Gamal Leaf Research Articles

PENGARUH PEMBERIAN PERSENTASE TEPUNG DAUN GAMAL (Gliricidia sepium) DALAM RANSUM TERHADAP KARKAS BROILER

This study aims to determine the effect of giving Gamal leaf flour and the best dose of giving Gamal leaf flour in the ration on broiler carcasses. The research was carried out experimentally with a Completely Randomized Design consisting of 4 treatments and 5 replications, each treatment consisting of 5 broilers. The treatments given consisted of control without giving Gamal leaf flour (A), giving 2% Gamal leaf flour (B), giving 4% Gamal leaf flour (C), and giving 6% Gamal leaf flour (D). Research parameters include carcass percentage, upper carcass percentage, and lower carcass percentage for broilers. The results of the research showed that the provision of Gamal leaf flour (Gliricidia sepium) was found to have a significant positive effect (p<0.05) on the percentage of the carcass, the percentage of the upper carcass, and the percentage of the lower carcass of broilers. The provision of gamal leaf flour (Gliricidia sepium) at a concentration of 2% gave the best results on broiler carcasses where the percentage of carcass was 69.978%, the percentage of upper carcass 44.41%, and the percentage of lower carcass 34.966%.

The Effect of Gamal Leaf (Gliricidia sepium (Jacq.) Kunth ex Walp)-based Liquid Organic Fertilizer on The Vegetative Growth of Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.)

The growth of lettuce depends on the interaction of growth and environmental conditions. Improper crop maintenance may cause low yield of lettuce production. Application of liquid organic fertilizer could be performed as a strategy in crop maintenance. This study aimed to determine the effect and concentration of gamal leaf (Gliricidia sepium (Jacq.) Kunth ex Walp)-based liquid organic fertilizer (LOF) on the vegetative growth of green lettuce plants (Lactuca sativa L.). The research method used a non-factorial Randomised Group Design (RGD), with treatments consisted of P0 (control), P1 (20% gamal leaves-based LOF), P2 (40% gamal leaves-based LOF), and P3 (60% gamal leaves-based LOF). The results showed that Gamal leaves-based liquid organic fertilizer (LOF) that is produced in this research might still contain less macronutrients C, N, P and K that is stated by SNI 7763: 2018 (2-6%), but its application on lettuce as tested plants could still support their growth. Dose of P1 (20%) was the best to support lettuce growth in the form of increased plant height and leaf area index. Dose of P2 (40%) was abble to maintain showed minimum decrease on lettuce total chlorophylls content. Application of dose of P2 (40%) on lettuce growth medium supportes highest uptake of N while the application of dose of P3 (60%) showed highest uptake of P.

The Effect of Gamal Leaf Liquid Organic Fertilizer on the Growth of Arabica Coffee (Coffea Arabica L.) Seedlings in Polybags

This research was carried out for 3 months, namely from March 2023 to June 2023, located at the BPDAS-HL Palu-Poso Permanent Nursery, this study used the Complete Randomized Design method consisting of 4 treatments, namely P0 = 0%, P1 = 20%, P2 = 30% and P3 = 30%. The four treatments were repeated seven times, bringing the total sample to 28 experimental units. The parameters observed are the increase in seedling height, stem diameter and number of leaves. The data analysis used is fingerprint analysis (F test) fingerprint analysis shows that the best treatment, it will be continued with further tests, namely the BNJ test level of 5%. The results showed that the concentration treatment of liquid organic fertilizer made from gamal leaves had a real influence on the increase in height, stem diameter and number of leaves in arabica coffee seedlings. The best treatment in this study was 40% concentration treatment (P3) with an average seedling height of 15.27 cm, an average seedling stem diameter of 3.17 mm and an average number of seedling leaves of 12.28 strands and the results of BNJ fingerprint analysis with an average height of 5.59 cm, number of leaves of 1.2 strands and stem diameter of 0.88 mm.

Uji Pemberian Pupuk Organik Cair Fermentasi Daun Gamal terhadap Pertumbuhan Tanaman Sawi (Brassica juncea L.) sebagai Panduan Lembar Kerja Mahasiswa

Liquid organic fertilizer from gamal leaves contains the nutrients N, P, K, Ca and Mg which are useful in plant growth and vegetative development. This research aims to determine the effect of the best dose of gamal leaf liquid organic fertilizer in increasing the growth of mustard greens (Brassica juncea L.). This type of research is a pure experiment using a Completely Randomized Design (CRD), which consists of 5 dose treatments, namely P0 0 ml/l water, P1 30 ml/l water, P2 60 ml/l water, P3 90 ml/l water, and P4 130 ml/l water. Each treatment was repeated 5 times. The parameters observed were plant height, number of leaves, and leaf width. Next, the data was analyzed using One Way ANOVA 5%. The results of the research showed that the best dose of gamal leaf liquid organic fertilizer was in the 130 ml/l treatment, namely the highest plant height was 21.50 cm, the largest number of leaves was 11.8, and the largest leaf width was 10.20 cm. The significant value of the 5% ANOVA test results is 0.000. There is a significant value, namely P < 0.05, so gamal leaf liquid fertilizer has a significant effect on each dose of gamal leaf liquid fertilizer on the vegetative growth of mustard greens. The results of the validation analysis of Student Worksheets (LKM) showed that from the three expert validators, an average validation result of 82% was obtained with very good qualifications, and was declared suitable for use as a LKM guide in plant physiology courses.

Effect of gamal leaves (Gliricidia sepium ) extract against termite (Coptotermes curvignathus)

The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates around 3 million people working in the agricultural sector experience insecticide poisoning, and 18 thousand of them die every year. The massive use of synthetic insecticides can harm non-targeted organisms such as plants and livestock. Moreover, this may lead to ecological imbalance and increase pollution. Thus, there is a need for innovation in making natural insecticides. Indonesia is home to abundant plant diversity; one of those is the Gamal plant (Gliricidia sepium). Previous studies found that Gamal leaves contain secondary metabolites such as flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins, saponins, and steroids. Flavonoids are known to have a toxic effect on mealybugs in the papaya plant, and tannins are antimicrobial and often used as pest control. Based on this, the Gamal plant has potential as a natural insecticide. One of the most critical pests in agriculture and households is termites (Coptotermes curvignathus), which often cause losses by damaging plants and household furniture. Also, there is no research yet on Gamal leaves against termites. Therefore, research is necessary to test the effectiveness of Gamal leaf extract against termites. In this study, experimental research was used with a quantitative approach. The Gamal leaf extract was obtained using ethanol and methanol solvents through a maceration technique. Several termites were acclimatized, and 120 were taken randomly for toxicity testing. Four concentrations (10%, 25%, 50%, and 75%) were applied to each group of ten termites. This treatment was repeated three times, and the termite mortality time was measured. Afterwards, the value of LC50 was determined using a regression line between log concentration and probit mortality. The result shows that the higher the concentration, the shorter the termite death time. The mortality rate reaches 100% within 1 to 2 minutes after treatment. The LC50 value of Gamal leaves extract against termites obtained is 5,1%. This indicates that Gamal leaves are very effective in killing termites, even in the lowest concentration. It is likely caused by secondary metabolites, especially flavonoids, that have insecticidal effects. In brief, the ethanolic and methanolic extract of Gamal leaves has the potential to be a natural insecticide to substitute synthetic insecticide, which is safer, economical, and environmentally friendly.

Effects of gamal leaf extract (Gliricidia sepium Jacq.) on body weight and internal organ performance of mice (Mus musculus L.)

Gamal leaves (Gliricidia sepium Jacq.) contain toxic compounds that have the potential to act as vegetable rodenticides, such as alkaloids, tannins, dicumerol, and hydrogen cyanic acid (HCN). Coumarin compounds can bind vitamin K, disrupt the circulatory system, and damage liver cells. The compounds dicumerol and warfarin are used as rat poison because of their anticoagulant properties, which prevent blood clots in the heart. Alkaloid and tannin compounds can damage liver cells through liver necrosis and bleeding in the digestive system. This study aims to determine the effect of Gamal leaf extract on body weight and internal organ performance in mice (Mus musculus L.). The experimental research method is based on a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) pattern. A total of 16 mice weighing 20-22 grams consisting of 4 treatments, namely A0 (water control), A1 (extract 10 mg/g BW), A2 (extract 15 mg/g BW) and A3 (extract 20 mg/g BW). The extract was given orally for 14 days, and body weight was measured every 3 days to obtain data on changes in body weight (PBB). At the end of the treatment, the mice were sacrificed using chloroform and then dissected to observe the performance of the liver, kidney and heart organs in color appearance and organ weight. Quantitative data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA and further DMRT test α=0.05. The research showed that mice's mean change in body weight (PBB) decreased significantly as the dose of Gamal leaf extract increased. The percentage of liver organ weight (BOH), kidney organ weight (BOG), and heart organ weight (BOJ) decreased as the dose of Gamal leaf extract increased. The research results concluded that Gamal leaf extract caused color changes in the internal organs of mice and significantly affected the percentage change in body weight (PBB) and internal organ weight (BOD) of mice along with increasing doses of Gamal leaf extract.

RESPONS PERTUMBUHAN DAN PRODUKSI TANAMAN CABAI (CAPSICUM ANNUUM L.) YANG DIBERI PUPUK ORGANIK CAIR DAUN GAMAL DENGAN DOSIS YANG BERBEDA

This study aims to determine the level of treatment with liquid organic fertilizer on gamal leaves which gives the best effect on the growth and production of chili (Capsicum Annuum L) plants. This research was carried out at the Field Laboratory of Experimental Gardens II, Faculty of Agriculture, Halu Oleo University, Kendari. The study took place from December 2021 to February 2022. This study used a Randomized Block Design (RAK) which consisted of 5 levels of treatment, namely P0: No POC of gamal leaves; P1: POC of gamal leaves 200 ml L-1 tan water-1; P2: POC of gamal leaves 400 ml L-1 tan-1; P3 : POC of gamal leaves 600 ml L-1 tan-1; P4 : POC of gamal leaf 800 ml L-1 tan-1. Each treatment was repeated 4 times as a group so that 20 polybags were obtained. Each treatment used 3 polybags, overall using 60 polybags. The variables observed included plant height, number of leaves, stem diameter, leaf area. number of days of flowering and number of fruit. The results showed that there was an effect on the application of liquid organic fertilizer with Gamal leaves on liquid organic fertilizer of Gamal leaves gave the best effect on growth and production of large chili plants. P3: POC of gamal leaves 600 ml L-1 tan water-1.

Pengaruh Hasil Larutan Fermentasi Daun Gamal terhadap Pertumbuhan, Produktivitas dan Kualitas pada Tanaman Kale Curly (Brassica oleracea var. sabellica)

This research aims to determine the effect of giving gamal leaf ferment solution on the growth, productivity and quality of kale plants and to obtain the concentration of gamal leaf ferment solution which has an optimum effect on the growth, productivity and quality of curly kale plants. The research method used in this study is the experimental method. The results showed that based on the results of the test of variance, liquid organic fertilizer (POC) fermented gamal leaves with concentrations of 0%, 40 ml/l, 80 ml/l, 120 ml/l and 180 ml/l had a very significant effect on plant growth. kale curly seen from plant height, number of leaves, stem diameter, and crown width, then related to the effect of giving gamal leaf ferment solution on the productivity of Kale Curly plants shows that there is a very significant effect on the parameters of root wet weight and root dry weight for each concentration given , whereas for the parameters of shoot wet weight and shoot dry weight did not show a significant effect, then on the quality of kale curly plants showed that there was a very significant treatment of POC fermented gagal leaves on total chlorophyll, but not significantly different for chlorophyll A, chlorophyll B, and vitamin C. So that it can be concluded that in this study the administration of fermented gamal leaves had a very significant effect on the growth of kale culy plants, for productivity there was a very significant effect on the parameters of root wet weight and root dry weight, but not with shoot wet weight and shoot dry weight , while for the quality of kale curly there was a very significant treatment for total chlorophyll, but not for chlorophyll A, chlorophyll B, and vitamin C, while the most optimum concentration of fermented galam leaves for growth, productivity, and quality of kale curly was administration of fermented gamal leaves with a concentration of 120 ml/l.
 Keywords: Gamal Leaves Fermentation, Quality, Growth, Productivity, Curly Kale Plant

Analisis Campuran Limbah Daun Gamal, Daun Lamtoro, dan Kulit Pisang sebagai Pakan Alternatif Udang


 
 
 The waste of several organic materials in several areas in West Nusa Tenggara continues to increase. One of the most commonly found is banana peel waste, lamtoro leaf waste, and gamal leaf waste. One alternative to reduce this waste, can be converted into alternative shrimp feed. The advantage of using these ingredients is the vegetable protein content which is equivalent to sea fish. In this study, researchers carried out the process of making shrimp feed using gamal leaf waste, lamtoro leaves and banana peels. The research treatments used a variety of raw material mixtures, namely Formula 1, Formula 2 and Formula 3. The quality indicators tested in this study were moisture content, ash content, crude protein. The results showed a decrease in water content from 22.96%-15.86% from formula 1 to formula 3. The ash content increased from 4.8% to 9% from formula 1 to 3. Meanwhile, the crude protein content increased from 5.9% to 8.48% from formulas 1 to 3. Based on the three formulas, it can be concluded that formula 3 can be said to be the best with a mixture of 500 grams of gamal, 150 grams of lamtoro leaves, 150 grams of fine bran, 100 grams of corn flour, tapioca flour 30 grams, 20 grams of EM4 and 50 grams of banana peel. Based on these results it can also be concluded that the waste obtained from the remaining banana peels, gamal and lamtoro can be made into more useful shrimp feed.
 
 

Sosialisasi Kepada Masyarakat Tentang Daun Gamal Sebagai Pencegah Karies Gigi

Cavities or dental caries are one of the chronic diseases of the mouth with the highest incidence rate. One way that can be used to prevent dental caries is to brush your teeth using toothpaste. The Gamal plant (Gliricidia sepium) can inhibit the growth of Staphylococcus aureus bacteria that cause dental caries. So far, people in Jennae Village only use Gamal Leaves as animal feed or as a hedge. The purpose of devotion is to provide socialization about Gamal leaves which can traditionally be used as a deterrent to dental caries by pounding and then rubbing them on the teeth. The community service method is counseling the community in the Jennae Village Office Hall, Liliriaja District, Soppeng Regency. The results of community service show that the people of Jennae Village have started using Gamal Leaf as a medicine to prevent dental caries based on the results of interviews with several residents through telephone lines and Whatsapp conversations, but they still use traditional methods.

RESPON PERTUMBUHAN BIBIT TANAMAN PEPAYA (Carica papaya L.) TERHADAP PEMBERIAN PUPUK ORGANIK CAIR DAUN GAMAL

Papaya is a tropical plant that has a fruit that is rich in nutrients such as provitamin A, B vitamins, provitamin C, dietary minerals, lycopene and dietary fiber. The purpose of this study was to determine the growth response of papaya (Carica papaya L.) seedlings to the application of Gamal Leaf Liquid Organic Fertilizer (POC) at different doses. The study was carried out at the Wira Wacana Christian University Sumba agricultural garden laboratory, Kuta Village, Kanatang District, East Sumba Regency from September to October 2022, using a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with 5 treatments and 4 replicates with P0 as control, P1, i.e. dosing POC is 50 ml/liter of water, P2 is giving a POC dose of 100 ml/liter of water, P3 is giving a POC dose of 150 ml/liter of water, and P4 is giving a POC dose of 200 ml/liter of water. The results showed that the application of leaf POC at various doses did not have a significant effect on the growth of papaya seedlings which included leaf area, stem diameter, number of leaves and plant height. However, the application of gamal leaf POC with a concentration of 200 ml/liter of water gave the highest average value among all treatments. Keyword: Papaya Seed Growth; Liquid Organic Fertilizer; Gamal Leaf

Assays of physical stability and insecticidal activity of leaf extract of Gliricidia sepium on Pseudococcus longispinus—mealybugs infecting rose apple

This experiment is a follow-up study of our efforts to develop gamal plant (Gliricidia sepium) as natural insecticides. The purpose of this study was to determine the stability of the physical properties and the toxic activity of the extract that had been stored for up to three years. There were two types of extract prepared, namely water and methanol. Physical profile of the extract was assessed using organoleptic and pH of the extract. Meanwhile, the stability of the toxic properties was tested using residual effect techniques and probit analysis to determine the LC50 value of the extract. An overview of the study results obtained is as follows. The organoleptic properties and pH value of the gamal leaf extract remained stable for two years of storage. While the toxicity of the extract remained unchanged for 3 years of storage. Thus, it can be concluded that the leaf extract of the gamal plant has the potential to be developed into a plant-derived insecticide.

The Effect of The Gamal Leaf Ethanol Extract on The Growth of Escherichia coli Isolated from Semi Natural Sea Turtle Nest in Boom Beach, Banyuwangi

The aim of this study was to identify the antibacterial activity potention of gamal leaf (Gliricidia sepium) ethanol extract against Escherichia coli growth which isolated from Olive Ridley Sea Turtle (Lepidochelys olivacea) semi-natural nest in Boom beach, Banyuwangi. The antibacterial test used disk diffusion method. Oxytetracycline 30 µg (Oxoid CT0041B) was used as the Positive Control (K+). CMC Na 0,5% was used as the Negative Control (K-). The treatment (P1, P2, P3, P4) used various concentrations of gamal leaves ethanol extract, which is 40%, 50%, 60%, and 70%. The study assigned six treatments and four replication. The obtained data were analyzed by ANOVA, then continued with the DUNCAN test if the results showed significant differences (p<0,05). The inhibition result of positive control (K+) was 24,70c ± 7.04; and the negative control was 0,00a ± 0,00. All extract concentration result different inhibition, concentration 1 (P1) was 10,41 b ± 3,10; concentration 2 (P2) 8,14 b ± 0,45; concentration 3 (P3) 8,08 b ± 0,47; and concentration 4 (P4) 8,01b ± 0,29. These results indicated that the gamal leaves ethanol extract has antibacterial activity to inhibit the growth of E. coli isolated from Olive Ridley semi-natural nest in Boom beach, Banyuwangi.

Effects of the use of Fermented Gamal Leaf Flour as a Concentrate Substitute on Performance of the Landrace Breeding Pigs

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of fermented gamal leaf flour as a substitute for concentrate in the basal ration on the performance of landrace crossbreed pigs. The materials used in this study were 16 landrace crossbred male pigs at the starter phase aged 1–2 months, with an average of 7.56 kg and KV of 40.68%. The design was a randomized block design with four treatments and four replications. The treatments were R0: basal ration + 100 concentrate without fermented gamal leaf meal (FGLF), R1: basal ration + 90% concentrate + FGLF 10%, R2: basal ration + 80% concentrate + FGLF 20%, R3: basal ration + 70% concentrate + 30% FGLF. The results of variance showed that the use of fermented gamal leaf flour (FGLF) as a substitute for concentrate in the basal ration of landrace crossbreed pigs had no significant effect (P>0.05) on performance. This study concluded that using fermented gamal leaf flour as a substitute for concentrate in basal rations in landrace crossbreed pigs gave relatively the same results up to 30%.

Digestibility and Nutritional Value of Fermented Straw Supplemented with Green Concentrate as Feed Ingredients for Holstein Friesian Dairy Cattle

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of fermented straw supplementation with green concentrate on nutrient content and nutrient digestibility. Green concentrate used as treatment was white lead tree leaf flour ( Leucaena leucocephala ), Gamal leaf meal ( Gliricidia sepium ), and Indigofera leaf meal. Proximate analysis was carried out on fermented rice straw, 70% fermented rice straw + 30% lamtoro (FRS + white lead tree), 70% fermented rice straw + 30% Gamal (FRS + Gamal ) and 70% fermented rice straw + 30% Indigofera (FRS + Indigofera ). The livestock used for the nutrient digestibility test was 12 Friesian Holstein dairy cows. A randomized block design was used to test nutrient digestibility. The results showed that supplementation of green concentrate in fermented rice straw was able to increase crude protein, crude fat, and BETN and decrease crude fiber. Crude protein digestibility did not differ in the three types of green concentrates. Crude fat digestibility of FRS + white lead tree and FRS + Indigofera was higher than FRS + Gamal . The digestibility of BETN FRS + Gamal was higher than the digestibility of FRS + white lead tree and FRS + Indigofera . This study concludes that the three types of green concentrate can be used for the supplementation of fermented rice straw as dairy cattle feed.

Effect of Dosage and Time Interval of Application of Liquid Organic Fertilizer Gamal Leaves on Growth and Yield of Mustard Plants (Brassica Juncea L.)

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of the dose and time interval of applying organic Gamal leaf fertilizer on the growth and yield of mustard (Brassica junceaL). The study was conducted from March 2019 to May 2019 at the STIPER East Kutai Agrotechnology Experimental Garden. The design used was a Completely Randomized Design (CRD), with a factorial pattern, where the treatment of giving a dose of organic Gamal leaf fertilizer consisted of 4 treatments, namely: D0 = 0 ml L- 1, D1 = 40 ml L-1, D2 = 80 ml L-1, D3 = 120 ml L-1, while the time interval treatment consisted of 3 treatments, namely I1 = once every 3 days, I2 = once every 5 days, I3 = 7 days once. All treatments were repeated 3 times. Data were analyzed by analysis of variance followed by the smallest significant difference test at a significance level of 5%. The variables observed included the height of the mustard plant, the number of leaves of the mustard plant, the fresh weight per plant of the mustard greens. There was no interaction between the dosage of liquid organic fertilizer of Gamal leaves and the time interval of administration of all the variables measured. significantly to plant height (8.332), number of leaves (7.911) and fresh weight (7.027), while the time interval treatment had a significant effect only on plant height (8.076) and number of leaves (7.683).

EFFECTS OF VARIOUS PLANTING MEDIA AND LIQUID ORGANIC FERTILIZER (POC) ON THE GROWTH OF ROBUSTA COFFEE SEEDS (Coffea Robusta L.)

Efek berbagai media tanam dan pupuk organik cair terhadap pertumbuhan bibit kopi robusta (Coffea robusta L.). Penelitian dilaksanakan selama 12 minggu (3 bulan) terhitung bulan Maret – Juni 2020. Penelitian dilaksanakan di Kebun Percobaan Agroteknologi Universitas Widya Gama Mahakam Samarinda. Penelitian ini menggunakan Rancangan Acak Kelompok (RAK) Faktorial dengan 2 faktor dan di ulang sebanyak 3 kali. Faktor pertama ialah Media Tanam (M) yang terdiri dari 4 taraf yaitu, M1 = Tanah, M2 = Tanah+Sekam Padi (2:1), M3 = Tanah+Serbuk Kayu (2:1), M4 = Tanah+Sabut Kelapa (2:1). Faktor kedua ialah Pupuk Organik Cair (P) terdiri dari 3 taraf yaitu : P0 = Top soil (kontrol), P1 = POC Air Limbah Tahu Sereh Wangi 50% (ALTSW) (500 ml ALTSW + 500 ml air), P2 = POC Ekstrak Daun Gamal (EDG) (500 ml EDG + 500 ml air). Keluaran yang diharapkan adalah Memberikan informasi tentang media tanam yang terbaik untuk pertumbuhan bibit kopi Robusta bagi masyarakat. Memberikan informasi tentang pupuk organic cair yang terbaik untuk pertumbuhan bibit kopi Robusta bagi masyarakat.
 Keywords: Daun Gamal, Limbah Ampas Tahu, Serbuk Kayu

Uji Efek Larvasida Ekstrak Daun Gamal (Gliricida sepium) terhadap Larva Nyamuk Aedes aegypti

Gamal leaves (Gliricidia sepium) well known as liquid organic fertilizer, are also known to have potential as vegetable larvicides because there are flavonoids, triterpenoids, coumarin, coumaric acid, mitotic acid, and stigmastanol glucoside which can be identified and isolated from various parts from Gamal. The aim of this study was to examine the larvicidal effect of Gamal (G. sepium) leaf extract against larvae of Aedes aegypti mosquitoes. The study was conducted using an experimental design with a posttest-only control group design and a completely randomized design consisting of 6 treatment groups. Two groups as control (positive and negative control), while 4 other groups received treatment of Gamal leaf extract (G. sepium) at doses of 50 ppm (P1), 150 ppm (P2), 250 ppm (P3), and 350 ppm (P4). There was no mortality of larvae Aedes aegypti from pure lines after giving Gamal leaf extract, but mortality only occurred in Aedes aegypti larvae positive control group originating from the field. Unknown LC50 and LC90. A total of 13 (52%) Ae. aegypti strain classified as tolerant, while as many as 19 (76%) larvae of Aedes aegypti originating from the field are classified as resistant.

PENGARUH PUPUK ORGANIK CAIR GAMAL DAN UREA TERHADAP PERTUMBUHAN VEGETATIF BIBIT KAKAO (Theobroma cacao. L)

Research the effect of liquid organic fertilizer gamal and urea on vegetative growth of cocoa seeds (Theobroma cacao. L). The study was conducted for 12 weeks (3 months) from July 2021 - October 2021. The research was carried out in the Agrotechnology Experimental Garden at Widya Gama Mahakam University Samarinda. Research uses The research method used a Randomized Block Design (RAK) with a 4 x 4 factorial experiment consisting of 3 replications. The first factor is Urea Fertilizer (U) which consists of 4 levels, namely U0 (control), U1 (3 g/polybag), U2 (6 g/polybag), U3 (9 g/polybag). The second factor was Gamal Leaf POC (G) which consisted of 4 levels, namely G0 (control), G1 (200 ml/polybag), G2 (250 ml/polybag), G3 (300 ml/polybag). The expected output is to provide information about the best dose of Urea fertilizer for the vegetative growth of cocoa seedlings for the community. Provide information about the best liquid organic fertilizer from Gamal leaves for the vegetative growth of cocoa seedlings for the community.

Gamal (Gliricidia Sepium) Leaf Extract Increase Mortality of Fasciola gigantica In Vitro

Fasciolosis is a disease caused by infection with liver fluke (Fasciola sp). Fasciolosis is a parasitic disease that is important because it can cause high economic losses. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of gamal (Gliricidia sepium) leaf extract against mortality of Fasciola gigantica in vitro study. In present study was completely randomized design with six treatments and each treatment were divided into four replications. A total of 240 specimens from infected cattles were used in this study. The observation and recording of F. gigantica mortality in all treatments with concentrations of gamal leaf extract P1 (1%), P2 (2%), P3 (3), P4 (4%), K + (Nitroxynil 2%) and K- (physiological NaCl) rate was done in 30, 60, 90, 120, 150, 180, 210 and 240 minutes, respectively. The mortality of F. gigantica was confirmed if there was no movement when triggered by anatomy tweezers then dipped in slightly warm water (50 15℃"> ). The data was analyzed using ANAVA Faktorial and continued with Duncan Multiple Range Test. The results of this study were shown the lowest and the highest mortality rate recorded at minutes 30 and 240 respectively. Moreover, the mean of mortality rate were peaked in nitroxynil (K+) and 1% gamal leaf extract treatment, while the lowest mean of mortality rate occurs in NaCl (K-) treatment. Present study conclude that gamal leaf extract has anthelmintic effect on the mortality rate of Fasciola gigantica. Gamal leaf extract with 1% concentration was claimed to be the most effective.