Gamma Irradiation Treatment Research Articles

Advanced treatment of gamma irradiation induced livestock manure using bioelectrochemical ion-exchange reactor

Organic matter and nitrogen in livestock manure was pre-treated by gamma irradiation. The optimal dose ranged 30–50 kGy for solubilization of organic matter and nitrogen. Carbohydrates and proteins increased with the applied dose. Lipids did not show a regular increase pattern. A large amount of organic nitrogen in livestock manure was solubilized after gamma irradiation. The pre-treated livestock manure was treated using a bioelectrochemical ion-exchange reactor. High removal of organic matter and nitrogen was achieved with the applied dose of 50 kGy. The maximum 88.5% of chemical oxygen demand removal was obtained in the bioelectrochemical ion-exchange reactor due to readily biodegradable chemical oxygen demand fraction. Nitrogen removal was significantly affected by ammonia flux of ion-exchange membrane between anaerobic and aerobic chamber. With a high ammonia flux of 4.7513 mg/m2/sec, the maximum ammonia removal was 79.1%.

Introduction Pages

Notulae Scientia Biologicae (http://www.notulaebiologicae.ro), Issue 1, Volume 10, 2018: The papers published in this issue (http://www.notulaebiologicae.ro/index.php/nsb/issue/current) represent interesting novelties in different topics of life science. Among the exciting researches, we invite you to find news about enhancing the resistance of watermelon; biodiversity within Mt. Hamiguitan Range Wildlife Sanctuary; bioactive compounds investigated in several species (Litsea glutinosa, Senna alata, etc.); new approaches for technical aspects for improving crops of interest (mass production of Spirulina, gamma radiation treatments on potato and sesame, testing banana peel as substrate); cytogenetic, forestry and carbon sequestration; reproductive behavior with significant embryological data. Notulae Scientia Biologicae journal has moved to online-only publication at the start of 2017. At the same time, we maintain our standard publication, as printed form, with 'classic' style - volume, issue, pagination.

Effects of gamma radiation on microbial, physicochemical, and structural properties of whey protein model system

Gamma radiation has been used in food processing for many years, though it has certain effects on food components. Whey protein solutions (10%/30%, wt/vol) were treated with gamma radiation at various dosages (10-25 kGy) and evaluated for microbial changes in the solutions and physicochemical and structural changes of whey proteins. Whey protein solutions after gamma radiation showed substantially lower populations of all viable microorganisms than those of controls. The 10% whey protein solution treated at radiation of 20 or 25 kGy remained sterile for up to 4 wk at room temperature. Gamma radiation increased viscosity and turbidity and decreased soluble nitrogen of whey protein solutions compared to nonradiated control samples regardless of radiation dosage. Nonreducing sodium dodecyl sulfate-PAGE suggested that whey proteins under gamma radiation treatment formed aggregates with high molecular weights. Reducing sodium dodecyl sulfate-PAGE showed that disulfide bonds played a role in gamma radiation-induced whey protein cross-linking. Scanning and transmission electron microscopy micrographs exhibited large aggregates of whey proteins after gamma radiation treatment. Results suggested that gamma radiation could be applied to whey protein solution for purposes of reducing microbial counts and cross-linking protein molecules.

Gamma irradiation of aloe-emodin induced structural modification and apoptosis through a ROS- and caspase-dependent mitochondrial pathway in stomach tumor cells

Purpose: The changes in molecular structure and the physiological properties of a gamma-irradiated aloe-emodin were examined.Materials and methods: Aloe-emodin was gamma-irradiated at doses ranging from 0 to 150 kGy, and the molecular structure was then analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). AGS cells were cultured in RPMI medium and treated gamma irradiated aloe-emodin. Cell viability was measured by the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. Apoptosis efficiency was investigated by cell cycle arrest, cell morphology, and signaling pathway. The structure of new radiolytic peak was identified by the hydrogen-nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR).Results: HPLC results showed that gamma irradiation induced new radiolytic peaks that were distinguishable from the aloe-emodin standard, and the area of new peaks was increased as the radiation dose increased. Gamma-irradiated aloe-emodin treatment significantly increased the cytotoxicity in AGS tumor cells. We also found that 150 kGy aloe-emodin increased the expression of Bax, cytosolic cytochrome c, PARP cleavage, and the activation of caspases-8, -9, -3, Bid, and Bcl-2. Treatment of 150 kGy aloe-emodin induced ROS production, DNA fragmentation, alterations of cell morphology, and the migration in AGS cells. Gamma-irradiated aloe-emodin induced an increase of sub-G1 phase and depolarization of mitochondrial membrane potential in AGS cells. We also confirmed that fractionated AEF1 (new radiolytic peak) induce the cell death, migration, an increase of sub-G1 phase and cytochrome c in a ROS-dependent manner.Conclusions: The radiolysis product (AEF1) of aloe-emodin transformed by gamma-irradiation strongly induced apoptotic cell death in AGS cells, indicating AEF1 is a potential candidate drug for use in anti-cancer drug.

Effect of Seed Pre-sowing Gamma-irradiation Treatment in Bread Wheat Lines Differing by Anthocyanin Pigmentation

Anthocyanins are natural antioxidants able to scavenge free radicals, which appear in plant cells under various environmental stresses. In wheat, anthocyanin pigments can be synthesized in vegetative and reproductive organs. The objective of the current study was to estimate the significance of these substances for wheat seedlings protection under irradiation stress (after treatment of dry seeds with moderate doses of gamma-irradiation, 50, 100 and 200 Gy). For this goal a set of near-isogenic lines (8 NILs) carrying different combinations of the Pp (purple pericarp) and Rc (red coleoptile) alleles were used. The effect of gammairradiation on the growth parameters and anthocyanin content in coleoptiles was studied at the 4th day after germination. The germination rate was not affected, while roots’ and shoots’ lengths and fresh weights as well as root number decreased significantly under irradiation treatment. The effect was deeper under higher doses. Irradiation treatment also induced change of root morphology (‘hairy roots’). The effect of treatment on coleoptile anthocyanin content depended on allelic combination at the Rc loci. At the presence of ‘weak’ Rc-A1 allele anthocyanin content decreased, while it did not change in lines with Rc-A1 + Rc-D1 combination (NILs with intensively colored coleoptiles). Factors ‘pericarp color’ and ‘coleoptile color’ influenced vigor of the seedlings under 50 Gy, whereas under higher doses (100 and 200 Gy) these factors did not contribute to growth parameters changes. Statistically significant positive effect of anthocyanins synthesized in coleoptile (in the presence of Rc-A1 + Rc-D1 dominant alleles) on root growth of seedling germinated from 50 Gy-treated seeds was observed.

The Contact Simulation Comparison of UHMWPE to the Crosslink Intensity Effect

Ultra High Molecular Weight Polyethylene called UHMWPE is a unique polymer material that has excellent physical and mechanical properties. UHMWPE material is frequently used in prosthesis. One example of UHMWPE uses in prosthesis is acetabular liner which is one component for Total Hip Joint Replacement (THR) and can also be found for bearing surfaces on the knee, ankle, shoulder, and connective tissue of the joint. UHMWPE material is made by compression molding process. However, UHMWPE wear often causes the failure of artificial hip joints. Therefore, a treatment to reduce the crosslink method is performed. The purpose of this study was to determine the crosslink effect in UHMWPE material. The method used for this analysis is ABAQUS 6-13 software. On bipolar model, the 3000 N load is applied in the FEM model. The crosslink dose used in this analysis was 50kgy, 75kgy, and 100kgy. The results obtained are that UHMWPE that has received by gamma irradiation treatment can receive a smaller stress distribution. The results of the simulation for UHMWPE without irradiation produced 0.759 stress distributions; 50kgy crosslink dose has 0.666 stress distributions; 75kgy crosslink dose has 0.662 stress distributions; and 100kgy crosslink dose has 0.660 stress distributions. This result proved that UHMWPE which has received crosslink can receive a better stress distribution. For the result crosslink with 100kgy dose received the best number of stress distributionss.

Effect of Temperature and Gamma Radiation on Salmonella Hadar Biofilm Production on Different Food Contact Surfaces

Salmonella is a pathogen transmitted by foods and it is one of the most important target bacteria in food irradiation studies. Few works were carried out on the effectiveness of gamma radiation against biofilms formed by this bacterium. Salmonella can form a biofilm on different material surfaces. The physicochemical properties of surfaces and environmental factors influence the adhesion of this pathogen. The present study investigated the effect of gamma radiation (1 and 2 kGy) and temperature (28°C and 37°C) on the development of Salmonella Hadar biofilm on polyvinyl chloride (PVC), glass, cellophane paper (CELLO), and polystyrene (POLY). The obtained results indicated that biofilm production is surface and temperature dependent. In addition, biofilm formation decreased significantly after gamma irradiation at either 1 or 2 kGy doses. However, the agfD and adrA genes expression did not demonstrate significant decrease. This work highlighted that gamma radiation treatment could reduce the biofilm formation of Salmonella enterica serovar Hadar on different food contact surfaces.

Effects of gamma irradiation treatments and storage durations on fatty acid composition of natural hazelnut kernels

In this study, vacuum packed natural hazelnut kernels were subjected to gamma irradiation treatments at 0.5, 1 and 1.5 kGy doses. Irradiated and non-irradiated hazelnut kernels were stored at 20°C temperature and 55-60% relative humidity for 18 months. Fatty acid composition of samples was assessed right after irradiation and at 3, 6, 9, 12, 15 and 18th month of storage duration. Results revealed that irradiation doses did not significantly influence fatty acid composition of hazelnut kernels (p>0.05), but storage durations significantly influenced fatty acid composition (p<0.05).

The influence of gamma irradiation on natural dyeing properties of cotton and flax fabrics

Fabrics made of 100% cotton and 100% flax respectively were exposed at ambient temperature to gamma radiation doses, from 5 to 40kGy, using a Co-60 research irradiator. After the irradiation treatment the fabrics were subjected to dyeing process with Itodye Nat Pomegranate commercial natural dye. The influence of gamma irradiation treatment on the physical-mechanical properties, dyeing and surface morphology of natural fibres were investigated. Gamma ray treatment of 40kGy was the most effective in the case of fabrics made from 100% cotton, enhancing the colour strength as evidenced by K/S value. The results obtained from the mechanical properties of fabrics made of 100% flax indicated that the dose of 40kGy leads to a decrease of tensile strength up of to 41.5%. Infrared spectroscopy was used to monitor chemical and structural changes in cellulosic fibres induced during processing. Crystallinity indices calculated from various bands ratio showed insignificant variations for cotton and small variations in the case of flax. The surface morphology of irradiated cotton fabrics did not show significant changes even at the highest dose of 40kGy, while the low doses applied on flax fabrics led to an appearance of small changes of surface morphology. The gamma irradiation increased the uptake of natural dyes on natural cellulosic fibres.

EFFECT OF GAMMA IRRADIATION ON MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERS OF MARIGOLD (Tagetes erecta L.)

Seeds of marigold cv. ‘Pusa Narangi Gainda’ were treated with different gamma irradiation treatments viz, control, 25 Gy, 50 Gy, 75 Gy, 100 Gy, 125 Gy and 150 Gy and evaluated for various morphological characters. Reduction in survival percentage, plant height, number of branches and plant spread was observed after irradiation and with increase in exposure of gamma rays. Early flower bud initiation and flower opening was observed in lower dose of gamma rays. Flower diameter, number of flowers and length of peduncle was significantly highest at the lowest dose of gamma irradiation. The stimulatory effect of gamma irradiation was observed at 25 Gy in almost all the characters, though the intensity of inhibition increased with increasing exposures of gamma rays. On the basis of present observation, it may be concluded that irradiation of gamma rays of 25 Gy was found to be beneficial for growth and flowering characters in African marigold cv. Pusa Narangi Gainda

Effect of gamma irradiation and fiber surface treatment on the properties of bagasse fiber-reinforced waste polypropylene composites

ABSTRACTBiocomposites of waste polypropylene (WPP) with bagasse fiber as reinforcing component can be readily prepared based on waste management application. Bagasse was subjected to chemical treatments using sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and vinyl triethoxysilane to modify the fiber properties. Scanning electron microscope and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy were used to elucidate fiber modification after treatments. Compounding of WPP at various ratios of bagasse was produced by melt mixing. Treated and untreated fiber composites were investigated under conditions of gamma irradiation at 20 kGy. In general behavior, at different fiber loadings, treated biocomposites have better properties than untreated one and fiber treated with silane is the best. Furthermore, treated biocomposites represented more biodegradability under soil than untreated one. The results of mechanical properties showed that the as-prepared fiber composites have superior irradiation-resistant properties.

Application of gamma radiation and physicochemical treatment to improve the bioactive properties of chitosan extracted from shrimp shell

Abstract The aim of this study is to exploit a suitable chitosan extraction method from the chitin of indigenous shrimp shells by employing different physicochemical treatments and to improve different bioactive properties of this extracted chitosan (CS) by applying gamma radiation. Chitin was prepared from shrimp shell by pretreatment (deproteination, demineralization and oxidation). Chitosan was extracted from chitin by eight different methods varying different physicochemical parameters (reagent concentration, temperature and time) and assessed with respect to the degree of deacetylation, requirement of time and reagents. The method where chitin was repeatedly treated with 121°C for 30 min with 20 M NaOH, produced the highest degree of deacetylation (DD) value (92%) as measured by potentiometric titration, with the least consumption of time and chemicals, and thus, selected as the best suitable extraction method. For further quality improvement, chitosan with highest DD value was irradiated with different doses (i.e., 5, 10, 15, 20 and 50 kGy) of gamma radiation from cobalt-60 gamma irradiator. As the radiation dose was increased, the molecular weight of the wet irradiated chitosan, as measured by the viscosimetric method, decreased from 1.16 × 105 to 1.786 × 103, 1.518 × 103, 1.134 × 103, 1.046 × 103 and 8.23 × 102 dalton, respectively. The radiation treatment of chitosan samples increased the antimicrobial activity significantly in concentration dependent manner on both gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus) and gram-negative (Escherichia coli) bacteria, as determined by the well-diffusion method. Four to five percent wet chitosan treated with a radiation dose range of 5.0–10.0 kGy rendered the highest antimicrobial activity with least energy and time consumption. Solubility, water binding capacity (WBC) and fat binding capacity (FBC) also improved due to irradiation of chitosan.

Effect of Gamma Irradiation on Dynamics of Charge Exchange Processes between Single Trap and Nanowire Channel.

In the present study, transport properties and single trap phenomena in silicon nanowire (NW) field-effect transistors (FETs) are reported. The dynamic behavior of drain current in NW FETs studied before and after gamma radiation treatment deviates from the predictions of the Shockley-Read-Hall model and is explained by the concept taking into account an additional energy barrier in the accumulation regime. It is revealed that dynamics of charge exchange processes between single trap and nanowire channel strongly depend on gamma radiation treatment. The results represent potential for utilizing single trap phenomena in a number of advanced devices.

Mycofloral profile and the radiation sensitivity (D10 values) of solar dried and gamma irradiated Pleurotus ostreatus (Jacq.Ex. Fr.) Kummer fruitbodies stored in two different packaging materials.

The presence of fungi in our foods poses serious health risks as some genera of fungi may produce certain mycotoxins which have carcinogenic, mutagenic, teratogenic, and immunosuppressive effect on humans and animals alike. Fruitbodies of Pleurotus ostreatus were solar dried at a moisture content of 12.5 ± 0.2% and stored in polythene and polypropylene packs, gamma irradiated at doses of 0 (control), 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 kGy at a dose rate of 1.7 kGy/hr from a Cobalt 60 source (SLL, 515, Hungary) and stored at room temperature 28–30°C for a period of 12 months. Mycological analyses were done at intervals of 0, 3, 6, and 12 months. A total of eleven (11) fungi belonging to eight fungal genera were isolated on both Cooke's and DRBC media; Aspergillus (A. niger, A. flavus, A. fumigatus, A. tamarii), Rhizopus (R. oligosporus), Mucor (M. racemosus), Fusarium (F. oxysporum), Penicillium (Penicillium sp.), Trichoderma (T. viride), and Rhodotorula sp. were recorded. There was a significant (p < .05) reduction in initial mycofloral population by an average of 2.2 log cycles as well as in species numbers with increasing doses of radiation. Radiation sensitivity (D10 values) also ranged between 1.68–2.78 kGy. Gamma irradiation treatment is one way which can enhance food safety through the reduction in potential pathogens and has been recommended as part of a comprehensive program to enhance food safety.

RADIATION TREATMENT OF SKIM SERUM WASTEWATER FROM NATURAL RUBBER LATEX CENTRIFUGING UNITS

The skim serum waste water generated during the centrifuging of natural rubber latex is highly polluting in nature. The raw wastewater and its anaerobically treated form were subjected to gamma irradiation treatment. Different combinations of Fenton’s reagent and different doses of gamma radiations were also applied. The effectiveness of treatment was assessed in terms of pH, turbidity, COD, BOD, total Kjeldahl nitrogen, ammoniacal nitrogen, total solids, dissolved solids and sulphide. Changes in the concentrations of biochemical constituents and enumeration of total bacterial population were also used to assess the treatment efficiency. Anaerobically treated effluent can be more effectively treated using gamma radiation and Fenton’s reagent. Most of the biochemical constituents and bacterial populations were completely removed from the anaerobically treated effluent by this method of treatment.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j01.erem.73.3.13985

The Influence of Irradiation on Thermal and Mechanical Properties of UHMWPE/GO Nanocomposites

A method of adding graphene oxide (GO) and further reinforcing by the treatment of gamma-irradiation was used to enhance the properties of ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE). The effects of GO and irradiation on UHMWPE, particularly the influence of irradiation on UHMWPE/GO nanocomposites, were investigated from the aspects of thermal and mechanical properties. The results show that the thermal stability of UHMWPE/GO nanocomposites was slightly decreased by irradiation. But both GO doping and irradiation increased the crystallinity of UHMWPE. A similar variation tendency was appeared between compressive properties and crystallinity. A postulated mechanism was established to explain how GO doping and irradiation actually improved the properties of UHMWPE.

Gamma radiation treatment applied to microbial decontamination of products derived from eggs collected from the retail market in São Paulo

ABSTRACT The quality of products derived from eggs depends on the quality of the raw material source and the industrial production. The contamination by fungi and bacteria can occur after exposure of the product in the retail market. The objective of this study was to evaluate the microbiological quality of 60 samples of derivated egg products and evaluate the effects of gamma radiation of cobalt-60, using the dose of 5 and 10 kGy, for decontamination of products collected in the retail market in the São Paulo city. The bacterial count was performed by the most probable number (MPN) and the fungal counts by serial dilution after plating surface. It was observed a decrease in the humidity and water activity (Aw) values of irradiated whole egg powder and white egg powder samples (p&lt;0.05), but there was no significant change in the pH of the same samples irradiated with 5 and 10 kGy (p&gt;0.05). In the powdered yolk the values of pH and Aw presented a significant difference (p&lt;0.05), but no significant difference in the humidity values of 5 and 10 kGy irradiated samples (p&gt;0.05). Effective microbial sterilization of all products occurred at the dose of 10 kGy.

EFFECT OF GAMMA IRRADIATION AND POTASSIUM FERTILIZATION ON GRIDGETH AND PRODUCTIVITY OF BORAGE (Borago officinalis L.) PLANT

The present study was carried out at Nuclear Research Center, Atomic Energy Authority, Inshas, Sharkia Governorate, Egypt, during the two consecutive seasons of 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 to study the effect of using different gamma irradiation doses, potassium fertilization levels and their interaction treatments on gridgeth, yield components, fixed oil percentage and leaf green color degree (SPAD-unit) of borage (Borago officinalis, L.) plant. The used gamma irradiation treatments were 0 (control), 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 kilo rad (kr). Whereas, potassium fertilization levels were 0 (without K addition), 50 and 100 kg potassium sulphate/faddan, each treatment of gamma irradiation doses was combined with each level of potassium fertilization to form 18 interaction treatments. The obtained results cleared that using gamma irradiation dose of 2 kr increased most values of plant height, dry weight of herb per plant, number of inflorescences per plant, seed yield per plant and per faddan, fixed oil percentage and leaf green color degree. Furthermore, the maximum increase in this respect was obtained from the potassium fertilization treatment of 100 kg potassium sulphate/faddan compared with the other ones under study. Generally, the interaction treatment between 2 kr of gamma irradiation with 100 kg potassium sulphate/faddan of potassium fertilization mostly gave the maximum increase in the above mentioned parameters. Therefore, it seems to be recommended treatment under Sharkia Governorate conditions. Moreover, potassium fertilization at 100 kg potassium sulphate/faddan could be overcome the harmful effect of gamma irradiation in this respect on borage plant.

Different approaches to establish infertile rooster

Several methods have been developed to suppress spermatogenesis in recipient males before spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs) transplantation. The aim of this study was to compare two different methods of depleting endogenous spermatogenesis in recipient ROSS 308 strain adult roosters. Gamma-radiation and alkylating agent busulfan were utilized to infertilize adult roosters (ROSS 308 strain). Two radiation therapy regimes (based on 60co isotope) were conducted locally to testes using 40Gy (5×8Gy with three-day intervals) and 30Gy (3×10Gy with three-day intervals). And two different levels of busulfan 60mg(40+20) and 50mg(30+20) with 10-day intervals were injected intraperitoneally. The results showed that both radiation therapy regimes and both busulfan levels reduced sperm motility and sperm concentration significantly compared with control group. Moreover, there were no significant differences between gamma radiation and busulfan treatments in progressive and total motility of sperm reduction. Sperm concentration reached to zero at the end of the 4th week of experiment in all treatment groups. Also histological examinations revealed that both treatments could significantly reduce the diameter of seminiferous tubules and thickness of epithelium. None of the treatments had significant effect on body weight in comparison with control group and the health status of experimental roosters remained good throughout the study. Given that, the risk probability of high doses of radiation exposure and busulfan, it can be concluded that the 30Gy (3×10Gy) and 50mg (30+20) are appropriate for suppression of endogenous spermatogenesis in mature roosters.

Gamma radiation treatment activates glucomoringin synthesis in Moringa oleifera

Plants are a very rich source of pharmacologically relevant metabolites. However, the relative concentrations of these compounds are subject to the genetic make-up, the physiological state of the plant as well as environmental effects. Recently, metabolic perturbations through the use of abiotic stressors have proven to be a valuable strategy for increasing the levels of these compounds. Oxidative stress-associated stressors, including ionizing radiation, have also been reported to induce metabolites with various biological activities in plants. Hence, the aim of the current study was to investigate the effect of gamma radiation on the induction of purported anti-cancerous metabolites, glucomoringin and its derivatives, in Moringa oleifera Lam., Moringaceae. Here, an UHPLC-qTOF-MS-based targeted metabolic fingerprinting approach was used to evaluate the effect of gamma radiation treatment on the afore-mentioned health-beneficial secondary metabolites of M. oleifera. Following radiation, an increase in glucomoringin and three acylated derivatives was noted. As such, these molecules can be regarded as components of the inducible defense mechanism of M. oleifera as opposed to being constitutive components as it has previously been assumed. This might be an indication of a possible, yet unexplored role of moringin against the effects of oxidative stress in M. oleifera plants. The results also suggest that plants undergoing photo-oxidative stress could accumulate higher amounts of glucomoringin and related molecules.