Ganoderma Philippii Research Articles

Effect of soil types on root infection of Acacia mangium and Eucalyptus pellita by Ganoderma philippii and Pyrrhoderma noxium

Abstract. Indrayadi H, Glen M, Fahrizawati, Siregar BA, Rimbawanto A, Mardai, Tjahjono B, Mohammed C. 2023. Effect of soil types on root infection of Acacia mangium and Eucalyptus pellita by Ganoderma philippii and Pyrrhoderma noxium. Biodiversitas 24: 2358-2364. Acacia mangium Willd. and Eucalyptus pellita F.Muell. are susceptible to red root-rot disease, caused by Ganoderma philippii (Bres. & Henn. ex Sacc.) Bres., has led to the demise of planted A. mangium as a commercial pulpwood in Indonesia. A second root-rot pathogen, Pyrrhoderma noxium (Corner) L.W.Zhou & Y.C.Dai (syn. Phellinus noxius (Corner) G.Cunn.), also attacks both species. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of different soil types on the root infection of A. mangium and E. pellita by G. philippii and P. noxium. The effect of three contrasting soil types (mineral R41, R51 and peat soil) used in a plantation estate in Riau province on disease development was investigated in a pot trial using four isolates, two of G. philippii and two of P. noxium. Two models of inoculation were used, in one of which inoculated wood blocks were placed against the seedling roots (Model 1), the second where the blocks were 10-20 cm from the roots (Model 2). Fifty weeks after the experiment was established, mortality was significantly higher in the soil of low than high clay content, in A. mangium than E. pellita, and in Model 1 than Model 2; there was no difference between the two G. philippii isolates, and P. noxium did not cause any mortality. G. philippii inoculum could survive in all three soil types for over 9 months; hence, the effect of soil type was not mediated by inoculum longevity. Alternatives should be pursued to limit further development of root-rot diseases in existing E. pellita estates.

Antagonism Activity of Phosphate Solubilizing Bacteria Against Ganoderma philippii and Fusarium oxysporum of Acacia Plants

Ganoderma philippii and Fusarium oxysporum 0148c are the primary pathogenic fungi that causes root rot and damping-off in young acacia plants. The best treatment to date is the use of biological control agents. Phosphate solubilizing bacteria (PSB) isolated from acid soil is a bacterial isolate classified as plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB). PGPB has an indirect function as a biocontrol agent for fungal pathogens. This study aimed to determine the potential of PSB isolate EF.NAP 8 in inhibiting G. philippii and F. oxysporum 0148c from acacia plants. The method used is a dual culture antagonism test and observation of abnormal hyphae after the antagonism process. The results showed that the isolate EF.NAP 8 inhibited G. philippii by 34.44% and F. oxysporum 0148c by 33.33%. The abnormality of hyphae after antagonistic activity results in hyphal malformations such as hyphae lysis and hyphae coiling. The antagonistic activity of PSB EF.NAP 8 isolate is one of part of the ability of a bacterium classified as PGPB in the form of biocontrol activity against pathogenic fungi. This provides information regarding the opportunity to utilize EF.NAP 8 as a candidate agent for controlling fungal pathogens on acacia plants.

Resistência de espécies arbóreas tropicais à ação de <i>Ganoderma philippii</i>

A resistência da madeira a fungos xilófagos é uma característica desejável em madeiras comerciais e nas empregadas na arborização urbana. Isso porque a ação desses fungos pode levar à perda das propriedades físicas, redução da resistência mecânica e durabilidade da madeira. Entretanto, pouco se sabe sobre a resistência de madeiras tropicais a fungos apodrecedores. Nesse contexto, este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a resistência natural da madeira de 28 espécies arbóreas tropicais submetidas à ação de Ganoderma philippii, através da análise da perda de massa obtida em um ensaio in vitro. Segundo os critérios de classificação de resistência a fungos da ASTM D2017 (2005), a maioria das espécies foi considerada altamente resistente, exceto Amburana cearensis, Pterocarpus rohrii, Joannesia princeps e Basiloxylon brasiliensis consideradas resistentes. A comparação dos valores de perda de massa obtidos entre todas as espécies arbóreas, após a ação de Ganoderma philippii, demonstrou que Joannesia princeps, Amburana cearensis, Pterocarpus rohrii, Basiloxylon brasiliensis, Barnebydendron riedelii, Parkia pendula, Cariniana legalis, Copaifera langsdorffii, Terminalia mameluco, Spondias venulosa, Astronium concinnum e Zeyheria tuberculosa tiveram perda de massa estatisticamente maior que as demais espécies.

The Screening of White-Rot Fungi as Biological Control Agents against Ganoderma philippii

Ganoderma philippii is the causal agent of root rot disease causing economic losses to Acacia plantations. In an effort to control the Ganoderma root-rot disease, we isolated and screened white-rot fungi as biological control agents. We collected 107 samples from forestry plantations in Riau Province. The fungi were isolated from rotten wood including trunks and twigs, and fruiting bodies. Out of the 107 samples, 28 from rotten woods and 51 from fruiting bodies were successfully isolated. Screening of the isolated fungi was done on wood block, wood disc, and wood-powder-containing agar. Eleven isolates showed fast growth on wood block and in subsequent second screening in dual culture on wood disc, three isolates showed fast growth and were capable of overgrowing G. philippii. The third screening was to examine quantitative growth rate of selected fungal isolates on malt extract agar wood powder (MEA-WP) two isolates were selected. These two isolates have shown potential as biological control agents of the root-rot pathogen, G. philippii.

A New 26-Norlanostanoid from the Fruiting Bodies of Ganoderma philippii

A new nortriterpenoid, 26-nor-11,22-dioxolanost-8-en-3β,7β,15α-triol (1), was isolated from the EtOAc extract of the fruiting bodies of Ganoderma philippii. Its structure was identified by spectroscopic techniques including 1D and 2D spectral data as well as MS. Compound 1 showed α-glucosidase inhibitory activity with IC50 value of 482.7 μM.

PENGUJIAN PENANDA JENIS SPESIFIK PADA JAMUR YANG BERPOTENSI SEBAGAI AGENS PENGENDALI HAYATI PENYAKIT BUSUK AKAR PADA AKASIA

Root rot caused by Ganoderma philippii (Bres. & Henn. ex Sacc.) Bres., is an important disease in Acacia plantation. A strategy to control this disease is currently being developed, particularly on the application of biological control agent (BCA). Species specific primers for rapid identification of potential fungi as BCA were developed. This study aimed to obtain the best DNA condition and the best primers for species specific identification. DNA with 20x dilution is the best condition for amplification of the ITS fragment thus used for rapid species identification. The best primer set to detect Cerrena sp. is CrF1/CrR1, PbF2/PbR2 is the best primer set for Phlebiopsis sp. 1. There was no specific primer suitable to detect Phlebia sp. 1 and Phlebia sp. 2 only but Pl-2F1/Pl-2R4 is the best primer set for Phlebia spp.

Antifungal Compound Isolated from Catharanthus roseus L. (Pink) for Biological Control of Root Rot Rubber Diseases.

Rigidoporus microporus, Ganoderma philippii, and Phellinus noxius are root rot rubber diseases and these fungi should be kept under control with environmentally safe compounds from the plant sources. Thus, an antifungal compound isolated from Catharanthus roseus was screened for its effectiveness in controlling the growth of these fungi. The antifungal compound isolated from C. roseus extract was determined through thin layer chromatography (TLC) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) analysis. Each C. roseus of the DCM extracts was marked as CRD1, CRD2, CRD3, CRD4, CRD5, CRD6, and CRD7, respectively. TLC results showed that all of the C. roseus extracts peaked with red colour at Rf = 0.61 at 366 nm wavelength, except for CRD7. The CRD4 extract was found to be the most effective against R. microporus and G. philippii with inhibition zones of 3.5 and 1.9 mm, respectively, compared to that of other extracts. These extracts, however, were not effective against P. noxius. The CRD4 extract contained ursolic acid that was detected by NMR analysis and the compound could be developed as a biocontrol agent for controlling R. microporus and G. philippii. Moreover, little or no research has been done to study the effectiveness of C. roseus in controlling these fungi.

Sexuality and mating types of Ganoderma philippii, Ganoderma mastoporum and Ganoderma australe, three basidiomycete fungi with contrasting ecological roles in south-east Asian pulpwood plantations

Species of Ganoderma, particularly G. philippii, G. australe and G. mastoporum, are commonly found in Indonesian Acacia mangium plantations. Ganoderma philippii is a root rot pathogen while the other two species are secondary root invaders and wood rotters. Management of G. philippii can be supported by knowledge of its gene flow, genetic diversity and population dynamics. This investigation was undertaken to determine the sexuality and mating systems of G. philippii and co-occurring Ganoderma species, observing the somatic interactions between monokaryotic and dikaryotic mycelia and noting any incompatibility mechanisms. In all three species monokaryons were self-sterile. By examining the contact-zone hyphae, it was determined that in all three species, full sexually compatible matings occurred in 26–33% of the crossings. Two mating type loci were identified, as is the case for a wide range of Basidiomycetes. Dikaryons generated from monokaryotic isolates showed morphological changes as cultures aged. The results of this study indicate that outcrossing is favoured in all three species, G. australe, G. philippii and G. mastoporum, therefore promoting adaptation to new hosts and environments.

Two new compounds from the fruiting bodies of Ganoderma philippii

Two new compounds, philippin (1) and 3β,9α,14α-trihydroxy-(22E,24R)-ergost-22-en-7-one (2), were isolated from the fruiting bodies of Ganoderma philippii. Their structures were elucidated on the basis of the spectroscopic technologies, including 1D and 2D NMR as well as MS. The bioassay of inhibitory activity against acetylcholinesterase (AChE) showed compound 1 exhibited weak inhibitory activity against AChE.

A new screening method for Ganoderma philippii tolerance in tropical Acacia species

Red root rot disease caused by Ganoderma philippii is one of the most economically important diseases of tropical Acacia species. Research on field control of the disease has to date focused on inoculum reduction, silviculture practices and application of biological control agents. Incorporation of tolerant genotypes, a key component of integrated disease management, has not been adequately explored because of a lack of reliable and quick screening protocols. Recently, we developed a more rapid method of screening for red root rot tolerance in Acacia mangium, A. crassicarpa and A. mangium A. auriculiformis hybrid planting stock, in which groups of five, 6-week-old plants were subjected to inoculum consisting of a rubber (Hevea brasiliensis) wood block culture of the pathogen held within a polythene bag. As symptoms start to appear 10 weeks after inoculation, experiments can be completed in a six-month period instead of the years needed by the traditional pot system. Using this technique we were able to identify variations in tolerance and/or susceptibility to G. philippii in A. mangium, A. crassicarpa and A. mangium × A. auriculiformis hybrid planting stock in a more consistent manner. Tolerant and susceptible genotypes subsequently have been selected for further experiments or crosses. While the ultimate goal of this study was to develop and deploy high-yielding Acacia genotypes that are also tolerant to red root rot disease, results of the current screening studies may also be used to investigate the basis for tolerance to G. philippii in Acacia species.

Evaluation of carbohydrate metabolism inhibition by some species of medicinal mushrooms from India.

Diabetes mellitus is one of the most common endocrine diseases. One antidiabetic therapeutic approach is to reduce gastrointestinal glucose production and absorption through the inhibition of α-amylase and α-amyloglucosidase enzymes, thereby preventing an increase in the postprandial glucose concentration in diabetics. The main aim of this study was to evaluate the antidiabetic potential of hydroalcoholic extracts of 3 mushrooms, that is, Ganoderma philippii, Lenzites elegans, and Rigidoporus ulmarius, using an in vitro enzymatic starch digestion assay model. The α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitory potential of hydroalcoholic mushroom extracts was tested at concentrations of 1, 5, 10, 12.5, 25, 50, and 100 mg/mL. Acarbose was used as a control. The amount of glucose liberated (micrograms) was determined using the 3,5-dinitrosalicylic acid method. Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of carbohydrates in all examined species. In the case of G. philippii and L. elegans, a concentration-dependent increase in the percentage inhibition of enzyme activity was observed, with maximum inhibition at a concentration of 100 mg/mL (40.22% ± 0.83% and 26.57% ± 0.68%, respectively). R. ulmarius showed maximum inhibitory activity at a concentration of 100 mg/mL (65.54% ± 0.91%), and this was comparable to acarbose.

Disease progression in plantations of Acacia mangium affected by red root rot (Ganoderma philippii)

SummaryThe rapid emergence of Acacia mangium as the key industrial plantation species in Indonesia has been followed by the equally rapid emergence of red root rot (Ganoderma philippii) as its potential nemesis. As a consequence, and on severely affected mineral soils in equatorial tropical environments in particular, A. mangium may no longer be capable of producing commercial yields after three rotations. In this experiment, 100‐tree plots were established in commercial plantings of A. mangium at five sites which represented the range of growing conditions used for plantation establishment in Indonesia. Repeated monitoring at approximately 6‐month intervals of above‐ and below‐ground variables was used to explore relationships between measures of tree health and root rot. Crown colour and density were poor predictors of either the presence or severity of infections. Tree mortality increased more or less linearly with time and led to the progressive coalescence of initially discrete disease gaps. The average rate of disease development was about 0.3% per month, and average time from infection to tree death was conservatively estimated at around 1 year. Trees with more than four dead/missing neighbours had a >50% chance of being dead by the following monitoring. By the end of the monitoring period >40% of trees were classified as dead/missing, although this value varied from 20 to 70% depending on site, tree age and rotation. Canonical discriminant analysis correctly allocated >90% trees into their correct group on the first monitoring and similarly classified whether trees would be dead or missing in the following monitoring.

Identification of basidiomycete fungi in Indonesian hardwood plantations by DNA barcoding

SummaryAn investigation of root rot in Acacia mangium plantations in Indonesia generated over 1000 fungal isolates from field surveys at six locations. The majority of isolates were identified as Ganoderma philippii or Ganoderma mastoporum by species‐specific PCR, but this still left 274 isolates to be identified. As barcoding initiatives for fungi are still in the early stages, to assist identification of these isolates in this way we developed a database of sequences based on identified sporocarps and also searched public DNA sequence databases for sequences with high similarity. The database of sequences from sporocarp collections is more limited than public DNA databases. This resulted in more reliance on public DNA databases for a high proportion of taxa. Several pathogenic species were identified, with Phellinus noxius occurring at several locations and on both A. mangium and Eucalyptus pellita. Ganoderma steyaertanum was isolated from A. mangium roots and Rigidoporus microporus from E. pellita roots, each at a single location only. Potential pitfalls of using public DNA databases for fungal identification are discussed and methods to avoid these and increase confidence in the identification are presented.

In vitro interaction between Phlebiopsis sp. and Ganoderma philippii isolates

SummaryGanoderma philippii causes root‐rot disease in a wide range of commercial perennial woody crops such as rubber and tropical acacias. In terms of productivity loss, the disease is considered as the most economically damaging disease of Acacia mangium. Many strategies to manage root rot have been developed and applied, including application of biological control which has focused on species and strains of the ascomycete genus Trichoderma. This research aimed to test the potential of a wood‐rotting basidiomycete as a biocontrol agent for root rot caused by Ganoderma philippii. This basidiomycete was isolated from a Eucalyptus pellita stump in a coppicing trial in Riau province, central Sumatra. DNA sequence analysis indicated that this isolate is most likely a Phlebiopsis sp. In vitro tests and microscopic morphological description of mycelial interactions between the Phlebiopsis and G. philippii isolates showed a mycoparasitic reaction. This result offered an alternative potential fungal isolate for root‐rot management in Indonesia as Phlebiopsis gigantea is already successfully used as a biocontrol agent for managing root rot caused by Heterobasidion annosum throughout pine forests in Europe and North America.

Species‐specific PCR for rapid identification of Ganoderma philippii and Ganoderma mastoporum from Acacia mangium and Eucalyptus pellita plantations in Indonesia

SummaryDNA sequence variation in the rDNA internal transcribed spacers (ITS) was exploited to design species‐specific primers for Ganoderma philippii and Ganoderma mastoporum, two fungi associated with red root rot in Acacia mangium and other perennial crops. Specificity was verified against five other Ganoderma species, 34 other basidiomycete species and two ascomycete species. The PCR tests assisted in the identification of 822 fungal isolates obtained from A. mangium and Eucalyptus pellita plantations in Indonesia. These tests have provided a high level of confidence in the identification of the major root rot pathogens, information that can be used to support the development of management options for their control in A. mangium plantations.

Signs and identification of fungal root‐rot pathogens in tropical Eucalyptus pellita plantations

SummaryThis study describes and identifies the fungi associated with root‐rot disease in Eucalyptus pellita, associated anecdotally with a species of Phellinus. Macro‐ and microscopic morphological observations and DNA analysis were used to identify sporocarps and fungal cultures growing from symptomatic root samples. Investigation of 12 sites in Central Sumatra revealed that red root‐rot disease caused by species of Ganoderma (most commonly Ganoderma philippii) was as prevalent as root disease caused by Phellinus noxius. The study also detected the presence of several potential fungal agents of root rot at any one site. Fungal signs such as absence/presence of sporocarps were a poor indicator of root‐rot incidence in stands. Instead, fungal isolation from infected roots was essential to obtain accurate identification of active pathogens.

Chemical constituents from Ganoderma philippii

The chemical investigation on Ganoderma philippii led to the isolation of sixteen compounds by silica gel and Sephadex LH-20 column chromatography. On the basis of spectroscopic data analyses, their structures were elucidated as 2, 5-dihydroxyacetophenone (1), methyl gentisate (2), (S) -dimethyl malate (3), muurola-4, 10 (14) -dien-11beta-ol (4), dihydroepicubenol (5), 5-hydroxymethylfuran carboxaldehyde (6), ergosta-7, 22E-dien-3beta-ol (7), ergosta-7, 22E-dien-3-one (8), ergosta-7, 22E-diene-2beta, 3alpha, 9alpha-triol (9), 6/beta-methoxyergo-sta-7, 22E-dien-3beta, 5alpha-diol (10), ergosta-4, 6, 8(14), 22E-tetraen-3-one (11), ergosta4, 6, 8-(14), 22E-etetraen-3beta-ol (12), 5alpha, 8alpha-epidioxy-ergosta-6, 22E-dien-3beta-ol (13), 7alpha-methoxy-5alpha, 6alpha-epoxyergosta-8-(14), 22E-dien-3beta-ol (14), ergosta-8, 22E-diene-3beta, 5alpha, 6beta, 7alpha-tetraol (15), and ergosta-5, 23-dien-3beta-ol, acetate (16). All the compounds were obtained from this fungus for the first time, and compounds 4 and 5 were isolated from the Ganoderma genus for the first time.

Bioantifungal Activity of Selected Medicinal Plant Extracts against Root Rot of Fungal Disease

Root rot disease of fungal such as Ganoderma philippii, Phellinus noxius and Rigidoporus microporus are well known destructive fungus to plant root. The in vitro antifungal screening of selected medicinal plants was studied against the disease. The twelve of Malaysian medicinal plants including the leaves of Aglaia argentea, A. leucophylla, A. grandis, A. odorata, A. odoratissima, A. varrisquama, Alium sativum (bulbs) and Cassia alata, Catharanthus roseus stems and leaves, Derris elliptica leaves and Tinospora baenzigeri stems were extracted using different types of solvents extraction i.e, dichloromethane (DCM), acetone and methanol at the concentration of 20 mg/mL. The extracts were studied for antifungal activities against three species of fungal disease including G. Philippii, P. noxius and R. microporus. The antifungal activities of the extracts were determined by the presence or absence of fungal inhibition zone growth on Potato dextrose agar (PDA). The extracts shows a significant results but varying in their antifungal activities on the selected fungal. The DCM and acetone extracts of C. roseus stems had the highest antifungal activities against R. microporus fungus compared to methanolic extract. On the other hand, acetone extracts of A. argentea leaves also gave the highest antifungal activities against G. philippii compared to other extracts. However, all of the extracts didn’t show any inhibition zone on P. noxius culture. In general, the DCM extracts of C. roseus stems contain the most of bio-antifungal of active compounds against R. microporus of fungal disease.

Purification and Characterization of â-1,3-Glucanase from the Antagonistic Fungus Trichoderma reesei

Trichoderma enzymes that inhibit fungal cell walls have been suggested to play an important role in mycoparasitic action against fungal root rot pathogen Ganoderma philippii . This experiment was aimed to purify and characterize the â-1,3-glucanase of T. reesei . Extracellular â-1,3-glucanase was produced by growing mycoparasite T. reesei isolate T 13 in colloidal chitin and sucrose as carbon sources. The enzyme was then purified to its homogeneity by precipitation with ammonium sulfate, followed by gel filtration chromatography and chromatofocusing. Sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) 12% was used to confirm the purity of enzyme at each stage of preparation and to characterize purified protein. The results showed that T. reesei produced at least three extracellular â-1,3-glucanases. Estimation of molecular weight based on SDS-PAGE 12% have three isoform of â-1,3-glucanase were 90 kDa for â-1,3-glucanase-I, 75 kDa for â-1,3-glucanase-II, and 64 kDa for â-1,3-glucanase-III. Their optimum pH and temperature were 5 and 50 °C, respectively.

GanodermaandAmaurodermaspecies associated with root-rot disease ofAcacia mangiumplantation trees in Indonesia and Malaysia

Fungal sporocarps and cultures associated with signs and symptoms of root-rot disease were collected from Acacia mangium and other tropical hardwood species. The collections were identified by either morphological characters and/or by phylogenetic analysis based on DNA sequences as Ganoderma philippii, G. mastoporum, G. aff. steyaertanum, G. australe and Amauroderma rugosum. Phylogenetic analysis unequivocally placed in the G. philippii clade four sequences amplified from A. mangium root and butt tissue showing clear signs of red root-rot disease (roots are covered by a red rhizomorphic skin). Whereas G. philippii was the most frequently encountered fungal species in A. mangium with red root-rot disease, this study indicates that other fungal species related to G. mastoporum may cause root-rot disease with very similar symptoms. An isolate (FRIM 138) that had caused red root-rot disease in artificial inoculations carried out before this study and was presumed to be G. philippii, is here determined to be closely related to G. mastoporum, G. cupreum and G. sinense. A Ganoderma species associated with a yellow-brown root-rot disease killing trees in an A. mangium plantation in Central Java, previously identified as G. lucidum, is shown by phylogenetic analysis to be closely related to G. steyaertanum, though some morphological characters vary from the original description of that species.