Gamma Globulin Fraction Of Serum Research Articles

HEMATOLOGICAL AND BIOCHEMICAL EFFECTS OF PARTIAL AND COMPLETE SPLENECTOMY IN DOGS

The purpose of the current study was to describe the effect of surgical splenectomy technique either partial or complete on some biochemical and hematological parameters. Six male mature mongrel dogs were subdivided into two groups (complete and partial splenectomy), and six immature mongrel dogs were subdivided into two groups (complete and partial splenectomy). Blood samples were taken before (base line), 10, 30, and 60 days post-operative. The results showed a significant reduction in serum albumin and iron levels 10 days after partial and complete splenectomy in both immature and mature dogs. However, serum gamma globulin fraction, ferritin, transferrin, and ceruloplasmin concentrations were significantly increased at the same period following surgical operation. There was a perturbation in serum activity of transaminases, bilirubin, and urea levels. The levels of WBCs, neutrophils, lymphocytes, MCH, MCHC, and platelets in completely splenectomized immature and mature dogs were increased. While, the RBCs and Hb concentrations were significantly decreased following complete splenectomy in immature and mature dogs. These results concluded that splenectomy in dogs may induce anemia, thrombosis, and inflammatory conditions but also increase cellular and humeral immunity as a compensatory mechanism. Key words: Splenectomy, transferrin, platelets, ceruloplasmin, dogs

Gamma globulin fraction of the proteinogram and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbations

ObjectivesTo evaluate the levels of the serum gamma globulin fraction in proteinograms as a biomarker to assess the severity, and to predict the mortality and new exacerbations in patients admitted for an exacerbation of a COPD. Patients and methodsThe VIRAE study was carried out on a cohort of patients hospitalized for an exacerbation of probable infectious origin of COPD over a period of 2 years. The levels of the serum gamma globulin fraction were analysed in the proteinogram of 120 patients. The main clinical indicators of severity were also evaluated. Key features were compared in 2 groups (gamma fraction in the proteinogram greater or less than 6.6g/dl). ResultsThe levels of the serum gamma fraction in the proteinogram correlated with the FEV1 (p=0.009), the CRP (p=0.04), and the number of readmissions after 6 months of hospitalization (p=0.04). We observed a good association with the GOLD scale, the BODE index and the mMRC dyspnoea scale; and also with treatment with oral corticoids and home oxygen therapy. We did not find it to be a good predictor of mortality, despite observing increased mortality rates one year after hospital admission in patients with low levels of the factor. ConclusionsThe levels of the gamma globulin fraction in proteinograms have a good correlation with the FEV1. In addition, they are associated with a greater severity of patients with COPD. This simple biomarker may be useful in identifying high-risk patients.

Fracción gamma del proteinograma y agudizaciones de la enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica

ObjectivesTo evaluate the levels of the serum gamma globulin fraction in proteinograms as a biomarker to assess the severity, and to predict the mortality and new exacerbations in patients admitted for an exacerbation of a COPD. Patients and methodsThe VIRAE study was carried out on a cohort of patients hospitalized for an exacerbation of probable infectious origin of COPD over a period of 2 years. The levels of the serum gamma globulin fraction were analyzed in the proteinogram of 120 patients. The main clinical indicators of severity were also evaluated. Key features were compared in 2 groups (gamma fraction in the proteinogram greater or less than 6.6g/dl). ResultsThe levels of the serum gamma fraction in the proteinogram correlated with the FEV1 (P=.009), the CRP (P=.04), and the number of readmissions after 6 months of hospitalization (P=.04). We observed a good association with the GOLD scale, the BODE index and the mMRC dyspnea scale; and also with treatment with oral corticoids and home oxygen therapy. We did not find it to be a good predictor of mortality, despite observing increased mortality rates one year after hospital admission in patients with low levels of the factor. ConclusionsThe levels of the gamma globulin fraction in proteinograms has a good correlation with the FEV1. In addition, they are associated with a greater severity of patients with COPD. This simple biomarker may be useful in identifying high-risk patients.

Effects of passive immunization against testosterone on the sexual activity of female rhesus monkeys.

Active immunization of an ovariectomized rhesus monkey against testosterone-3(0-carboxymethyl)oxime-bovine serum albumin produced an antiserum with a high degree of specificity towards testosterone. Passive immunization of ovariectomized, oestrogen-treated monkeys with this antiserum resulted in significant reductions in proceptive and/or receptive behaviours in the majority of animals. This effect could be reversed by treatment with 17 alpha-methyltestosterone, a steroid which showed only 6% cross-reaction with the antiserum. Passive immunization caused an increase in the binding of testosterone by the gamma-globulin fraction of serum isolated by treatment with 2-ethoxy-6,9-diaminoacridine lactate. The present findings emphasize the importance of androgens of adrenal origin in the regulation of sexual behaviour in the female rhesus monkey.

Stimulators and inhibitors of hepatic porphyrin formation in human sera.

Human sera were found to contain factors that stimulate and factors that inhibit porphyrin formation by cultured avian liver cells. The capacity of sera to stimulate or inhibit porphyrin formation varied in different hormonal states and in the porphyrias. Sera from 31 post partum women, eight of whom were not lactating, inhibited porphyrin formation to a mean level 30% below the level in control cultures and also inhibited drug and steroid stimulation of porphyrin formation. In contrast, mean porphyrin formation compared to control cultures was increased between 9 and 21% by sera from 52 normal subjects, 16 women on oral contraceptives, and 11 pregnant women. It was increased 193% by sera from nine subjects with acute intermittent porphyria and 172% by sera from 13 subjects with porphyria cutanea tarda. Heated sera or ethanol extracts of sera from all groups of subjects further increased the mean porphyrin stimulation by sera and, for the post partum subjects, eliminated the inhibitory effect. Ethanol extracts of sera from 28 oral contraceptive-treated women caused significantly greater mean stimulation of porphyrin formation than did extracts of sera from 30 normal women. While sera from 17 out of 22 porphyric subjects contained both stimulatory and inhibitory factors, 5 out of 22 had no evidence of an inhibitory component. There appeared to be heterogeneity in the occurrence of the factors among porphyrics.The factor(s) in sera responsible for porphyrin stimulation were heat-stable and insensitive to trypsin; were present in the supernates after ethanol precipitation of plasma proteins; were extractable in ethyl acetate and nondialyzable; and they migrated with the albumincontaining fraction of serum during electrophoresis. The factor(s) responsible for porphyrin inhibition were heat labile, sensitive to trypsin, and resistant to neuraminidase; were present in the ethanol precipitates of sera and were nondialyzable; and they migrated with the gamma globulin fraction of serum during electrophoresis. Inhibition of porphyrin formation was not attributable to heme, free or bound as hemoglobin, hemopexin, or hemalbumin.

Platelet autoantibody in a case of infectious mononucleosis presenting as thrombocytopenic purpura

In this unusual case acute thrombocytopenic purpura was the sole clinical manifestation of infectious mononucleosis. An antiplatelet antibody was demonstrated in the serum by two newly described technics: release of radioactive serotonin from platelets and inhibition of platelet aggregation following exposure of platelets to serum containing antiplatelet activity. The antiplatelet activity was completely inactivated by adsorption to washed platelets and was located in the immunoglobulin G (IgG) gamma globulin fraction of serum. The patient's serum also reacted against her own platelets indicating that the antiplatelet factor behaved as a true autoantibody.

35S-sulfate uptake by mouse harderian gland: Effect of serum from patients with Graves' disease

Sera from patients with Graves' disease, some having ophthalmopathy, were tested for an effect on the 35S-sulfate uptake by the mouse harderian gland and for the presence of the long-acting thyroid stimulator (LATS). For both tests a twofold concentrate of serum globulin was prepared by precipitation with ammonium sulfate. Of sera from 15 patients with ophthalmopathy, globulin from nine enhanced 35S-sulfate uptake significantly as compared with the effect of globulin from normal human serum. Serum globulin from only one of nine patients with Graves' disease without ophthalmopathy gave a similar result. The activity was found in IgG purified by anion-exchange chromatography. LATS assay of the serum globulin fraction was positive with 12 of the 24 sera but coincided with the harderian-stimulating activity in only four instances. It is concluded that there is a factor, distinct from LATS, in the gamma globulin fraction of serum of patients with ophthalmopathy of Graves' disease that stimulated radiosulfate uptake by the harderian gland of the mouse; the relevance of these data to ophthalmopathy of Graves' disease is discussed.

Spontaneous Autoimmunity in Mice: Antibodies to Nucleoprotein in Strain A/J

An antibody to nucleoprotein, which appears to be an autoantibody, occurs in the gamma-globulin fraction of serum from mice of the A/J strain. This antibody combines with nucleoprotein of several species but not with calf thymus DNA. The frequency of its occurrence increases with age and is greater in females. Serums that contain the antibody produce typical lupus erythematosus cells in vitro.

STUDIES ON THE TRANSPLANTED HEART. ROLE OF GAMMA-GLOBULIN IN TRANSPLANTATION IMMUNITY.

SummarySensitization of the recipient animal with spleen homogenate resulted in a significant increase in the serum gamma globulin fraction and subsequent accelerated rejection of the graft. In exceptional cases in which serum gamma-globulin level did not increase, the accelerated rejection was absent. Treatment with 6-MP reduced the gammaglobulin level and the grafts in these animals showed prolonged survival. Reduction of gamma-globulin by exchange transfusion failed to prolong survival time of the graft. These results are in accord with the view that humoral factors present in the gammaglobulin fraction play an important role in homograft rejection.

Determination of γ-Globulin in Serum of Tuberculous Patients

It is generally considered that the level of total protein, albumin, globulin, and fibrinogen in the blood plasma may not deviate from the normal range so that the functional stability in the course of normal life, especially in subjects of the same descent, be not disturbed. The gamma globulin among globulin fractions is closely related to the antibody. This globulin is known to increase in cases of such diseases as acute and chronic infections.The authors have determined by the Papadopoulos phenol reagent method, the total protein and the gamma globulin fraction of serum obtained from the tuberculosis patients, and calculated the ratio of gamma globulin to total protein. We studied and compared the clinical pictures of these patients with the laboratory data obtained. In pulmonary tuberculosis it was usually found that the level of total protein in the serum was normal but the ratio of gamma globulin to total protein increased according to an increase in the gamma globulin fraction. This may represent one of the significant differences between normal men and tuberculosis patients.As a result of our observations and determinations, we found that out of the eighty-six patients nine had the low ratio of gamma globulin to total protein. Out of the nine cases five(55.6%) showed the poor improvement upon treatment, the conclusion being that the patients with the gamma globulin above normal responded better to chemotherapy than the patients with gamma globulin fraction below normal. In addition, it was also found that with an markedly increased E.S.R. the ratio of gamma globulin to total protein decreases, and that in lymphocytosis the ratio was higher than in lymphopenia.

Effects of artificially induced fever on serum proteins, vitamin levels and hematological values in human subjects

Ten male subjects in apparently good health were submitted to artificial hyperpyrexia of 2°–3℃ above their initial orally determined body temperature for 2-hour periods. The pulse rate was markedly increased and the diastolic blood pressure was markedly decreased. Other major changes observed were a highly significant decrease of serum vitamin A levels and a highly significant increase of the white cell count, due primarily to an increase of the neutrophils. An eosinopenic effect observed was believed to be related to the stress of fever treatment. Minor changes were observed in the red cell count and in the serum gamma globulin fraction, which showed a delayed decrease. No changes were observed in carotene, vitamin E, alkaline phosphatase, riboflavin, or ascorbic acid. Submitted on January 16, 1959

A new haemagglutinating substance in the Gm system, anti-Gm.

A SYSTEM of inherited serum groups has been described by Grubb and Laurell1. Sera from certain patients with rheumatoid arthritis agglutinated Rh-positive red cells which had been coated with selected incomplete anti-D. The agglutination was inhibited by sera from about 60 per cent of normal individuals, who were said to be Gm(a+) because the inhibiting substance was located in the gamma-globulin fraction of serum. This substance was inheritable, determined by the gene Gma, which expressed itself in single or double dose. The corresponding allele was called Gm.

The agglutination reaction in rheumatoid arthritis

In the serum of most patients with rheumatoid arthritis and some with other collagen diseases, an agglutinating factor is present. The factor is not detectable with a significant incidence in the serum of patients with other chronic arthritides. A variety of agglutinating systems, including sensitized bacteria, erythrocytes, and synthetic polymers, have been utilized to demonstrate the presence of the rheumatoid factor. It is likely, but not certain, that the same factor is concerned in each system. The sensitizing agent is, in all instances, a gamma globulin constituent of variable composition attached to the particulate body, in some cases as an antibody and in others nonspecifically. Agglutination is believed to occur as a result of reaction between the sensitizing factor and the rheumatoid factor. The demonstration of precipitation between fraction II (gamma globulin) and rheumatoid serum supports this point of view. When whole serum is examined electrophoretically, the agglutinating activity is found in the beta and gamma globulin fractions, but when purified fractions are so studied, the activity is usually found in the gamma globulin fraction. It has been suggested that the rheumatoid factor is an autoantibody to gamma globulin. Though it is well established that interaction occurs between this factor and various gamma globulin constituents, it has not yet been proved that the factor is a true antibody. One or more constituents of the gamma globulin fraction of human and rabbit serum have the capacity to inhibit the agglutinating activity of the rheumatoid factor when present in sufficient concentration to bind it preferentially. The presence of an agglutinating factor in the gamma globulin fraction of the serum of patients with rheumatoid arthritis suggests, along with other data, that alterations in the composition of this fraction may play an important part in the pathogenesis of this disease.

AN IMMUNOLOGICAL AND ELECTROPHORETIC COMPARISON OF THE ANTIBODY TO C POLYSACCHARIDE AND THE C-REACTIVE PROTEIN OF ACUTE PHASE SERUM

1. Studies of the precipitation reaction of C polysaccharide with C protein, and of C polysaccharide with C antibody are reported. The similarity between these two systems in this respect is demonstrated. 2. The differences between C protein and C antibody are emphasized. The differences between this protein and antibodies in general have been reported previously by others. 3. Electrophoretic studies show that C antibody is in the gamma globulin fraction of serum whereas C protein migrates with the alpha(1) globulin fraction of acute phase protein.