – the beginning of the previous operation is connected with the end of the next one, that is, the finish of the next one is connected with the beginning of the previous one.
 
 When planning a relationship, you can enter lead time or delay time. The delay time creates a pause between the predecessor action and the successor action.
 The Gantt chart is the most important tool for designers. The schedule allows you to plan and coordinate the work of teams, agree on the delivery dates of equipment and materials, monitor the actual performance of work with the planned, make corrections to the planned work if the project starts to fall behind the schedule or costs exceed the budget, in order to focus available resources on the performance of tasks that will allow fix problems and eliminate delays.