Application Of Gamma Radiation Research Articles

Genetic variability increase by gamma irradiation of soybean seeds

The increase of genetic variability by the appearance of new genes of agronomic interest may be favored by the use of gamma radiation. The objective of this study was to evaluate different doses of gamma irradiation on dry seeds of VX04-5692 soybean line, aiming to increase the genetic variability and, with this, the identification of possible mutant plants. The doses of 0, 50, 150 and 250 Gy of gamma radiation were applied from a60Co source. The newly irradiated seeds were sown in the field, giving rise to the M1 cycle. Selected plants originated the M2 cycle. The number of seedlings was counted on the 21st day after sowing. Ten plants of each row were identified and evaluated for the various agronomic characteristics and for chemical composition. The data were submitted to analysis of variance. The F test was applied and the results were presented by boxplots and biplot (canonical variables). There was effect of gamma radiation doses at plant height at full bloom and maturity, number of nodes, pods with one seed and seeds per pod. The use of gamma radiation increases the variability in soybean, with consequent increase in the probabilities of identification of new mutants and gains in the chemical composition, useful for breeding programs that aim at better agronomic performance and gains in oil and protein contents. More satisfactory results in the generation of variability are obtained by the application of gamma radiation on soybean dry seeds between 50 and 150 Gy.

The Effect of Acute Gamma Irradiation on the Radiosensitivity and Morphology of Gomphrena pulchella

Gomphrena pulchella, commonly known as the button flower, stands as an exotic ornamental species celebrated for its beauty in landscaping, fencing, and potted displays. Gamma irradiation-induced mutation has emerged as a promising strategy for induced-mutant breeding. Nonetheless, the application of gamma radiation on G. pulchella remain limited. This study aimed to determine the optimal effective dose by radio sensitivity test and evaluate the effects of radiations on G. pulchella cutting. The cuttings of G. pulchella were irradiated using acute gamma at 0, 10, 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100 Gy. Each treatment consisted of 35 cuttings. The irradiated cuttings were then planted into a perlite medium and after 60 days, the number of survived cuttings, the number of new leaves and shoots, the length of new shoots and days to flower bud emergence were measured. The survival rate of cuttings decreased as the dose of radiation increased. The highest mean survival rate was 97% obtained from the non-irradiated cuttings (0 Gy) followed by 89% from 10 Gy, 94% from 20 Gy, 69% from 40 Gy, 54% from 60 Gy and 31% from 80 Gy and only 9% survival at 100 Gy. Higher radiation rates also decreased the leaves and shoot numbers, shoot length and fluorescent emergence. Based on the survival rate graph, the lethal dose 50% (LD50) value was 59 Gy. The results revealed that gamma irradiation had various effects on the growth of G. pulchella including vegetative and flower development. The value of LD50 will be used to determine the optimal effective dose for further radiation-induced mutation in G. pulchella research.

Influence of gamma radiation and EMS on chlorophyll and macro-mutation in mungbean (Vigna radiata)

Present study was carried during rainy (kharif) season of 2021 (M1 generation), summer 2022 (M2 generation) and rainy (kharif) seasons of 2022 (M3 generation) at College of Agriculture, Swami Keshwanand Rajasthan Agricultural University, Bikaner, Rajasthan for creating genetic variability in mungbean [Vigna radiata (L.) R. Wilczek]. The experiment was conducted with 26 treatments and 2 popular archaic varieties of mungbean (Ganga-1 and GM-4), solitary application of gamma radiation (200, 400 and 600 Gy), and ethyl methane sulphonate (EMS) (0.1 and 0.2%) as well as their combinations. A wide spectrum of chlorophyll mutants (Chlorina, Xantha, Albina, Viridis and complex type) and morphological mutants (plant type, flower colour, pod type, leaf variation and maturity period) were identified at various crop growth stages. All mutagen treatments including solitary application of gamma radiation and EMS as well as their combinations were found effective for creating genetic variability. The lower concentration of EMS (0.1%) was found to be relatively more effective as compared to 0.2%. Similarly, the lower dose of gamma radiation (200 Gy) was also more effective than 400 and 600 Gy. Among all the treatment combinations, combined application of 200 Gy + 0.1% EMS was found most effective in generating chlorophyll and morphological mutants. Among two varieties of mungbean, Ganga-1 was found to be more sensitive to mutagens as compared to GM-4. Numerous mutants identified in the mutagenized population of both varieties exhibited stability and superiority in terms of agro- morphological traits over Ganga-1 and GM-4. A mutant (S-92 of GM-4) identified during M1 in mutagen treatment 0.1% EMS was very deep lobbed which altered the plant morphology and appearance. This novel unique mutant identified in M1 generation maintained its stability in M2 and M3 generations also. The leaf colour of this mutant was darker than the original leaf colour of GM-4 and found relatively more tolerant to soil moisture-deficit stress.

Combined application of gamma radiation, cleaning and chemical sanitizers in decontamination of vehicle air conditioning filters

This work aimed to analyze the fungal contamination of air-conditioning filter waste (n=15) as an indicator of Quality Air Indoor from different car models in São Paulo city in São Paulo State, Brazil, during the period from October 2018 to July 2019. Three different treatments were used for the decontamination of car air conditioning filters, such as mechanical vacuum cleaning (I), vacuum cleaning and use of sanitizing product (II), and sanitizing product associated with radiation treatment at a dose of 17 kGy (III). After the treatments, microbiological analyses were performed and samples were plated in Petri dishes containing Sabouraud agar transferred by Swabs, and incubated for 7 days at 25 °C. The Petri dishes were stored in a standard Biochemical Oxygen Demand incubator, for the growth of fungal cultures. After incubation, the fungal cultures were evaluated, and the fungal counting was expressed in unit-forming colonies (UFC) and frequency in samples (%). The fungi were examined by lactophenol blue solution staining for microscopy. All samples of treatment I and II were contaminated with various fungal genera and high bioburden, namely (treatment I) Alternaria alternata, Aspergillus flavus, A. niger, Cladosporium spp., Fusarium spp., Mucor spp., Nigrospora spp., Not Sporulated Fungi (NSF), Penicillium spp., Rhizopus spp., Rhodotorula spp., Trichoderma spp. and yeasts. Treatment II showed Alternaria alternata, Aspergillus flavus, A. fumigatus, A. niger, A. ochraceus, Cladosporium spp., Mucor spp., NSF, Penicillium spp., Phoma spp., Rhizopus spp., Rhodotorula spp., Trichoderma spp., and yeasts. Treatment III presented NSF and yeasts, with 80% of material decontamination.

Validation of γ-radiation and their effect on phenolic compounds, antioxidant activity, and microbial load of fennel (Foeniculum vulgare) seeds and cinnamon (Cinnamomum verum) sticks.

The aim of this study was to validate the optimum doses of γ-radiation and its effect on the antioxidant capacity and microbial load of fennel seeds and cinnamon sticks. Gamma irradiation was applied in different doses 0.0, 2.5, 5.0, 7.5, 10, and 15 kGy. The findings stated that increasing gamma dose significantly (p< .05) increased the total phenolic content of the fennel seeds; however, it was decreased in cinnamon at doses higher than 5kGy. The total flavonoid content was found higher after treatments at 5kGy or more minor. After the gamma irradiation treatments, the antioxidant activities were enhanced. The microbial load of these spices was reduced after treatment. Doses more than 10.0kGy are required to lower the bacterial load in samples, while only 5.0kGy is sufficient to eliminate fungi growth. The partial least squares regression analysis stated the application of 7.5kGy and reflects the most valid treatment doses for radiation treatments of fennel seeds and cinnamon sticks. Accordingly, it can be discovered that the γ-radiation at a dose of 7.5kGy could be considered a suitable dose for the preservation and decontamination of these spices and also for enhancing its antioxidant capacity. Three spices were subjected to gamma irradiation at different doses. The application of gamma radiation significantly reduces the level of the microbial load in the spices. Gamma irradiation improved the antioxidant capacity of the spices. Gamma irradiation can be applied as an effective preservative method in the food industries.

Application of gamma radiation in the beef texture development during accelerated aging.

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of gamma radiation (3kGy) on the quality of post-rigor beef (M. longissimus lumborum) aged for up to 21 days at different temperatures (1, 7, and 15°C). Irradiation reduced the mesophilic and lactic acid bacteria counts, which were higher in the non-irradiated samples aged at 7 and 15°C. The water retention capacity was lower in the irradiated beef, resulting in higher values of exudation and cooking losses. High aging temperatures increased the exudation loss and myofibrillar proteolysis (lower fragmentation index; FI) and reduced the total and insoluble collagen contents and the beef Warner-Bratzler square Shear Force (WBsSF). However, irradiated beef had higher FI and SF than non-irradiated ones, increasing the time required for the beef tenderizing. Gamma irradiation (3kGy) can be used to ensure the microbiological safety during short storage at high temperatures (up to 15°C) in order to accelerate the process of beef tenderizing.

Use of Gamma Radiation for the Genetic Improvement of Underutilized Plant Varieties.

Agricultural biodiversity includes many species that have biological variants (natives, ecotypes, races, morphotypes). Their use is restricted to local areas because they do not fulfill the commercial requirements; however, it is well documented that these species are a source of metabolites, proteins, enzymes, and genes. Rescuing and harnessing them through traditional genetic breeding is time-consuming and expensive. Inducing mutagenesis may be a short-time option for its genetic improvement. A review of outstanding research was carried out, in order to become familiar with gene breeding using gamma radiation and its relevance to obtain outstanding agronomic characteristics for underutilized species. An approach was made to the global panorama of the application of gamma radiation in different conventional crop species and in vitro cultivated species, in order to obtain secondary metabolites, as well as molecular tools used for mutation screening. The varied effects of gamma radiation are essentially the result of the individual responses and phenotypic plasticity of each organism. However, even implicit chance can be reduced with specific genetic breeding, environmental adaptation, or conservation objectives.

Application of Gamma Radiation for Radiolytic Decomposition of Methylparaben for Environmental Protection Purposes

Application of Gamma Radiation for Radiolytic Decomposition of Methylparaben for Environmental Protection Purposes

Gamma irradiation sensitivity of early hardening cement mortar

For possible application of gamma radiation in processing of fresh concrete, like surface processing at precast plants or 3D printing, it is essential to evaluate effects of irradiation on the early hardening of cementitious binders. The influence of gamma irradiation with the dose rate of 4.6 kGy/h on the early strength, pore size distribution and qualitative phase composition of mortar was investigated. The range of investigation comprises the effects selected micro- and nano-additions to Portland cement mortar used to control the kinetic of setting and early hardening of cement. Results show that gamma irradiation of hardening mortar results in the early strength increase of about 56–100%, in reduction of capillary porosity and pore size refinement. The gamma-irradiation sensitivity of early strength of cement mortar is equivalent to increased temperature wet curing. A correlation of heat evolution characteristics of hardening mortar and the temperature-equivalent of gamma irradiation is discussed.

APPLE PORRIDGE SUBMITTED TO GAMMA RADIATION FOR SHELF-LIFE EXTENDED

Among various apple products, apple porridge is a much consumed product, not only for babies, but also for adults. It is a practical, healthy and tasty product that can be consumed throughout the day. However, it is an extremely perishable product. Therefore, the aim of this work was to evaluate the shelf-life period of apple porridge after the application of gamma radiation as a conservation technology. After the formulation of apple porridge was developed, which was subjected to gamma radiation at the dose of 1kGy in a dose tax of 0.356kGy.hour-1 and compared this treatment with the control (0kGy). From the results presented, it can be concluded that the period of conservation of apple porridge submitted to gamma radiation is 30 days. From the 60th day, the samples showed microbial growth, not being accepted for consumption. In comparison to the control, the use of gamma radiation was promising, since the standard sample showed contamination before 30 days. By the results it can be concluded that the dose used was adequate for the conservation of this product for the period evaluated.

Gamma radiation application to rice: Reduced glycemic index in relation to modified carbohydrate observed in FTIR spectra

This study was conducted with a popular, low price Bangladesh rice variety BRRI Dhan 29 with a view to possible carbohydrate modification targeting lower glycemic index using gamma radiation application. Irradiation process (5 and 10 ​kGy ​at a dose rate of 9.74kGy/h) altered amylose content, amylose/amylopectin ratio, swelling power, and solubility index. FTIR spectroscopy confirmed the changed molecular structures due to radiation application. Treatment with a dose of 5 and 10kGy caused increased amylose and amylose/amylopectin ratio significantly (p ​< ​0.02). The highest amylose content was found in 10 ​kGy irradiated rice (30.20%) compared to unirradiated one (17.27%). Gamma radiation caused decreased swelling and increased water solubility in rice powder. These features of carbohydrate amendment in irradiated rice lead to reduced glycemic index as investigated with the in vivo experiments. Therefore, this study suggests gamma-irradiated rice (10kGy) is beneficial for diabetic subjects keeping lower blood glucose levels.

Foliar application of gamma radiation processed chitosan triggered distinctive biological responses in sugarcane under water deficit stress conditions

Chitosan, being one of the most promising biological macromolecules, has an immense scope in agriculture to boost crop growth and defense responses. In this study, chitosan was exposed to gamma rays in order to obtain a low molecular weight derivative. Viscometric characterization showed a sharp decrease in molecular weight and FTIR based analysis confirmed retention of structural integrity of the polymer upon gamma irradiation. Assessments of various physiological and biochemical attributes were carried out on sugarcane plantlets that were subjected to progressive water deficit stress. The irradiated chitosan was found to differentially ameliorate water deficit stress tolerance against that of normal chitosan through positive modulation of various gas exchange parameters alongside significant improvement in relative tissue water content, SOD activity, soluble sugars and adenine energetics. Furthermore, application of irradiated chitosan significantly reduced cell membrane damage, lipid peroxidation, H2O2 and free-proline accumulations. This is the first report on the use of gamma irradiated chitosan to alleviate water deficit stress tolerance in sugarcane. Overall comparative assessments showed that differential plant responses were triggered upon foliar application of normal and gamma irradiated chitosan in sugarcane plants grown under water deficit stress conditions.

Reduced graphene oxide/polymethyl methacrylate (rGO/PMMA) nanocomposite for real time gamma radiation detection

Novel 3 dimensional radiation sensors using reduced graphene oxide (rGO) nanoflakes in polymethyl methacrylate matrix as sensing material were synthesized and fabricated to measure the dose rate of gamma radiation. A detailed characterization of the prepared reduced graphene oxide using X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), atomic force microscopy (AFM), Field Emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and High-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) is presented. Reduced graphene oxide–polymethyl methacrylate composite was prepared using methylene chloride solvent-assisted dispersion of nano flakes of reduced graphene oxide in the polymer matrix. The gamma sensor mainly consists of polymethyl methacrylate/reduced graphene oxide (rGO/PMMA) nanocomposite as the sensing material and two silver coated glass electrodes to make a conductive cell. Real time dose rate information of the nanocomposite such as linearity response to dose rate and sensitivity are investigated. rGO/PMMA based gamma sensors show better performance at a standard bias voltage with respect to graphene oxide (GO) dosimeters. The response to dose rate is linear in the range of 50–130 mGy/min and the sensor array can be introduced for gamma radiation application dosimetry in diagnostic activities.

Application of Gamma Radiation on Hard Gelatin Capsules as Sterilization Technique and Its Consequences on the Chemical Structure of the Material.

Hard capsules are made from gelatin, an organic polymer obtained through the hydrolysis of collagen present in animal tissues. Gelatin can be degraded by microorganisms and some strategies can be used to control contaminating micro-organisms. Gamma irradiation is considered as an effective sterilization method; however, its application can alter the chemical structure of the irradiated product. Samples of hard gelatin capsules were irradiated at doses of 5, 15, and 25kGy at room temperature. The characterizations of the physical and chemical effects were evaluated by scanning electron microscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffractometry, and differential scanning calorimetry techniques. Furthermore, hard gelatin capsule samples were dissolved and inoculated with Bacillus subtilis, a Gram-positive spore-forming bacterium, to evaluate the effect of gamma ray radiation on bacterial counts. The results showed that gamma radiation did not interfere on physical parameters of the capsule, such as moisture content, mass, body and cap length, and disintegration time. Nevertheless, differential scanning calorimetry results demonstrated changes in the glass transition temperature, indicating the formation of crosslinking in irradiated capsules. It was observed that there were significant reductions on the inoculated bacterial population starting from the lowest irradiation dose and there was no detection of bacterial growth from the 15 kGy dose, while in the non-irradiated samples were found with 104CFUmL-1 of bacteria. Therefore, this work concludes that the gamma radiation is effective on the reduction of the microbial population, cause discrete physical-chemical alterations, and could be used as a hard capsule sterilization technique.

Radiación gamma para inducción de mutagénesis en pasto rosado [Melinis repens (Willd.) Zizka

La radiación gamma puede ser utilizada para conocer el rango de radiosensibilidad (RRS) en pastos con fines de mejoramiento genético por mutagénesis. El pasto rosado es una especie invasora que puede ser mejorada en valor nutricional u otras características. El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar la dosis óptima de radiación gamma para inducir mutaciones efectivas en pasto rosado mediante dosis letal media (DL50) y reducción media de crecimiento (GR50). El estudio fue realizado en campo, laboratorio e invernadero. De acuerdo a la media ponderada de las variables incluidas en LD50 y GR50, la dosis óptima se estimó a los 304 Gy. Los resultados de este estudio permiten conocer el RRS para la aplicación de radiación gamma óptima con Co60, que pueda inducir características futuras de interés económico y ecológico en el pasto rosado.

Determination of Effective Mutagen Dose for Carrot (Daucus carota ssp. sativus var. atrorubens alef and D. carota) Callus Cultures

Recep Tayyip Erdogan Universitesi, Doga Bilimleri Fakultesi, Bahce Bitkileri Bolumu, TAEK, RHTDB / AR-GE Projeleri Subesi Uludag Universitesi Ziraat Fakultesi Bahce Bitkileri Bolumu, Ankara Universitesi Ziraat Fakultesi BAhce Bitkileri Bolumu

Examination of the effects of virus inactivation methods on the induction of antibody- and cell-mediated immune responses against whole inactivated H9N2 avian influenza virus vaccines in chickens

Several types of avian influenza virus (AIV) vaccines exist, including live-attenuated, vectored, and whole inactivated virus (WIV) vaccines. Inactivated vaccines offer some advantages compared to other types of vaccines, including ease of production and lack of ability to revert to a virulent state. However, WIV are poorly immunogenic, especially when these vaccines are delivered to mucosal surfaces. There are several factors that contribute to the immunogenicity of vaccines, one of which is the method used to inactivate viruses. Several methods exist for producing influenza WIVs, including formaldehyde, a chemical that affects protein structures leading to virus inactivation. Other methods include treatment with beta-propiolactone (BPL) and the application of gamma radiation, both of which have less effects on protein structures compared to formaldehyde, and instead alter nucleic acids in the virion. Here, we sought to determine the effect of the above inactivation methods on immunogenicity of AIV vaccines. To this end, chickens were vaccinated with three different H9N2 WIVs using formaldehyde, BPL, and gamma radiation for inactivation. In addition to administering these three WIVs alone as vaccines, we also included CpG ODN 2007, a synthetic ligand recognized by Toll-like receptor (TLR)21 in chickens, as an adjuvant for each WIV. Subsequently, antibody- and cell-mediated immune responses were measured following vaccination. Antibody-mediated immune responses were increased in chickens that received the BPL and Gamma WIVs compared to the formaldehyde WIV. CpG ODN 2007 was found to significantly increase antibody responses for each WIV compared to WIV alone. Furthermore, we observed the presence of cell-mediated immune responses in chickens that received the BPL WIV combined with CpG ODN 2007. Based on these results, the BPL WIV + CpG ODN 2007 combination was the most effective vaccine at inducing adaptive immune responses against H9N2 AIV. Future studies should characterize mucosal adaptive immune responses to these vaccines.

Evaluation of the Use of Gamma Radiation for Reduction of Aflatoxin B1 in Corn (&amp;lt;i&amp;gt;Zea mays&amp;lt;/i&amp;gt;) Used in the Production of Feed for Broiler Chickens

Corn is one of the main grasses used to produce human or animal food. One of the main problems with the use of corn is the presence of mycotoxins, where aflatoxin B1 is one of the most harmful for human and animal health. Chemical methods such as the addition of antifungals and sequestrants are used to control this contaminant in food; however, these methods can leave dangerous residues. The aim of this research was to evaluate the effectiveness of irradiation with gamma rays on corn for the control of aflatoxin B1. For this purpose, three treatments were compared: treatment 1, application of gamma radiation, treatment 2, application of antifungal and treatment 3, combination of gamma radiation and application of antifungal. Corn without exposure to any control of aflatoxin was used as a witness group. Irradiation doses of 2, 6 and 10 kGy were tested, and the dose of 6 kGy was selected as the best since it lowered aflatoxin B1 more effectively. The corn analyzed in this study was stored during 45 days at 23°C, and every 15 days. We determined the concentration of aflatoxin B1, presence or absence of pathogenic microorganisms and insects, and we evaluated the physicochemical characteristics of the grain. Then, the treatments were compared and treatment 1, only irradiation with gamma rays, proved to be significantly more effective in the reduction of aflatoxin B1 and the total inhibition of the survival of the insects during the 45 days of storage which allowed better preservation of the protein. All treatments controlled the growing of pathogenic microorganisms as Salmonella and Enterobacteriacea, and kept the humidity of the grain in values lower than 13%. The cost production of a bag of 40 kg of feed was also estimated in USD 22.56; which is1.80% greater than the cost corresponding to the conventional process that uses mycotoxin sequestrants.

Effect of Recycled Plastic in Mortar and Concrete and the Application of Gamma Irradiation - A Review

The utilization of a large amount of waste in concrete production is considered the best alternative for solving the issues associated with improper disposal. Plastic waste is considered as one of such waste and could be utilized in several applications. The drawback associated with the utilization of a large amount of plastic waste is the decrease in the mechanical properties of the mortar or concrete as the case may be. This paper presents a detailed review about waste recycled plastics and research published on the effect of non-irradiated recycled plastic on the mechanical properties of cement mortar and cement concretes as either fillers or aggregates and the application of gamma radiation on the recycled plastic waste. The effect of recycled waste plastic on compressive strength, flexural strength and splitting tensile strength is discussed in this paper.

Application of gamma radiation as a preservative of cereal mix and prevention of aflatoxigenic fungi

Application of gamma radiation as a preservative of cereal mix and prevention of aflatoxigenic fungi