Gambling Involvement Research Articles

Online Gambling and At-Risk Gambling Behaviour in a Cross-Sectional Survey Among 13-19Year-Old Adolescents in Barcelona.

Gambling forms part of social and leisure activities for adolescents but is not free of potential harms. Moreover, with the emergence of new technologies, gambling has become increasingly accessible and appealing to this population. The aim of this study was to determine the magnitude of gambling behaviour and its associated factors in adolescents aged 13-19years in the city of Barcelona in 2021. A cross-sectional study was conducted using data from the 2021 Survey of Risk Factors in Secondary Schools. A bivariate analysis was carried out and multiple logistic regression models were constructed to estimate adjusted odds ratios and their 95% confidence intervals for online, non-online, and at-risk gambling. The prevalence of gambling among adolescents in Barcelona was 18.6% in boys and 6.1% in girls. Gambling was associated with various sociodemographic, health, and lifestyle factors, with differences observed by sex and gambling modality (online vs. non-online). The prevalence of at-risk gambling was 6.2% in boys and 1% in girls. At-risk gambling was associated with male sex, engaging in online gambling, poor mental health, and participating in more than two different types of gambling. The results of this study show that gambling is a widespread activity among adolescents in Barcelona, with significant associated risks. Preventive programmes and regulations are needed to reduce gambling involvement and gambling-related harms.

The problem gambling measure: a revision of the problem & pathological gambling measure to better predict at-risk and chronic gambling

ABSTRACT Most problem gambling (PG) assessment instruments classify individuals with subthreshold levels of problem gambling symptomatology as ‘at-risk’, implying a future risk of developing more serious problems. However, this convention lacks empirical support. The present study aimed to develop an empirically supported revision of the Problem and Pathological Gambling Measure (PPGM) that (1) better assesses the risk of future gambling-related harm (GRH) and PG as well as (2) better predicts cases in which PG persists. Data from the Alberta Gambling Research Institute’s National Project Baseline and Follow-up Online Panel Surveys (n = 4676) were used to identify predictors of future GRH and PG. Five variables maximized prediction power: PPGM total score, problem perception, rated importance of gambling as a leisure activity, largest single day gambling loss, and breadth of monthly gambling involvement. A 16-point scale was produced based on the relative risk of developing GRH and PG and Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) analyses found that scores of 1, 4, and 8 best captured a gradient of risk for future GRH or PG. Regarding chronicity, a total score of 7 and higher was found to be most parsimoniously predictive of chronic PG. The revised instrument was renamed the Problem Gambling Measure (PGM).

The mediating role of decision-making styles in the relationship between morningness-eveningness preference and gambling involvement

It has been reported that evening-types are related to several risk-taking behaviour, including gambling. Both morningness-eveningness preference and gambling disorders have been associated with specific decision-making styles. The present study aimed to assess the relationship among morningness-eveningness preference, gambling disorder, and decision-making styles. Three-hundred and seventy-four volunteers (31.93 ± 12.75 years; 43.30 % males) completed the reduced version of the Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire, the General Decision-Making Style inventory, and the South Oaks Gambling Screen. The results showed that evening-types reported higher scores on the gambling severity especially for men, as well as on the Spontaneous decision-making style, whereas morning-types scored lower on the gambling severity and higher on the Rational decision-making style. The correlation analysis showed the associations between morningness-eveningness preference and gambling severity, Rational and Spontaneous styles, as well as the associations between gambling severity and Rational, Avoidant and Spontaneous styles. Mediation analysis demonstrated that morning-types were more rational, and, in turn, the Rational scale was negatively associated with SOGS. The analysis also showed that evening-types were more avoidant in their decision-making styles, and, in turn, this tendency to avoid decision-making significantly predicted gambling severity. The results are discussed with reference to circadian phase (and its changes) and amplitude.

Prevalence and correlates of gambling disorder in Spain: findings from a national survey

ABSTRACT The aim of the study was to estimate the prevalence of gambling disorder (GD) in a sample of Spanish adults and analyze the sociodemographic variables, addictive behaviors (i.e. gambling-related characteristics, substance use, and problematic internet use), and lifetime clinical diagnoses related to the severity of GD. Participants from the 2020 Spanish Survey on Alcohol and Drugs (N = 17,105; 50.52% men; M age = 38.38 ± 13.07) were included. Individuals were classified as gamblers with GD when scored ≥4 points in the DSM-5 criteria. ANOVA and Pearson correlations were carried out to analyze differences in GD scores according to the variables noted above. The results showed that the rate of GD was 0.63% in the total sample and 1.05% in past-year gamblers. Characteristics which showed significantly higher GD scores were as follows: being a man, younger age, unmarried, greater gambling involvement both online and offline, gambling both online and offline, betting on both strategic and non-strategic games or on exclusively strategic games, lower gambling risk perception, greater substance use, higher problematic alcohol, cannabis, or internet use, or a lifetime diagnosis of anxiety, insomnia, or substance use disorder (all p-values ≤.001). The findings may guide future legal regulation policies and promote actions to prevent gambling-related problems.

GAMBLING-RELATED RISKS AND THE ROLE OFRESPONSIBLEGAMBLINGOF RESPONSIBLE GAMBLING

This arƟ cle examines the problems related to gambling, parƟ cularly in the context of Georgia, while exploring global approaches that promote responsible decision-making. It discusses various forms of gam-bling, including loƩ eries, sports beƫ ng, electronic gambling machines (EGMs), and casino games, and their asso-ciaƟ ons with problem gambling. The arƟ cle highlights the link between high gambling involvement and problem gambling, emphasizing that the level of engagement in gambling acƟ viƟ es has a greater impact on behavior than the specifi c type of game played. The role of adverƟ sing in promoƟ ng gambling is discussed, with a focus on the markeƟ ng strategies employed by the industry. AddiƟ onally, it provides an overview of the Georgian gambling market and the legislaƟ ve provisions implemented to miƟ gate the adverse eff ects of gambling on society. More-over, the arƟ cle emphasizes the importance of broadcast media monitoring in academic research, parƟ cularly in assessing the eff ects of gambling adverƟ sements on individuals' behaviors and aƫ tudes. The arƟ cle concludes by highlighƟ ng the importance of comprehensive analysis combining staƟ sƟ cal indicators with social studies to assess the eff ecƟ veness of gambling regulaƟ ons and reforms. It emphasizes the need for ongoing research to understand the complexiƟ es of gambling behavior and develop strategies to promote responsible gambling pracƟ ces.

Online Gambling Practices and Related Problems in Five European Countries: Findings from the Electronic Gam(bl)ing Multinational EmpiricalSurvey(E-GAMES) Project.

Online gambling has demonstrated a significant and growing impact on overall gambling involvement. To examine online gambling practices and associated problems, we conducted surveys with national samples of Internet users in several European countries. The objective of this paper is to provide a portrait of online gambling practices and problems in five European countries (i.e., France, Italy, Germany, Switzerland, and Poland) with different online gambling regulatory systems. This paper is the first presenting national comparisons of online gambling practices. Participants reported on their gameplay patterns, demographic characteristics, gambling-related problems, gambling frequency, average spending on different online gambling activities, and offline gambling participation over the past 12months. The Problem Gambling Severity Index was used to assess the severity of gambling problems in relation to online gambling (Ferris & Wynne, 2001 in The Canadian Problem Gambling Index: Final report, Canadian Centre on Substance Abuse, 2001). Pairwise logistic regressions examined the association between problem gambling and sociodemographic variables as well as gambling patterns and problem gambling. In all countries except Italy, the most popular online gambling activity was lotteries with nearly three quarters of participants reporting participation. The prevalence of at-risk and problem gambling was high in all countries with Poland reporting the highest prevalence and Switzerland the lowest. Gamblers who participated in gambling activities other than lottery were more likely to experience gambling-related problems. The rates in the present study are well above the levels usually found in surveys. High online gambling frequency, high spending, and participation in multiple online gambling activities were significantly associated with experiencing gambling-related problems.

Are There Riskier Types of Gambling?

Gambling-related harm is a public health issue requiring market regulation and efforts aimed at prevention and treatment. An important consideration for the regulation of gambling is whether certain types of gambling are intrinsically more harmful than others. The present study was a comprehensive investigation of this issue in a nationwide sample of 10,199 Canadian adult gamblers that included 1346 individuals withproblem gambling. We investigated (a) the univariate cross-sectional association between individual types of gambling and problem gambling; (b) the cross-sectional association between individual gambling types and problem gambling when controlling for breadth of gambling involvement; (c) the prospective/lagged relationship between participation in different gambling types and future problem gambling; and (d) the self-reports of people with gambling problems concerning the types and modalities they consider to be most problematic. Our collective results indicate that breadth of gambling involvement is a stronger predictor of gambling problems than involvement in any particular type, but that involvement in certain types (electronic gambling machines in particular, and casino table games and online gambling to a lesser extent) does confer additional risk.

New Validity Evidence of the Global Appraisal of Individual Needs-Short Screener for Evaluating Internalizing/Externalizing Behaviors in Spanish Adolescents.

The Global Appraisal of Individual Needs (GAIN-SS) is a screening instrument evaluating internalizing/externalizing behaviors. This study examines the validity evidence of the GAIN-SS in Spanish adolescents and explores sex differences in its performance. Participants were 1,547 Spanish adolescents from the community (females = 48.2%, mean [SD] age = 15.20 [0.74]). A cross-sectional online assessment was used to evaluate past-month substance use and gambling involvement. Problems associated to these behaviors were assessed using the GAIN-SS, the South Oaks Gambling Screen-Revised for Adolescents (SOGS-RA), and the Rutgers Alcohol Problem Index (RAPI). Factor analyses were conducted to examine the internal structure of the GAIN-SS. Results revealed four subscales accounting for 47.03% of the variance related to externalizing (EDScr), internalizing (IDScr), substance use disorders (SDScr), and crime/violence problems (CVScr). Concurrent validity was supported through significant correlations between the GAIN-SS subscales, alcohol-related problems, and gambling behavior, with the exception of the IDScr. Past-month gamblers or substance users evidenced higher scores in the CVScr. Females reported more internalizing symptoms, whereas males reported higher scores in CVScr. The GAIN-SS is a valid screener for substance use and gambling in Spanish adolescents. Sensitivity of the GAIN-SS to sex differences suggests that it may be useful to design gender-sensitive interventions.

Underage Problem Gambling: With Whom, Where and Why

Underage gambling is a widespread phenomenon with its own characteristics that differentiate it from adult gambling. In addition, problem gambling has shown a remarkable prevalence in previous studies. The present study examines underage gambling behaviour, studying its characteristics, as well as motivational and contextual aspects, and estimating the volume of problem gambling and possible moderating variables. A sample of 9,681 students aged between 12 and 17 years old reported their involvement in gambling and filled in the Brief Adolescent Gambling Screen (BAGS), with 4,617 of them completing a questionnaire about gambling behaviours. Almost a quarter (23.5%) of the students reported having gambled in their lifetime (16.2% in-person, 1.4% online and 6% in both modalities), and 1.9% presented symptoms of problem gambling (BAGS ≥ 4). In-person gamblers preferred sport-betting machines, usually gambled in bars, and did not have their age checked. Online gamblers reported mainly sports betting, doing so on websites and paying with PayPal-like services and credit cards. Most gambled with friends and to win money. Problem gamblers were similar but gambled more frequently. These results present an image of the gambling situation among minors and, more importantly, of its context and related variables.

Etiology of problem gambling in Canada.

To conduct a large-scale national cohort study to identify the current etiological risk factors for problem gambling in Canada. A cohort of 10,119 Canadian gamblers completed a comprehensive self-administered online questionnaire in 2018 and were reassessed in 2019. At baseline, the sample contained 1,388 at-risk gamblers, 1,346 problem gamblers, and 2,710 with a major DSM-5 mental health disorder. A total of 108 independent variables (IVs) were available for analysis, as well as the self-report of perceived causes of gambling-related problems for 1,261 individuals. The strongest multivariate predictors of current and future problem gambling were "gambling-related" variables (i.e., current and past problem gambling, intensive gambling involvement, playing electronic gambling machines (EGMs), gambling fallacies, socializing with other people having gambling-related problems, and family history of having gambling-related problems). Beyond gambling-related variables, greater impulsivity and lower household income were robustly predictive. Thirteen additional variables were either concurrently or prospectively predictive, but not both. In contrast to the many different quantitative predictors, self-reported causes tended to be singular and psychologically oriented (i.e., desire to win money, boredom, stress, poor self-control). The predictors of problematic gambling in the present study are very similar to the predictors identified in prior international longitudinal and cross-sectional research. This implies core cross-cultural risk factors, with gambling-related variables and impulsivity being most important, and comorbidities and demographic variables having more modest contributions. The additional value of the present results is that they comprehensively identify the relative importance of all known etiologically relevant variables within a current Canadian context. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).

A Comparative Profile of Online, Offline, and Mixed-Mode Problematic Gamblers' Gambling Involvement, Motives, and HEXACO Personality Traits.

Few studies have compared gamblers who play in exclusively online (i.e., Internet-based), exclusively offline (i.e., land-based), and mixed-mode contexts. In studies that have compared these groups, mixed-mode gamblers have consistently exhibited the greatest susceptibility to problematic gambling. In order to expand the scope of previous research that has compared gamblers based on their preferred mode of play, and to improve understanding of mixed-mode gamblers' proneness to problematic gambling, a sample of gamblers who play in exclusively online, exclusively offline, and mixed-mode contexts were compared on indices of gambling involvement, motives, and personality traits. Results indicated that mixed-mode gamblers played a wider range of games, and reported higher problematic gambling severity scores, higher scores on enhancement and social gambling motive scales, and lower and higher honesty-humility and extraversion personality scores, respectively. Associations between gambling motives and personality traits are discussed in relation to the role that these characteristics might play in mixed-mode gamblers' increased risk of gambling-related harm.

A large-scale prospective study of big wins and their relationship with future involvement and risk among actual online sports bettors

Clinicians have proposed that big wins early in a gambler's betting experience can lead to increased involvement, and eventually problematic gambling. Understanding how this effect manifests in online sports betting is important, as this form of gambling has grown increasingly popular worldwide and continues to expand. MethodsUsing matched pair analysis and other methods (e.g., survival analysis, fixed effects regression), we examined big wins’ ability to predict future gambling involvement and behavior using bet level data from 36,328 sports gamblers who subscribed to a large, European online gambling operator. Big wins were defined two ways. ResultsBig wins in sports betting were associated with increased engagement, losses, and risk in the following weeks, with the impact declining over time. The exact timing of when a big win occurs after subscribing does not appear to have a major effect on subsequent behaviors. These findings held for both definitions of big wins. ImplicationsThis study supports the existence of a big win effect in online sports betting, but more research is needed to determine whether there is an “early” big win effect, and whether big wins are indeed associated with problematic gambling.

Power and Gambling: Dispositional Power Predicts Persistence on a Computerized Scratchcard Task.

In gambling contexts, near-misses tend to be perceived as more aversive yet elicit greater motivation to continue playing than clear losses. The current research aimed to examine these effects in the context of situational and dispositional social power. In a pre-registered online study, Hong Kong Chinese undergraduate students (N = 238) with varying levels of gambling involvement completed a measure assessing their general beliefs about their ability to influence others and were then randomly assigned to imagine themselves in a position of high or low power. Participants subsequently played a computerized scratchcard task that delivered wins, near-misses, and clear losses and took trial-by-trial ratings of valence, arousal, and motivation. Following a mandatory phase, persistence was measured via the number of additional scratchcards participants chose to purchase. The results generally corroborated previous findings of different subjective appraisals to near-misses vs. clear losses, but surprisingly found that near-misses were considered to be more pleasant than clear losses. Situational power did not differentially modify these responses. Nevertheless, a main effect of dispositional power emerged in that participants who felt chronically high in power were twice as likely to purchase additional scratchcards compared to their low dispositional power counterparts. This study suggests that a generalized sense of power but not situational power triggers approach motivation in the form of prolonged gambling play.

The reliability of attentional biases for gambling-related images in free-viewing eye-tracking paradigms

Attentional biases for gambling-related stimuli are a robust correlate of problem gambling. Free-viewing eye-tracking paradigms are considered the gold standard for measuring attentional bias in addiction research, but their reliability in measuring biases for gambling-related stimuli remains unclear. Using secondary data from two different free-viewing eye-tracking paradigms (two-image and four-image displays), this study examined the internal consistency of fixation indices in samples with varying degrees of gambling involvement and problem gambling risk. Cronbach’s alpha, McDonald’s omega, and split-half reliability coefficients were used to assess internal consistency of several fixation indices (total dwell time, total dwell time percent, total fixation count, time of first fixation) for gambling-related images, neutral images, and computed attentional bias difference scores. For both two- and four-image displays, internal consistency estimates for total dwell time, total dwell time percent, and total fixation count were good to excellent for gambling-related images, neutral images, and attentional bias scores. Only time of first fixation exhibited low internal consistency. These findings indicate that both two-image and four-image free-viewing eye-tracking paradigms can reliably measure attentional biases for gambling-related stimuli among participants reporting varying degrees of gambling involvement and problem gambling risk.

In search of lower risk gambling levels using behavioral data from a gambling monopolist.

Lower-risk recommendations for avoiding gambling harm have been developed as a primary prevention measure, using self-reported prevalence survey data. The aim of this study was to conduct similar analyses using gambling company player data. The sample (N = 35,753) were Norsk Tipping website customers. Gambling indicators were frequency, expenditure, duration, number of gambling formats and wager. Harm indicators (financial. social, emotional, harms in two or more areas) were derived from the GamTest self-assessment instrument. Receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curves were performed separately for each of the five gambling indicators for each of the four harm indicators. ROC areas under the curve were between 0.55 and 0.68. Suggested monthly lower-risk limits were less than 8.7 days, expenditure less than 54 €, duration less than 72-83 min, number of gambling formats less than 3 and wager less than 118-140€. Most risk curves showed a rather stable harm level up to a certain point, from which the increase in harm was fairly linear. The suggested lower-risk limits in the present study are higher than limits based on prevalence studies. There was a significant number of gamblers (5-10%) experiencing harm at gambling levels well below the suggested cut-offs and the risk increase at certain consumption levels. Risk of harm occurs at all levels of gambling involvement within the specific gambling commercial environment assessed in an increasingly available gambling market where most people gamble in multiple commercial environments, minimizing harm is important for all customers.

Individual differences and predictors of general awareness in problem gambling

In Canada, up to 3% of individuals have or are at risk of gambling disorder. Among these individuals, a lack of awareness of their problem gambling is a common barrier to treatment and negatively affects treatment adherence. A secondary analysis was conducted on data from 1346 individuals (mean age = 43.4, SD = 14.4; 54.3 % male) with problem gambling who did and did not perceive having a problem with their gambling as assessed by the fifth item of the Problem Gambling Severity Index, “In the past twelve months, how often have you felt that you might have a problem with gambling?” Additionally, we investigated predictors of increased general awareness at 12-month follow-up. At baseline, individuals who perceived a problem with their gambling experienced more gambling-related harms (OR = 1.714), had greater total gambling losses (OR = 1.067), were more likely to have a family history of problem gambling (OR = 2.143), experienced a greater loss of control (OR = 1.313) and more often gambled alone than with others (OR = 0.879), accounting for 26.6 % of the variance in general awareness. Baseline problem awareness was positively associated with attempts to cut down or control gambling at follow-up (χ2=11.350,p<.001), but negatively associated with remission (χ2=18.392,p<.001). Increases in awareness were related to an increase in the number of gambling-related harms, gambling involvement, impaired control, and lower educational attainment, explaining 35.5% of the variance in increased general awareness. The results indicate that experiencing more gambling-related harms increases the salience and awareness of problem gambling, and that awareness is also associated with an individual’s gambling context, their loss of control, and their level of gambling involvement. The findings highlight the importance of gambling harms as they pertain to general awareness and suggest that improving the recognition of gambling harms could be beneficial for the prevention and intervention of gambling disorder.

Does craving increase gambling severity? The role of attentional bias

BackgroundAlthough previous studies have investigated the role of attentional bias in gambling, the inconsistent findings and the paucity of research require further investigations, as well as the examination of the interrelationships between attentional bias, subjective craving, and gambling severity. MethodsThe present study comprised 80 male gamblers, aged between 18 and 64 years. Participants carried out a modified version of the Posner Task to assess attentional bias and completed the South Oaks Gambling Screen (SOGS) and the Gambling Craving Scale (GACS) to assess the severity of gambling involvement and the subjective gambling-related craving, respectively. ResultsRegression analyses showed that craving and facilitation bias at 500 ms are significant predictors of gambling severity. The path analysis indicated that craving predicted gambling severity not only directly, but also indirectly via attentional bias for gambling stimuli. LimitationsThe recruitment of male participants and the not-matched gambling stimuli to the preferred gambling activity limit the present results. ConclusionsThe present findings shed light on the interrelationships between craving, attentional bias, and problem gambling, demonstrating that craving is indirectly associated with problem gambling via attentional bias: higher levels of craving make gamblers more responsive to gambling cues, leading to attentional bias, which, in turn, motivate gamblers to bet, contributing to problematic gambling.

Gambling along the schizotypal spectrum: The associations between schizotypal personality, gambling-related cognitions, luck, and problem gambling.

ObjectiveSchizotypal personality (schizotypy) is a cluster of traits in the general population, including alterations in belief formation that may underpin delusional thinking. The psychological processes described by schizotypy could also fuel cognitive distortions in the context of gambling. This study sought to characterize the relationships between schizotypy, gambling-related cognitive distortions, and levels of problem gambling.MethodsAnalyses were conducted on three groups, a student sample (n = 104) with minimal self-reported gambling involvement, a crowdsourced sample of regular gamblers (via MTurk; n = 277), and an additional crowdsourced sample with a range of gambling involvement (via MTurk; n = 144). Primary measures included the Schizotypal Personality Questionnaire – Brief (SPQ-B), the Peters et al. Delusions Inventory (PDI-21), the Gambling Related Cognitions Scale (GRCS), and the Problem Gambling Severity Index (PGSI). Luck was measured with either the Belief in Good Luck Scale (BIGLS) or the Beliefs Around Luck Scale (BALS).ResultsSmall-to-moderate associations were detected between the components of schizotypy, including delusion proneness, and the gambling-related variables. Schizotypy was associated with the general belief in luck and bad luck, but not beliefs in good luck. A series of partial correlations demonstrated that when the GRCS was controlled for, the relationship between schizotypy and problem gambling was attenuated.ConclusionsThis study demonstrates that schizotypy is a small-to-moderate correlate of erroneous gambling beliefs and PG. These data help characterize clinical comorbidities between the schizotypal spectrum and problem gambling, and point to shared biases relating to belief formation and decision-making under chance.

Financial speculation in Canada: prevalence, correlates and relationship to gambling

ABSTRACT The purpose of the present investigation was to determine the prevalence, demographic profile, and correlates of financial speculation in Canada, with a focus on its relationship to gambling. In cooperation with Statistics Canada, a brief assessment of financial speculation was developed and included in the 2018 Canadian Community Health Survey (CCHS) and administered to 23,952 adults. The past year national prevalence of financial speculation was found to be 3.6%, with the province of Alberta having the only higher inter-provincial rate. Speculators were predominantly male, White, with a modal age of 30–49, and with higher educational attainment and household income. In terms of health indicators, they were more likely to be regular alcohol drinkers and occasional smokers, but to have better self-reported general health, mental health, and life satisfaction. However, the strongest multivariate predictor of speculation was higher frequency of gambling involvement. Speculators had higher levels of participation in all types of gambling (especially skill-based formats) with the exception of instant lotteries. This high level of involvement contributes to somewhat higher rates of problem gambling symptomatology. The present investigation confirms that speculation not only has a strong conceptual relationship to gambling but also a strong empirical relationship.

Gambling prevalence and gambling problems amongst land-based-only, online-only and mixed-mode gamblers in Australia: A national study

This study compared land-based-only gamblers (LBOGs), online-only gamblers (OOGs), and mixed-mode gamblers (MMGs), based on a 2019 Australian national telephone survey (N = 15,000). It examined 1) prevalence, demographics and gambling behaviours, 2) problematic gambling, 3) most harmful gambling forms, 4) gambling-related harms-to-self, and 5) risk factors for higher problem gambling severity. Results estimated that 43.1% of Australians were non-gamblers, 39.5% LBOGs, 12.8% MMGs and 4.6% OOGs. MMGs were more likely than LBOGs to be male, younger, unmarried, Australian-born, and indigenous. OOGs were more likely than MMGs to be married, university educated, born outside of Australia, speak a non-English language, and less likely to be indigenous. As hypothesised, MMGs had the highest gambling involvement, gambling problems and gambling-related harm. Relative risk of gambling problems for MMGs (5.1% problem gambling; 11.0% moderate risk gambling), exceeded that of both LBOGs (1.4%; 3.8%) and OOGs (0.7%; 4.7%). Risk factors for problematic gambling included engaging in more gambling forms, being male, single, less educated, indigenous, and speaking a non-English language. Crucially, gambling on the internet (OOGs and MMGs combined) was associated with higher problem gambling severity than land-based-only gambling (LBOGs), even after controlling for these risk factors. The findings can inform targeted public health measures.