Gang Fighting Research Articles

Interpersonal violence in a deprived Scottish urban area with aggregations of physical health risks and psychiatric morbidity: an ecological study

BackgroundGlasgow, Scotland, has previously shown exceptional levels of violence among young men, shows aggregations of health conditions, with shortened life expectancy. Health conditions can be both causes and consequences of violence, of shared community-level socio-economic risk factors, and can result from large-scale social forces beyond the control of populations with high levels of violence. The aim of the study was to provide an in depth understanding of the Public Health problem of violence among young adult men in Glasgow East.MethodEcological investigation of violence and its associations with health conditions in areas of contrasting socioeconomic deprivation. National survey of 1916 British men aged 18–34 years, augmented by a sub-sample of 765 men in Glasgow East (GE). Participants completed questionnaires covering current physical and sexual health, psychiatric symptoms, substance misuse, lifestyle, and crime and violence.ResultsThe 5-year prevalence of violence was similar in both surveys but fights involving weapons (AOR 3.32, 95% CI 2.29–4.79), gang fights (AOR 2.30, 95% CI 1.77–2.98), and instrumental violence supporting criminal lifestyles were more common in GE, where 1 in 9 men had been in prison. Violent men in both samples reported poorer physical and sexual health and all types of psychiatric morbidity except depression, with multiple high-risk behaviours for both future poor health and violence. Associations between drug and alcohol dependence and violence in GE could not be entirely explained by deprivation.ConclusionViolence in deprived urban areas is one among many high-risk behaviours and lifestyle factors leading to, as well as resulting from, aggregations of both psychiatric and physical health conditions. Poverty partly explained raised levels of violence in GE. Other factors such as drug and alcohol misuse and macho attitudes to violence, highly prevalent among men in this socially excluded community, also contributed. Multi-component preventive interventions may be needed in deprived areas and require future investigations into how multiple co-existing risk factors produce multimorbidity, including psychiatric disorders, substance misuse, poor physical health and violence.

Harmful gun behaviour and perceived collective efficacy: evidence from a cross-national study of youth detainees

ABSTRACT This paper examines the patterns of harmful weapon behavior and the protective influence of perceived collective efficacy on harmful weapon behavior among a cross-national sample of youth detainees in Toronto and Philadelphia. Despite different firearms policies, detained youth in both cities reveal considerable knowledge of where to get a gun. Multivariate analyses reveal that participating in gang fights, non-violent delinquency, and neighborhood gun markets are significantly related to harmful gun behavior in both cities. Only one collective efficacy subscale, perceived social cohesion, exerted a protective influence on harmful gun behavior among youth in both cities. These results suggest that in the absence of “strong ties,” reflected in family and residential stability, there may be added value in the “weak ties” provided by the community, making social cohesion an important protective characteristic for this high-risk group of youthful detainees. The significance of the findings, limitations, and potential policy implications are discussed.

Externalizing problem behaviors among adolescents in a southern city of China: Gender differences in prevalence and correlates

• Boys had a higher prevalence rates of externalizing behaviors than girls. • Correlates were found from personal, family and school dimensions. • Grade 11 was the peak of reported problem behaviors in the secondary school years. • Four significant interactions were found between gender and examined correlates. • Gender-specific design and school-home collaboration to impart PYD were suggested. This study aimed to test whether there are gender differences in the prevalence of and correlates for various externalizing problem behaviors among secondary school adolescents in a southern city of China. A large cross-sectional sample survey of 12,244 adolescents from Grade 7 to Grade 12 was conducted in Shenzhen, a metropolis in southern China. The participants completed measures assessing externalizing behaviors, positive youth development (PYD), family functioning, school maladjustment and sociodemographic characteristics. Multiple liner regression analyses were performed to identify factors associated with externalizing problem behaviors among participants. The results showed that (1) 35.1% of the sample displayed at least one externalizing problem behavior (i.e. alcohol consumption, tobacco use, running away from home, truancy, gang fighting, and stealing) during the previous year. Boys were more likely than girls to engage in all the examined behaviors. (2) Grade 11 was the peak of reported problem behaviors in the secondary school years and there was no difference between scores from participants in Grade 9 and Grade 7. (3) Having siblings, male gender, lower positive youth development level, lack of an intact family, lower family functioning, and school maladjustment were statistically significantly associated with more externalizing problem behaviors. (4) Four significant interactions were found between gender and Grade 11, gender and Grade 12, gender and PYD, and gender and school maladjustment. Boys in Grades 11 and 12, and with school maladjustment, and girls with lower PYD were more likely to report externalizing behaviors. The findings suggest that greater focus should be placed on late adolescent boys who have school difficulties, girls with low PYD levels, and adolescents with sibling(s), who are from non-intact families or who live in poor family environments, to prevent or intervene in the possibility of developing externalizing problem behaviors. Further Prevention and intervention work may require gender-specific design and school-home collaboration to impart positive youth qualities among adolescents.

Living conditions, health services use and neighborhood perception at a survey of Brasília´s suburb

Method: Probabilistic population based survey describing living conditions, health services utilization and neighborhood perception in north suburb of Brasilia. Results: 1619 dwellers were available predominantly young low schooled, mostly unemployed (60%), living in brick house with piped water and electricity (>98%); 29% had sewage system; 85% of dwellers always use the same public health facility. Sexual assaults (7%); armed fights (32%); robbery (41%) and gang fights (25%) were perceived in neighborhoods that were seen as noisy (32%), dirty (40%), with few healthy food stores (34%) and sports/leisure areas (66%). Conclusion: public policies in the capital´s suburb must be strengthened.

Risk and Protective Factors Associated with Youth Firearm Access, Possession or Carrying.

Firearm homicide and suicide are the leading causes of violence-related injury deaths among U.S. youth. However, evaluations of the effectiveness of firearm violence prevention programs and strategies to reducing youth firearm violence are limited. To help inform and evaluate such efforts, this study aimed to identify risk and protective factors associated with youth firearm access, possession or carrying (for reasons other than hunting or target shooting) among a sample of U.S. urban youth in the Mountain West. Findings show the influence that youth violence risk (e.g., having friends engaged in delinquency; violence; drug sales; gang fights; exposure to violence; screening positive for violence risk) can have on youth firearm access, possession or carrying. Implications for prevention and intervention are discussed.

Inhibitory and Emotional Control Deficits as Mediators between Protective Factors and Symptoms of Problem Behaviors in Delinquency

Much research has examined the role of inhibitory and emotional controls in the educational setting with an emphasis on learning and coaching. However, they underestimate the effect and role of inhibitory and emotional controls in delinquent behaviors. Therefore, the current study examined the impact of inhibitory and emotional controls as mediators between protective factors and symptoms of problem behaviors. Respondents of the survey consisted of 404 delinquents convicted of several crimes such as armed robbery, drug trafficking, and drug use, gang fights, rape, homicide, and out of control behaviors. Three psychological instruments; Developmental Assets Questionnaire-Malaysian Version (DAQ-MV), Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function- Self Report (BRIEF-SR) and Achenbach System of Empirical Behavior Assessment- Youth Self-Report (ASEBA-YSR) were used to collect data. The result showed that there was no evidence that planning/decision making influenced rule-breaking behavior independent of its effect on inhibitory and emotional controls (c’ = -.113, p = .062). On the contrary, there was evidence that resistance skill/resilience influenced rule-breaking behavior independently of its effect on inhibitory and emotional controls (c’ = -.204, p = .000). Morality and religiosity also have been found to influence rule-breaking behavior independently of its effect on inhibitory and emotional controls (c’ = -.231, p = .000). The results contributed to an enhancement of early prevention strategy based on executive function, especially in institutions like prison and rehabilitation school

Inhibitory and Emotional Control Deficits as Predictors of Symptoms of Problem Behaviors among Juvenile Delinquents

Executive dysfunction of inhibitory and emotional control deficits has not gained attention as a predictor in previous research on problem behaviors. Thus, this study examined inhibitory and emotional control deficits as predictors of symptoms of problem behaviors. There were 404 young offenders with various crimes such as stealing, substance use, rape, homicide, gang fights, and early sexual relation/pregnancy and out of control behavior participated in the study. Behavior Rating Instrument of Executive Function-Self Report (BRIEF-SR) and Achenbach System of Empirical Behavior Assessment (ASEBA-YSR) were employed, respectively. The results showed there was a significant relationships between inhibitory and emotional control deficits with both symptoms of problem behaviours; rule-breaking behavior and aggressive behavior. Moreover, based on regression weights, inhibitory control deficit was the best predictor of attention problems and aggressive behavior. On the contrary, an emotional control deficit was the best predictor of both symptoms of problem behaviors. In conclusion, the executive function plays a significant role in problem behaviors among juvenile delinquents. Thus early prevention based on both inhibitory and emotional controls component must be considered in three different settings such as family, school, and community. Thorough consideration in developing and inserting these two executive function components also are much needed in an educational setting as it is where adolescents spend much of the time.

쑤퉁(蘇童)『참새이야기(黃雀記)』와 시대 비판 공간 - 참죽나무 거리의 변화를 중심으로

This paper has studied the new full-length novel Yellow Sparrow by Su-Tong focused on the change of Xiangchunshu street. Contrary to its name, Xiangchunshu street was the poor, humble, dirty and decaying street. Because this street had got the childhood memory of Su-Tong, the novel set in this street was almost coming of age novel. However Yellow Sparrow was different from the past coming of age novel. Not only this new novel did not describe the gang fight or violence which past coming of age novel appeared frequently, but also the feature of Xiangchunshu street itself changed. Xiangchunshu street of this work changed from the small, dirty and humble street to clean and spacious street to commercial district with full of shops. This space was changed to the space which writer Su-Tong revealed critical opinions on the phases of times. Therefore this paper studied the change of Xiangchunshu street from the viewpoint of the metaphor of soul loss, Chinese economic reform and mammonism, sin metaphor rope, sexual assault and murder. In the metaphor of soul loss chapter, the loss of soul meant that where human soul should be converted to in the acceleration of Chinese capitalism. It allegorized that human being not only became the slave of material but also lost the humanity in commodity society. In the Chinese economic reform and mammonism chapter, this paper explained that grandfather’s action of digging a tree up was transformed into the movement of digging for gold. This paper explained not only that grandfather’s room was changed into the boutique of Mr. Ma but also that the boutique was changed into the shop of nutritional supplement once again. In the sin metaphor rope, sexual assault and murder chapter, this paper explained that the wages of Xiannu’s sin was that intake tower where she was sexually assaulted became both her starting point and ending point. This paper explained that although Liusheng had matured atoning for his wrong, the wages of his sin was death finally. Also explained that the rope which was Baorun’s only hope made him fall into the bottomless pit on the contrary.

PROBLEMATIKA PENDIDIKAN AGAMA ISLAM DI SEKOLAH DAN PERGURUAN TINGGI UMUM

The current moral decline of this nation, more or less was the impact of low achievement in moral education. To point out, there have been endless white collar criminals and corruptions, illegal logging, violence and anarchy, inter students gang fight, and the castration of humanity. The failure of such moral education often be addresed as the failure of Religion Education particularly Islam, since Elementary until Higher Education/University.The failure of education in Islamic Religion supposed to be related to a set of problems. Among these problems are curricula, teacher/educator, method and the dychotomic view between religious education and scientific one that it should be taught integrally. This writing will try to analize the mentioned problems and it possible solution.

PENERAPAN SHALAT DHUHA DALAM PENINGKATAN MORAL SISWA DI SEKOLAH

The moral decline of students is felt by many side, both school and community. The existence of engage in gang fight among them,their oppressionto teachers, drugs, etc. Those are moral phenomenon of students need to be changed. Many efforts can be done by school to overcome that moral phenomenon. One of them is performing dhuha in a congregation in school. This kind of salatwhich held in the morning is expected to withstand the bad students’behavior afterwards. The incantations contained in dhuhaif contemplated can lead the students to submit and obey to the teachings of Islam.This wisdom is actually contained in the implementation of salat in general, of coursein the implementation of dhuha.

ALTERNATE SOLUTION OF INTER-SCHOOL GANG FIGHT (SOSIOLOGICAL LAW REVIEW)

This research aim at knowing and analyzing the way how to solve the inter school in Makassar and knowing and analyzing the factors resulting the inter-school gang fight in Makassar. This research of empirical law which used primary data and secondary data. The primary data directly got from the respondents, those are the students and the counselor teachers. The secondary data got from the books and literatures, policies, seminar result and any supported data. the result of the research shows that factors cause the inter school gang fight are some unimportant and trivial things such as so-closed school place, competition, missunderstanding, revenge, and economical problem. Alternate solution of inter school gang fight are teaching the students more religion, do family-improvement, teaching the students about the character education, teaching the students about behavior of respecting each other, do visit each-others, practice the law, make a peace agreement inter school gang fight

Collective Behavior and the Generality of Integrated Theory: A National Study of Gang Fighting

ABSTRACTThis paper uses integrated theory to explain gang fighting. Integrated theory combines elements of social control, social learning, and strain theories. We focus on gang fighting to assess the generality of integrated theory because it constitutes serious violent collective behavior which is linked to other problem behaviors. Few explanations for such behavior are offered. We examine the relationship between integrated theory and gang fighting using multi-level modeling and data from the first five waves of the National Youth Survey Family Study for the period 1976–1980. Support for direct effects of some components of integrated theory was found, including normlessness, delinquent peer-group bonding, and grades in school.

APLIKASI RASIONAL EMOTIF TERAPI DALAM MEMPERBAIKI PERILAKU MEMBOLOS SISWA

Today, education face many kind of problems that indicate student maladjustment behavior. All sorts of students maladjustment behavior stretch from the lower level to the higher level. For example; cut class, engage in the gang fight, hold-up, free sex and consume the narcotics. Counseling is the process of connection between counselor and counselee that help the counselee solve the problem to find the behavior that conform the rule of the society. Albert Ellis sparked the theory of rational emotive therapy that give the assumption that human had brought the potential to think rationally, honest, and think irrationally and bad. Human has two tendencies, they are positive and negative tendencies.The rational emotive therapy using ABCD analysis can help the counselor to understand the client’s problem holistically.

Examining the Gendered Effect of Experienced and Vicarious Victimization: A General Strain Theory Perspective

Although general strain theory has broadened our theoretical perspectives, there remains a need to learn about the relationship between victimization and violence. In addition, studies applying general strain theory have yielded mixed findings about gender issues. Using data from the National Survey of Adolescents (NSA), the current study examined the effects of violent victimization on violent offending by gender. More specifically, the study assessed the relationship between two types of victimization (experienced and vicarious) and three types of violent offending (gang fights, robbery, and assault) and investigated whether gender plays a role in the association. Findings of negative binomial regression analyses offered overall support for experienced and vicarious victimization as predictors of violence. However, gendered effects of experienced and vicarious victimization on violence were not supported by results. Interaction effects between gender and victimization were only significant in baseline models (without control factors), however, became insignificant in full models. The implications of these results and limitations were discussed.

‘I’m proud of what I achieved; I’m also ashamed of what I done’: a soccer coach’s tale of sport, status, and criminal behaviour

The purpose of this study was to explore the life of John (a pseudonym), a soccer coach working with disadvantaged young people. Six open-ended life history interviews over a ten week period ranging between 45 and 75 min were conducted. John described how soccer was fully entwined with aspects of his former delinquent and criminal lifestyle, including missing school lessons to play soccer, the fusion of soccer and youth violence, and competing in teams with local criminals. On the other hand, a soccer programme for people with limited opportunities helped him leave behind a life of delinquency, gang fighting, and selling drugs. Moreover, he came to understand that soccer could help him satisfy his desire for social recognition and fit with a relational narrative in a more socially legitimate way. This study provides an insight into how soccer was used to thwart a soccer coach’s formal criminal lifestyle, and also warns against uncritical assumptions that sport can serve as a panacea for deviant behaviour.

„Wir schlagen wie eine Faust“: Die Bande als Lebensform sowjetischer Straßenkinder unter Stalin

The phenomenon of besprizornye, street children, has been explored several times by scholars as one of the gravest social problems of the early Soviet and Stalinist times. However, the strategies of survival and self-empowerment of these waifs have either been omitted or remained on a purely descriptive level. This article deals with the state’s struggle for hegemony on the streets and the resulting repression of street children on the one hand, and with the besprizornyj gang life on the other. Waifs usually formed gangs to survive on the street, often mingling with the criminal underground. Their everyday life was deeply shaped by violence, due to their criminal subsistence and violent clashes with the police or the general population, but also to gang fights and practices of ritual violence ensuring internal hierarchy and discipline. Violence began to shape the waif’s profile and communication, so that these everyday practices led to the formation of a subculture of violence. Although street children were marginalized and repressed by the Stalinist state, the criminal underworld or the GULAG were not the only outcome for them. The communication and power structures the besprizornye grew up with did also equip them well for the Red Army, the NKVD or the Party apparatus in general - all three of which gladly recruited among former children’s home inmates. This double compatibility of street children with the criminal world and state apparatuses shows how the Stalinist regime, by repressing and marginalizing these children, driving them into violent subcultures, had in fact formed subjects perfectly adapted to Stalin’s system of violence.

SPSSI Research Summary on Media Violence

Media use among children has increased sharply in recent years, due, in part, to a significant increase in multimedia portable devices. On average, U.S. children aged 8–18 spend more than 7 hours a day engaging with media. Governments, professional bodies, and citizens have become increasingly concerned about the social and personal impact of media with violent themes and depictions. This has been driven, in part, by a series of tragic mass killings in which it appears that media violence exposure may have been a contributing risk factor. Public health and child development professionals are increasingly convinced by converging scientific findings linking media violence exposure to increased aggression. Hundreds of scientific studies involving hundreds of thousands of participants and a wide range of empirical methods have investigated the effects of exposure to violent media. The studies show that: In experimental studies, even brief exposure to media can cause desensitization to real‐world violence, increases in aggressive thoughts, feelings, and behaviors, and decreases in empathy and helping behavior. Short‐term effects of media violence and basic psychological processes produce cumulative effects over time, as explained by well‐established theories and research and social, developmental, and cognitive processes. Indeed, habitual exposure to media violence produces relatively stable changes in personality traits, such as trait aggression. Longitudinal research—studies that follow individuals over time—rule out plausible alternate explanations to these findings (for example, that the association between media violence and aggressive behavior is entirely the result of inherently aggressive people chasing more violent media). Media violence exposure is linked with physically hurting others, using words to hurt others, and deliberately damaging the relationships of others. Links have been found between violent media exposure and “real‐world” violent behaviors such as assault, intimate partner violence, robbery, and gang fighting. A growing body of evidence suggests that media with helping and presocial messages can lead to increases in empathy and helping behaviors, and decreases in aggressive behaviors. Changing a child's media diet from aggressive/violent to presocial, educational, and age‐appropriate can reduce aggression, increase presocial behavior, and improve educational outcomes. There is some consensus that a moderate amount of recreational screen time for school children is 1–2 hours per day, and that when screen media are coviewed by and discussed with parents and teachers, children are somewhat less harmed by violent media. Media violence is only one of many risk factors for aggression, but it is one that policy makers, professionals, and parents can address at little cost. Policy makers and media producers would benefit from working cooperatively with media psychologists who have backgrounds in social, developmental, cognitive, and/or personality psychology to produce evidence‐informed policies and media products. Policy makers should consider: (1) revising classification systems to be both evidence‐based and parent‐friendly, (2) including carefully constructed media literacy content in school curricula, and (3) creating a public education campaign on the impact of media violence.

THE LOCAL WISDOM OF KEI PEOPLE AS A SOURCE OF LEARNING LOCAL HISTORY TO STRENGTHEN STUDENTS’ SOCIAL COHESION

Local culture as a social capital in the life of Kei people should always be established particularly for young generation through education. Now the Kei People is being introduced by modern culture as a reflection of city life, it tends to precede individualistic as well as materialistic which affect the occurrence of violence, brawling or gang fighting, hoodlumism, and even terrorism which have degraded moral values of nation. Conserving values of culture as the local wisdom of Kei people is very important not only to control violence, brawling or gang fight between groups, individualism, and hedonism which have been dominating the local people life, but also because this region have ever been stricken by social conflicts. Rebuilding as well as retighten social solidarity and cohesion through learning history sourced from values of local wisdom are indeed required. Social Cohesion is an adhesive uniting society, developing sociological harmony and spirit along with commitment to achieve mutual goals. Reviving and conserving values of local culture which are applied as a source of learning local history are absolutely imperative in order to eliminate even stop various violence, revive conflict, brawling or gang fight, and drugs abuse among young generation.

Mexico's drug networks: Modeling the smuggling routes towards the United States

Drug smuggling routes are chosen to maximize profit while minimizing costs. Routes with the least drug transportation costs and the lowest risk for drug confiscation and gang fight are most preferred. This study attempts to predict the ground trafficking corridors for transporting marijuana and opium derivatives from Mexico to the United States border. The cost surface, representing impedance to transport illicit drugs, is modeled by considering physical, socio-demographic, and drug violence factors. The impedance is then transferred to the road network to represent the cost for moving drugs along the roads, which becomes the main input for network analysis. The results from the routes simulation confirm largely the known territory divisions and the drug trafficking routes of the major Mexican drug organizations. The findings help us understand the development of drug trafficking routes in Mexico, which can potentially enhance our capability to predict the dynamics of drug smuggling routes.

Problem Gambling Among Ontario Students: Associations with Substance Abuse, Mental Health Problems, Suicide Attempts, and Delinquent Behaviours.

This paper describes gambling problems among Ontario students in 2009 and examines the relationship between gambling problems and substance use problems, mental health problem indicators, and delinquent behaviors. Data were derived from the Ontario Student Drug Use and Health Survey of Ontario students in grades 7-12. Gambling problems were measured as 2 or more of 6 indicators of problem gambling. In total 2.8% of the students surveyed endorsed two or more of the problem gambling items. The odds of problem gamblers reporting mental distress was 4.2 times higher than the rest of the sample and the odds of problem gamblers reporting a suicide attempt were 17.8 times greater than the rest of the sample. In addition compared to the rest of the students, delinquent behaviors were also more common among problem gamblers, including theft (OR = 14.5), selling marijuana (OR = 19.6), gang fights (OR = 11.3) and carrying a handgun (OR = 11.2). In a multivariate analysis, substance-use problems, mental health problems, and the participation in a variety of delinquent behaviors remained significantly associated with youth problem gambling behavior. Students who report problem gambling behaviors show increased substance abuse, mental health, and delinquency/criminal problems that are similar to those seen among adult problem gamblers. The association between these problems suggests that these problems could be addressed in a unified manner.