Γ-oryzanol Research Articles

Method for determination of gamma oryzanol in dietary supplement by high performance liquid chromatography

Gamma oryzanol (GO), a phytosterol found most abundantly in rice bran oil as well as corn, barley, rye, vegetable oils and wheat bran. Thanks to its ability to slow down the development of melanin pigments, prevent the effects and spread of ultraviolet rays on the skin's surface, limiting freckles and darkening of the skin, in recent years, GO has been added to dietary supplements to help reduce melasma, brighten and smooth the skin. For the purpose of evaluating and controlling product quality, the GO analysis method was developed and validated. GO was analyzed by HPLC using a PDA detector with a C18 chromatography column (250 mm × 4.6 mm, 5 µm) and a mobile phase consisting of methanol and acetonitrile in isocratic mode 35: 65 (v/v). The test sample was extracted with a mixture of n-hexane and ethanol at a ratio of 2: 5 (v/v). The method was evaluated for system suitability, specificity, calibration curve, precision and accuracy with limit of detection and limit of quantification were 15.0 µg/g and 50.0 µg/g, respectively. The analysis results of 10 real samples including 03 pellet samples and 07 powder samples showed that the method is suitable for analyzing samples with different concentration ranges.

Gamma Oryzanol: A natural compound with potential for treating polycystic ovary syndrome

IntroductionPolycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common endocrine disorder in women of reproductive age. Current management strategies only provide symptomatic relief, and there is a need for better treatments. Gamma-oryzanol, a dietary component found in rice bran oil, has been shown to be effective in increasing insulin sensitivity, reducing weight, and alleviating oxidative stress. In modern Chinese medicine, 香格里拉谷维素胶囊, 纯净谷维素软胶囊, and 诺特博谷维素片 are some of the medicines marketed in China that contain gamma-oryzanol. This study aims to evaluate the effects of gamma-oryzanol on clinical hallmarks of PCOS. Also to compare the efficacy of gamma-oryzanol alone versus in combination with clomifene citrate. MethodsIn this study, PCOS was induced in a rat model using estradiol valerate. Gamma-oryzanol was then administered both alone and in combination with clomifene citrate. ResultsThe effects of gamma-oryzanol on estrous cyclicity, fertility, histopathological alterations, estradiol and testosterone levels, and oxidative parameters were evaluated. The results showed that gamma-oryzanol, both alone and in combination with clomifene citrate, had protective effects against the estradiol valerate-induced PCOS rat model. The combination of gamma-oryzanol and clomifene citrate was particularly effective, showing significantly better results than the standard treatment group (clomifene citrate alone). DiscussionThese results suggest that gamma-oryzanol could be used in combination with existing standard treatments to enhance the management of PCOS. However, further molecular and clinical studies are needed to confirm these findings.

The retention factors and partial molar volumes of cycloartenyl ferulate at infinite dilution in supercritical carbon dioxide: Measurements and correlation

The retention factors and infinite dilution partial molar volumes of a solute in supercritical fluid are crucial for understanding solute–solvent interactions, analyzing pressure effects on chemical reactions, and optimizing industrial processes. Despite their importance, there is a notable scarcity of available data on retention factors and infinite dilution partial molar volumes in supercritical fluid systems. This study presents the first experimental data on the retention factors and partial molar volumes of cycloartenyl ferulate at infinite dilution in supercritical carbon dioxide. The retention factors were measured across temperatures ranging from 308.15 to 353.15 K and pressures of 8.20 to 31.03 MPa using supercritical fluid chromatography. The infinite dilution partial molar volumes were determined by taking the partial derivative of the retention factors with respect to the density of carbon dioxide. The obtained infinite dilution partial molar volumes range from −1.64 × 10−2 to 4.10 × 10−4 m3/mol, with large negative values observed near the critical point of carbon dioxide, indicating strong solvent–solute interactions. In this study, a new correlation model successfully predicts the experimental infinite dilution partial molar volumes with an average absolute relative deviation of 2.3 % over 86 data points.

Comparison of Gamma-Oryzanol Nanoemulsions Fabricated by Different High Energy Techniques.

Gamma-oryzanol (GO) is a bioactive compound that, due to its biological characteristics, can be added to a food matrix. However, the bioactive compound is difficult to incorporate due to its low solubility and stability. A nanoemulsion allows substances to be packaged in nanometric sizes, improving their bioavailability. In this work, a GO nanoemulsion was developed using high-energy techniques. The methodological process began with the formulation of the coarse emulsion, where the emulsifiers (sodium caseinate and citrus pectin), diluent (rice bran oil), and pH were varied to find the most stable formulation. The coarse emulsion was subjected to four high-energy techniques (conventional homogenization, high-pressure homogenization, ultra-high-pressure homogenization, and ultrasonication) to reduce the droplet size. A physical-stability test, rheological-behavior test, image analysis, and particle-size-and-distribution test were conducted to determine which was the best technique. The formulation with the highest stability (pH 5.3) was composed of 87% water, 6.1% sodium caseinate, 0.6% citrus pectin, 6.1% rice bran oil, and 0.2% GO. The ultrasonic treatment obtains the smallest particle size (30.1 ± 1 nm), and the high-pressure treatment obtains the greatest stability (TSI < 0.3), both at 0 and 7 days of storage. High-energy treatments significantly reduce the droplet size of the emulsion, with important differences between each technique.

Microencapsulation of gamma oryzanol using inulin as wall material by spray drying: optimization of formulation and characterization of microcapsules.

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13197-024-05988-0.

A Review on Nutritional Powerhouse, Exploring the Health Benefits of Rice Bran

This comprehensive review delves into the nutritional powerhouse that is rice bran, shedding light on its multitude of health benefits. The introduction provides an overview of the significance of rice bran in human nutrition, setting the stage for a deeper exploration. The subsequent sections delve into the nutritional richness of rice bran, highlighting its vital components, including essential vitamins, minerals, and dietary fiber. Antioxidant properties of rice bran are discussed in detail, emphasizing their role in combating oxidative stress and promoting overall well-being. The review also delves into the impact of rice bran on cholesterol management, shedding light on its potential to reduce cardiovascular risks. The effects of rice bran on digestive health are elucidated, showcasing its positive influence on gut function. The extraction process of rice bran is examined to better understand its utilization in various applications. Determinations of gamma oryzanol and alpha tocopherol content in rice bran are elucidated, underscoring their nutritional significance. Finally, the review concludes by offering insights into the future perspectives of rice bran research, hinting at its untapped potential in nutrition and health. This comprehensive exploration serves as a valuable resource for researchers, nutritionists, and consumers interested in harnessing the nutritional benefits of rice bran.

Determination of Gamma Oryzanol from Ethanolic Extract of Indonesian Rice Bran (Oryza sativa)

Determination of Gamma Oryzanol from Ethanolic Extract of Indonesian Rice Bran (Oryza sativa)

Investigating Effects of Rice Bran on Obesity, Oxidative Stress, Inflammation, and Physical Performance: A Narrative Mini-review

Context: Regular physical activity reduces oxidative stress by increasing the capacity of antioxidant defense, reducing pro-inflammatory mediators, and increasing anti-inflammatory mediators in healthy and obese conditions with chronic diseases. The role of physical activities in oxidative stress, and inflammation is dual and depends on the mood, intensity, and duration of the activity. Evidence acquisition: One session of long-term and intense exercises can produce free radicals more than the capacity of antioxidant defense and cause oxidative stress. Medicinal plants also have anti-obesity, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties due to their phytochemical compounds. Results: Rice bran contains nutrients and bioactive compounds, such as phytosterols, phenolic acids, flavonoids, anthocyanins, proanthocyanins, tocopherols, tocotrienols, phytic acid, gamma-aminobutyric acid, and gamma oryzanol. These compounds have antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-obesity, and anti-diabetic effects. The examination of studies with human and animal subjects show that rice bran, gamma oryzanol, and anthocyanins improve endurance and resistance performance. Evidence shows that rice bran improves endurance performance by reducing lactate accumulation, and increasing muscle glycogen content, increasing free fatty acids turnover, and increasing muscle oxidative capacity and antioxidant enzymes. Conclusion: Anthocyanins improve physical performance by affecting blood flow, metabolic pathways, and muscle fatigue. Accordingly, rice bran can improve physical performance as an ergogenic factor and promote health development by reducing oxidative stress and inflammation. However, there is a need for more studies regarding the effect of rice bran on physical performance and health.

Nutritional Supplements for Skin Health-A Review of What Should Be Chosen and Why.

Supplementation of micronutrients is considered to be crucial in the reinforcement of the skin's barrier. In this paper, 14 nutritional compounds commonly used in food or pharmaceutic industries were analyzed in terms of influencing skin conditions. The major objective of this paper was to provide a narrative review of the available literature regarding several chosen compounds that are currently widely recommended as supplements that aim to maintain proper and healthy skin conditions. We conducted a review of the literature from PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science until September 2023 without any other restrictions regarding the year of the publication. Ultimately, we reviewed 238 articles, including them in this review. Each of the reviewed compounds, including vitamin A, vitamin C, vitamin D, vitamin E, curcumin, chlorella, Omega-3, biotin,Ppolypodium leucotomos, Simmondsia chinesis, gamma oryzanol, olive leaf extract, spirulina, and astaxanthin, was observed to present some possible effects with promising benefits for a skin condition, i.e., photoprotective radiation. Adding them to the diet or daily routine might have a positive influence on some skin inflammatory diseases such as atopic dermatitis or psoriasis. Further, UV radiation protection facilitated by some supplements and their impact on human cells might be helpful during chemotherapy or in preventing melanoma development. Further research is needed because of the lack of clear consensus regarding the doses of the described compounds that could provide desirable effects on the skin.

Creationa and Assessment of Dry Powder Inhalation Formulations of Gamma Oryzanol Based on Chitosan Nanoparticles

Gamma oryzanol is an antioxidant and anticancer medication that is taken orally by a traditional method. It comes from plants. Its utility is nonetheless restricted by its erratic absorption and frequent administration. An alternative method that can maintain the release of Gamma Oryzanol in the lungs for several hours was considered: giving the drug via the pulmonary route as nanoparticles. Gamma Oryzanol was coated with chitosan, a biodegradable polymer, and then freeze-dried to create a dry powder inhaler (DPI) with an aerodynamic particle size of 1.54μm. Initial burst release was seen in an in vitro release investigation, which was followed by continuous release up to 97.51% in 24 hours. In vivo research and in vitro release showed further correlation. After a single dosage was administered, the prepared DPI enhanced the Gamma Oryzanol via pulmonary route residence in the lung tissue for more than 24 hours and sustained the Gamma Oryzanol through pulmonary pathway concentration above MIC for more than 12 hours. A decrease in the amount administered in the lungs was also seen in an animal investigation; this will help with tumour treatment.

Designing and fabrication of colloidal nano-phytosomes with gamma-oryzanol and phosphatidylcholine for encapsulation and delivery of polyphenol-rich extract from pomegranate peel

Nano-carriers are well-known delivery systems to encapsulate different bioactive compounds and extracts. Such nano-systems are used in various food and drug areas to protect active ingredients, increase bioavailability, control the release, and deliver bioactive substances. This study aimed to design and fabricate a stable colloidal nano-delivery system to better preserve the antioxidant properties of pomegranate peel extract (PPE) and protect its sustained release in a gastrointestinal model. To achieve this goal, a nano-phytosomal system was fabricated with plant-based, cost-effective, and food-grade compounds, i.e., phosphatidylcholine (PC) and gamma-oryzanol (GO) for encapsulation of PPE. To fabricate the nano-phytosomes, thin film hydration/sonication method was used. The parameters of particle size, zeta potential, polydispersity index (PDI), loading capacity (LC), and encapsulation efficiency (EE) were investigated to evaluate the efficiency of the produced nano-system. In summary, the size, zeta potential, PDI, LC, and EE of homogenous spherical PC-GO-PPE nano-phytosomes (NPs) in the ratio of 8:2:2 % w/w were achieved as 60.61 ± 0.81 nm, −32.24 ± 0.84 mV, 0.19 ± 0.01, 19.13 ± 0.30 %, and 95.66 ± 1.52 %, respectively. Also, the structure of NPs was approved by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and scanning electron microscope (SEM). The optimized NPs were stable during one month of storage at 4 °C, and changes in the size of particles and PPE retention rate were insignificant (p > 0.05). The nano-encapsulation of PPE significantly decreased the loss of its antioxidant activity during one month of storage at 4 °C. The optimized NPs exhibited prolonged and sustained release of PPE in a gastrointestinal model, so that after 2 h in simulated gastric fluid (SGF) and 4 h in simulated intestinal fluid (SIF), 22.66 ± 2.51 % and 69.33 ± 4.50 % of initially loaded PPE was released, respectively. Optimized NPs had considerable cytotoxicity against the Michigan Cancer Foundation-7 cell line (MCF7) (IC50 = 103 μg/ml), but not against Human Foreskin Fibroblast cell line (HFF-2) (IC50 = 453 μg/ml). In conclusion, spherical PC-GO-PPE NPs were identified as a promising delivery system to efficiently encapsulate PPE, as well as protect and preserve its bioactivity, including antioxidant and cytotoxicity against cancer cell line.

The effect of stabilization heat treatment on rice bran quality parameters, including total phenolic content, gamma oryzanol content, antioxidant potential, oxidative stability and extraction yield during storage

The impact of rice bran stabilization thermal treatments on oxidative stability, extractability, and antioxidant potential was investigated. Freshly milled rice bran samples of the variety “Ld 368 –red” were subjected to four heat treatments: steaming, hot air drying, microwave treatment, and a combination of microwave and steaming. Solvent extraction was used to obtain rice bran oil (RBO). The Phenolic, γ-oryzanol contents and antioxidant potential of RBO were analyzed. Oil yield, free fatty acid content (FFA), and peroxide value (PV) were measured during 50-days storage at room temperature, with data collected at an interval of 10 days. The highest extraction yield was in coupled treatment (22.26 %). The coupled treatment and microwave were the most effective for the stabilization of rice bran in terms of oxidative stability, which provided the lowest FFA value (2.950 % & 2.993 %) and PV (0.518 & 0.620 mEqv/kg oil) (p ≤ 0.05). The lowest increment of FFA (2.945 %) and PV (4.23 mEqv/kg) was detected in RB stabilized by coupled treatment in 50 days of storage time. The microwaved sample exhibited the highest total phenolic content (4.147±0.190 mg GAE/g of extract), γ-oryzanol content (1.536±0.0173 %), and the highest antioxidant activity/ lowest IC50 value among the stabilized sample.

Comparative and Stability Study of Rice Bran Oil in Nanovesicle: Conventional Niosomes and pH-Sensitive Niosomes

Niosomes are more stable and economical than liposomes. In previous studies, conventional niosomes have shown advantages for transdermal delivery of bioactive compounds from rice bran. The objective of this study was to compare nanovesicle formulations (conventional niosomes and pH-sensitive niosomes) containing oryzanol (OZ) and rice bran oil (RBO). The formulation parameters were varied for the types of model drugs (OZ pure compound and RBO), the content of RBO loading (low, medium, high), and the types of niosomes (conventional niosomes and pH-sensitive niosomes). The physicochemical properties, e.g., vesicle size, size distribution, zeta potential and oryzanol content, were investigated. The stability of nanovesicles during the incubation period from Day 1 to Day 90 was observed. The in vitro skin permeation of the niosome formulation was demonstrated and calculated from the skin permeation flux and the permeability coefficient. The results indicated that the OZ- and RBO-loaded nanovesicle formulation had nanoscale vesicles (under 205 nm) and a narrow size distribution (0.22-0.55). The OZ content in the formulation was up to 300 µg/mL. The RBO-loaded nanovesicle formulations were stable at 4 and 25 °C for 90 days and 40 °C for 30 days. The skin permeation parameters of pH-sensitive niosomes were significantly higher than those of conventional niosomes at a flux of 16.56 ± 3.37 µg/cm2/h and a permeability coefficient of 0.0542 ± 0.011 cm2/h. These results suggest that pH-sensitive niosomes can be promoted and used as drug delivery carriers for rice bran oil. Keywords: Floral biology, Flower, Pollen, Microclimate, Heat unit Rice bran, Oryzanol, Liposome, Oleic acid, Permeability coefficient

Rice bran stabilization using autoclave and optimization of crude rice bran oil recovery using ultrasound-assisted extraction

This research aimed to stabilize rice bran to reduce enzymatic reactions and optimize rice bran oil extraction using ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE). The optimization was performed using response surface methodology (RSM). The results showed that rice bran oil has three primary fatty acids (oleic, linoleic, palmitic). Stabilization of rice bran using an autoclave (121 °C) for 10 min was recommended, with oil yield (14.2%), free fatty acid/FFA (0.41%), and gamma oryzanol (16.1 ppm). The storage significantly affected oil yield and gamma oryzanol but not FFA (p&gt;0.05). The untreated and stabilized rice bran FFA during 18-day storage ranged from 1.33 to 5.73% and 0.41 to 1.12%. This confirmed that stabilization could inactivate lipase enzymes by reducing FFA. The optimization showed that the linear model best explained oil yield, total phenol content (TPC), and antioxidant activity (IC50), while the 2FI model was best fitted for gamma oryzanol. The optimal condition was found for UAE extraction at an amplitude of 90% and a time of 30 min. Verifying optimal conditions resulted in oil yield (13.6%), TPC (44.8 mg GAE/g), IC50 (207.2 ppm), and gamma oryzanol (15.8 ppm). Further in-depth studies are required to investigate using green solvents in the UAE and gamma oryzanol purification.

DEVELOPMENT AND CHARACTERIZATION OF GAMMA ORYZANOL LOADED NIOSOMES

Over the past several years, treatment of infectious diseases and immunization has undergone a revolutionary shift. Noisome are vesicles composed of non-ionic surfactants, which are biodegradable, relatively nontoxic, more stable and inexpensive, an alternative to liposomes. Noisome are of nonionic multilamellar vesicular structure of surface-active agents, which is similar to liposomes. This article highlights Ƴ-oryzanol (Oz) exert their antioxidant activity and often associated with lowering level of cholesterol, anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic and anti-cancer effects. All reformulation studies were performed. The thin-film hydration technique was used for encapsulation of OZ in noisome. More than 85 % entrapment of Oz was achieved. Nearly 90 % drug was released within 24 hours. Formulation was found sterilized. Formulation was found stable after 5 weeks. KEYWORDS: Niosomes, Gamma Oryzanol, Liposomes, Antioxidant

Potential of Soursop Leaf Extract Scrub as Antimicrobial

Treatment of infectious diseases caused by bacteria has been carried out using antibiotics. However, the problem is resistance and even multi-resistance in bacteria. Preventive efforts are needed to anticipate, one of which is using soursop leaf extract scrub herbal products which contain gamma oryzanol compounds, flavonoids, phenols, and tannins as antimicrobials. This research is a pure experiment with one group pretest-posttest control design and positive and negative controls. The study aims to analyse the effectiveness of soursop leaf extract scrub products as antimicrobials on the skin of the respondents' arms before and after treatment. Antimicrobial counting uses the total plate count (TPC) method, with 118 respondents in-vivo, where the scrub is applied to the respondent's arm, measuring 10cm x 10cm for 10 minutes. The results of the data normality test with the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test obtained non-normally distributed data. The trial continued with a non-parametric test in the Wilcoxon test to get a significance value of 0.000 &lt;0.05, which means that the soursop leaf extract scrub effectively reduces total bacteria count. The research may be helpful for the community in efforts to prevent skin infections caused by bacteria, and researchers need to conduct antibacterial tests for scrubs without soursop leaf extract as a comparison and conduct further tests such as safety tests, expiration periods and aesthetic tests on soursop leaf extract scrub products.

Design and Evaluation of Chitosan Nanoparticles as Novel Drug Carriers for the Delivery of Gamma Oryzanol

Background: Gamma oryzanol has been studied for its potential health benefits, including its use in managing arthritis and other inflammatory conditions. Chitosan, a biopolymer derived from chitin, has gained significant attention in the field of drug delivery and biomedical applications due its unique properties biocompatibility, biodegradability, and low toxicity. Objective: The aim of this research was to prepare and analyse gamma oryzanol nanoparticle by using chitosan biopolymer. Material &amp; Method: Chitosan was taken as biopolymer in order to make nanoparticle by using ion gelation method. Gammaoryzanol loaded nanoparticles were subjected to evaluation for particle size analysis, XRD, % entrapment efficiency, drug content encapsulation efficiency, and % drug diffusion. Result &amp; Discussion: Prepared Gammaoryzanol nanoparticles were showed particle size in the range of (116.8) to (227.5) d-nm, less intensity of the diffraction peak when compared to that of gamma oryzanol, drug content in the range 38.67% to 73.19% (w/w), encapsulation efficiency in the rage of 46.58% to 71.31%. Percentage of drug Released after 6 h ranged from 70.14% to 93.79%. Among all the formulation, F9 was found to be optimized formulation in all the aspects. Keywords: Gammaoryzanol, Nanoparticle, Chitosan, Biopolymer.

Unleashing the bioactive potential of Capsicum chinense cv Bhut Jolokia: a comparison of microwave- and ultrasound-mediated extraction techniques for lipophilic capsaicin

This study investigated the extraction of capsaicin from Capsicum chinense cv Bhut Jolokia using rice bran oil (RBO) as a ‘green solvent’ via microwave- and ultrasound-mediated techniques (MME and UME) as an alternative to hazardous organic solvents. Extraction conditions were optimised using MME at 180 and 300 W for 2 and 8 min and UME at 300 and 400 W for 10 and 30 min. The maximum capsaicin yield obtained was 12.47 mg/mL, with a corresponding gamma oryzanol content of 8.46 mg/mL. The peroxide value of the extract (capsaicin-infused RBO) was found to be within permissible limits as per Codex Alimentarius specifications. Results strongly suggest the potential of RBO as a novel solvent for extraction of capsaicin. The capsaicin-enriched oil can be used as a functional food ingredient due to its health-promoting properties.

Inhibitory Efficacy of Cycloartenyl Ferulate against α-Glucosidase and α-Amylase and Its Increased Concentration in Gamma-Irradiated Rice (Germinated Rice).

Cycloartenyl ferulate is a derivative of γ-oryzanol with varied biological activity, including diabetes mellitus treatment. This research focused on improving the cycloartenyl ferulate accumulation in germinated rice by gamma irradiation under saline conditions. Moreover, the inhibitory potential of cycloartenyl ferulate against carbohydrate hydrolysis enzymes (α-glucosidase and α-amylase) was investigated through in vitro and in silico techniques. The results revealed that cycloartenyl ferulate increased in germinated rice under saline conditions upon gamma irradiation. A suitable condition for stimulating the highest cycloartenyl ferulate concentration (852.20±20.59 μg/g) in germinated rice was obtained from the gamma dose at 100 Gy and under 40 mM salt concentration. The inhibitory potential of cycloartenyl ferulate against α-glucosidase (31.31±1.43%) was higher than against α-amylase (12.72±1.11%). The inhibition mode of cycloartenyl ferulate against α-glucosidase was demonstrated as a mixed-type inhibition. A fluorescence study confirmed that the cycloartenyl ferulate interacted with the α-glucosidase's active site. A docking study revealed that cycloartenyl ferulate bound to seven amino acids of α-glucosidase with a binding energy of -8.8 kcal/mol and a higher binding potential than α-amylase (-8.2 kcal/mol). The results suggested that the gamma irradiation technique under saline conditions is suitable for stimulating γ-oryzanol, especially cycloartenyl ferulate. Furthermore, cycloartenyl ferulate demonstrated its potential as a candidate compound for blood glucose management in diabetes mellitus treatment.

Cycloartenyl ferulate improves natural killer (NK) cell immunity against cancer by binding to IFNγ receptor 1

Cycloartenyl ferulate (CF) is abundant in brown rice with multiple biologic functions. It has been reported to possess antitumor activity; however, the related mechanism of action of CF has not been clarified. Herein, we unexpectedly uncover the immunological regulation effects of CF and its molecular mechanism. We discovered that CF directly enhanced the killing capacity of natural killer (NK) cells for various cancer cells invitro. Invivo, CF also improved cancer surveillance in mouse models of lymphoma clearance and metastatic melanoma dependent on NK cells. In addition, CF promoted anticancer efficacy of the anti-PD1 antibody with improvement of tumor immune microenvironment. Mechanistically, we first unveiled that CF acted on the canonical JAK1/2-STAT1 signaling pathway to enhance the immunity of the NK cells by selectively binding to interferon γ receptor 1. Collectively, our results indicate that CF is a promising immunoregulation agent worthy of attention in clinical application in the future. Due to broad biological significance of interferon γ, our findings also provide a capability to understand the diverse functions of CF.