Gambrel Roof Research Articles

Efficiency Assessment on Roof Geometry and Trombe Wall Shape for Improving Buildings’ Heating Performance

It is crucial to consider structural design issues in Trombe wall (T-wall) buildings to promote more suitable indoor climates and thermal comfort standards. Therefore, the present study examined the impact of two different T-wall designs and six different roof types on the energy and operational efficiency of a building located in a low-temperature and high-humidity winter climate. Ansys-CFX 15.0 software was employed to simulate the thermal and fluid dynamics behavior of the T-wall system, and flow, thermal comfort, energy, and exergy analyses were conducted. Three-dimensional simulation results and the pertinent literature data showed a good level of agreement, and the accuracy of the model was ensured. Outcomes revealed an average air velocity variation of 0.186 m/s and maximum average indoor air temperature variation of 3.3 °C between the six roof geometries. The highest air speed (0.988 m/s) was recorded for the gambrel roof while the lowest one (0.802 m/s) was recorded for the typical flat roof. The shed roof right with a rounded T-wall was more comfortable for standing and sitting activity than the others for the two T-wall shapes, and, at Y = 0.6 m and Y = 1.1 m, the average predicted percentages of dissatisfied (PPD) values were 31 and 28%, respectively. Furthermore, it was determined in the study that solar radiation intensity and T-wall and roof geometries had a significant effect on energy and exergy efficiency, and high energy and exergy efficiencies were achieved at higher solar intensity values. The best energy and exergy efficiencies were obtained for the butterfly and shed roof configurations. This study can serve as a reference for the thermal environment design of buildings with T-walls.

Collapse shake-table testing of a clay-URM building with chimneys

This paper discusses the results of a unidirectional shake-table test carried out on a full-scale unreinforced clay-brick masonry building with chimneys. The specimen embodied construction details representative of old detached single-storey houses of the Groningen province in the Netherlands, without any specific seismic-resistant detailing. The house featured a typical Dutch gambrel roof that allowed for living space above the attic floor, with high gables that were vulnerable to out-of-plane excitation. The floor consisted of timber joists and planks, resulting in a flexible diaphragm. Two clay-brick chimneys were included to investigate the performance of falling non-structural masonry elements in earthquakes. A cumulative incremental dynamic test was performed up to collapse conditions, using input ground motions compatible with induced seismicity scenarios for the examined region. The paper summarises the key characteristics of the specimen and the observations from the shake-table tests, illustrating the evolution of the structural and non-structural damage, and the dynamic response of the building. The attainment of significant damage limit states is correlated with experimentally defined engineering demand parameters and ground-motion intensity measures for the performance-based seismic assessment of unreinforced masonry buildings. All data from the tests are available upon request on www.eucentre.it/nam-project.

꺾음형 팔작지붕의 합각의장과 조정양상

꺾음형 팔작지붕의 합각의장과 조정양상

전통목조건축물 지붕곡과 기울기에 관한 연구 - 사찰의 주불전을 중심으로 -

본 연구는 정밀실측이 이루어진 국가지정문화재 중 사찰의 주불전을 대상으로 맞배지붕 건물과 합각지붕 건물로 구분하여 지붕에서 나타나는 앙곡, 안허리곡, 용마루곡과 지붕기울기를 분석하였다. 그 결과 는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 맞배지붕 건물의 앙곡과 안허리곡은 건물규모(면적), 내부 고주 유무 등과 밀접한 상관관계가 있다. 또한 5량가 구조와 7량가 구조중에 규모가 큰 7량가 구조에서 더 크게 나타났다. 둘째, 맞배지붕 건물의 앙곡과 안허리곡은 서로 상관관계가 있는데 앙곡이 큰 건물에서 안허리곡도 크게 나타난 것으로 분석되었다. 지붕기울기는 변수요인(평면요소, 입면요소, 단면요소)과는 크게 연관성이 없으며, 앙곡, 안허리곡, 용마루곡 크기는 공포의 외1출목과 외2출목에서 비슷한 크기였으나, 외3출목에서는 상대적으로 크게 나타났다. 셋째, 합각지붕 건물의 앙곡과 안허리곡은 맞배지붕 건물과는 다르게 서로 상관관계 없었는데, 전면과 측면은 서로 상관관계를 가지며 전면의 곡이 크게 나타난 건물에서는 측면에서도 크게 나타났다. 넷째, 합각지붕 건물 내부에 고주가 있는 건물은 앙곡과 안허리곡이 크게 나타난 반면, 고주가 없는 건물에서는 작게 나타났으며, 용마루곡은 건물규모와 건물높이에 밀접한 연관성이 있어, 건물이 높거나 큰 건물에서 용마루곡이 크게 나타났다. 지붕기울기는 맞배지붕 건물에서와 같이 변수요인과는 상관관계가 거의 없었다. The aim of this study was to classify the central Buddhist temple among the state-designated cultural assets, which were measured precisely, into the gable roof buildings and the gambrel roof buildings to analyze the Ang-Goak, Inside waist, ridge ratio, and roof inclination represented on the roof, and prepare basic objective material for the restoration and repair of cultural assets. As a result, as for the relationship between the roof curve and the inclination of the gable roof building and gambrel roof building, the following conclusions could be drawn. First, the Ang-Goak and Inside waist of the gable roof building had a close correlation with the building size, and the internal high pillar existence. In addition, the Ang-Goak and Inside waist were shown in the 7-ryangga structure, which is greater in size than in the 5-ryangga structure. This was found to be related to the building size. Second, the Ang-Goak and Inside waist of the gable roof building has a correlation with each other, and it was found that Inside waist also was large in the building with a larger Ang-Goak. The roof inclination rarely had a connection with variable factors (plane factor, elevation factor, and cross section factor). The sizes of Ang-Goak, Inside waist, and ridge ratio were similar in the outside 1 chulmok and outside 2 chulmok of gongpo but those sizes were relatively larger in outside 3 chulmok. Third, the Ang-Goak and Inside waist of the gambrel roof building moved independently for each building without a correlation with each other, unlike the case of the gable roof building. The front and the side showed a correlation with each other, and in the building with the large curve of the front side, the curve was also large in the sides. Fourth, in the case of the building with a high pillar inside the gambrel roof building, the Ang-Goak and Inside waist were larger. On the other hand, they were smaller in the case of a building without a high pillar. This was found to have a close relationship with the building size. In addition, the ridge ratio has a close connection with the building size and building height. Therefore, the ridge ratio is larger in a high building or large sized building. The roof inclination rarely has a correlation with variable factors, as in the case of the gable roof building.

영천지역 민가의 공간구성과 변화과정에 관한 연구

This study focuses on the regional characteristics observed in the composition and floor plan of folk houses in the Young-cheon region situated in the Southern East inland of Gyungsangbukdo. According to the typical characteristics of the Korean folk house, Young-cheon region is supposed to be classified as the Young-Nam region. Our study shows that the open inverse 'ㄱ' type composition is the most common among others, which consists the living room, UtChae and one BoosokChae that serves as a living room and a farm shop. The typical floor plan is called 'Young Nam type' 'H<TEX>$\hat{o}$</TEX>tjib' composed of four rooms. Young Nam type of house has a wall in front of the room floor with a door to make the space with the room floor as the internal space. This can be explained by the climatic conditions in the Southern region of Gyungsangbukdo, which has a very cold winter and has a harsh spring wind in Young-cheon. The structural feature to which we should pay attention is the Young Nam type house has a gambrel roof. The evolutions of the house in the 70s are observed in the roof during the Saemaeul Movement from a hut to a modernized roof. In the 80s, the replacement of the heating system, expansion of rooms, modernization of kitchen, replacement of paper windows, modernization of roof, and construction of amenities had taken place to change the space, construction and structure following the modern house features.

A STUDY ON THE SHEEP BARN WITH GAMBREL ROOF IN TAKIKAWA SHEEP FARM BY DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE AND COMMERCE

The first sheep barn with gambrel roof in Hokkaido was built around 1920 in Takikawa Sheep Farm by Department of Agriculture and Commerce. According to the plan by the government to increase the number of one million sheep, five Sheep Farms were established in Japan. In those sheep farms similar shape of sheep barns with gambrel roof were built from 1918 to 1924. However, all of them were demolished except in Takikawa and Tsukisamu. The books by Rokurou Iwanami, and Masayuki Okamoto described about the sheep barns with gambrel roof of Department Agriculture and Commerce.

A STUDY ON FOREIGN BOOKS FOR TRANSPLANTATION OF DAIRY BARN WITH GAMBREL ROOF IN HOKKAIDO FROM U.S.A.

After Kaitakushi period, Dairy barn with gambrel roof was transplanted in Hokkaido from USA. There are many Farmers’ Bulletins by U.S. Department of Agriculture in Hokkaido University Library and in National Agricultural Research Center for Hokkaido Region, which presented the Dairy barn with gambrel roof. And also, there are some books that presented the construction and the ventilation for Dairy barn with gambrel roof. Those books for farm building from USA and USDA Farmers’ Bulletins were referred for the introduction of Dairy barn with gambrel roof.

A STUDY ON BARN WITH GAMBREL ROOF IN THE FIRST FARM OF HOKKAIDO UNIVERSITY

The first barn with gambrel roof in the First Farm of Hokkaido University was built on the 31 March, 1919. The plans with gambrel roof and official documents have been found in the Facility Department of Hokkaido University. The Plans drawn by Shaku, the system of measuring length, adopt the King System of Ventilation and the balloon frame construction. The book written by Kenzo IGUCHI, a professor of the Faculty of Agriculture, that introduced this barn was used as the textbook at the Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University.