Galvanostatic Charge Discharge Research Articles

Fabrication of CoPcMWCNTs nanocomposite for supercapacitor applications

Abstract The advancement of sophisticated materials for supercapacitors is essential for improving energy storage efficiency, especially in scenarios that demand high power density and extended cycle life. In this study, we synthesized CoPcMWCNTs nanocomposite and investigated its supercapacitive properties. The nanomaterials fabrication was successfully confirmed using EDX, XRD, SEM, FTIR, and UV-visible spectroscopy techniques.
Electrochemical techniques such as galvanostatic charge-discharge (GCD), cyclic voltammetry (CV), and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) were employed to determine the power density, specific capacitance, cycling stability, and energy density of the fabricated materials. Benefiting from the synergistic effects of CoPc and fMWCNTs, the hybrid supercapacitor exhibited a lower charge transfer resistance (Rct) of 0.11 kΩ, high specific capacitance of 508.67 F/cm2, lower phase angle of 32°, high power density of 700 mW/cm2, and high energy density of 138.48 mWh/cm2. The findings emphasize the potential of CoPcMWCNTs nanocomposite for high-energy applications and long-term cycling performance, hence contributing to the advancement of next-generation supercapacitors. 

A Cobalt-based Nanostructured Electrode Prepared by a Fast Chemical Method

The demand for nanomaterials is rapidly increasing in most applications, such as energy storage devices. Many nanomaterial synthesis methods are energy-consuming methods requiring high temperatures, prolonged reaction time, complicated steps, or expensive equipment. Herein, nanostructures of cobalt hydroxide chloride, Co2(OH)3Cl, have been directly deposited on carbon cloth microfibers by a fast and simple step of chemical bath deposition. Co2(OH)3Cl nanoparticles appear in only 10 minutes of the deposition time, then the nanoflakes are grown in 60 minutes, as imaged by scanning electron microscope. The crystal structure of Co2(OH)3Cl is characterized using X-ray diffraction, while the results of energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy confirm the elemental analysis. The electrochemical energy storage mechanism of Co2(OH)3Cl electrode in potassium hydroxide electrolyte depends on the semi-reversible redox reactions as investigated by the cyclic voltammetry and by the galvanostatic charge-discharge measurements. As a result, the prepared electrode in 60 min exhibits a maximum specific capacitance of 313 F/g versus 293 F/g for the prepared electrode in 10 min, both at 1 A/g. The good electrochemical performance is attributed to several features, including the nanoflakes morphology that enables electrolyte ions to penetrate the electrode freely, the well-crystallized structure, and the solid electronic path between the current collector and the active material indicated by the Nyquist plot of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Our cost-effective synthesis of cobalt hydroxide chloride nanostructures on woven substrates offers flexible binder-free electrodes in alkaline electrolytes. This research opens up the potential for these materials to be used as a power source in smart textiles and wearable electronics, thereby contributing to the advancement of these fields.

Adaptable Pectin Extraction and Functional Group Impact on Electrolytes Suitable for Energy Storage Applications

Abstract An alkaline de-esterification method was developed to modify the functional properties of pectin extracted from soybean hull waste. The process yielded pectin with degrees of esterification (DE) ranging from 40 to 0.40, which was then incorporated into symmetrical supercapacitors using carbon active material derived from in-situ resource utilization (ISRU) methods for space exploration applications. Physical characterization via Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, H1 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and static light scattering revealed that precipitation pH significantly influenced DE, molecular weight, and yield. In electrochemical testing using coin cells with blocking electrodes, pectin with 27 DE demonstrated superior ionic conductivity of 17.51 S m-1, substantially higher than reported biopolymer alternatives. While initial supercapacitor cells using ISRU carbon showed modest capacity (~1 F g-1) and specific energy (~0.1-1 Wh kg-1), devices incorporating commercial carbon electrodes achieved markedly improved performance (2-5 Wh kg-1). The pectin-based hydrogel electrolytes exhibited promising characteristics including high specific power (1,000-11,000 W kg-1) and exceptional stability over 10,000 galvanostatic charge-discharge cycles with maintained coulombic efficiency, establishing their potential for future energy storage applications.

Enhanced super capacitance performance of V₂O₅·nH₂O/g-C₃N₄ nanocomposites: Synthesis, characterizations, and electrochemical properties

Enhanced super capacitance performance of V₂O₅·nH₂O/g-C₃N₄ nanocomposites: Synthesis, characterizations, and electrochemical properties

Modeling supercapacitors with the simplified Randles circuit: Analyzing electrochemical behavior through cyclic voltammetry and Galvanostatic charge-discharge

Modeling supercapacitors with the simplified Randles circuit: Analyzing electrochemical behavior through cyclic voltammetry and Galvanostatic charge-discharge

Tailoring the Composition of Ternary NiCoFe Layered Double Hydroxide with Graphitic Carbon Nitride as a Positive Electrode Material for High‐Performance Hybrid Supercapacitors

This work reports a simple hydrothermal‐assisted method to prepare a high‐performance nickel cobalt iron layered double hydroxide/graphitic carbon nitride (NiCoFe LDH/g‐C3N4) composite for supercapacitor (SC) applications. Various spectral and analytical techniques were used to confirm the formation of NiCoFe LDH/g‐C3N4 composite. The NiCoFe LDH/g‐C3N4 composite demonstrates battery‐like SC behavior in the three‐electrode measurements. The NiCoFe LDH/g‐C3N4 composite has a maximum specific capacity (366 C g‐1 at 1 A g‐1) compared to the individual NiCoFe LDH and g‐C3N4 electrode materials. Further, the NiCoFe LDH/g‐C3N4 composite electrode shows 89% capacity retention even after 8000 galvanostatic charge‐discharge (GCD) cycles at 6 A g‐1. In addition, a hybrid supercapacitor (HSC) is fabricated by using NiCoFe LDH/g‐C3N4 composite as a positive electrode and activated carbon (AC) as a negative electrode. The as‐fabricated NiCoFe LDH/g‐C3N4//AC HSC demonstrates an impressive energy density of 76.44 Wh kg‐1 and a power density of 1279.9 W kg‐1, along with excellent long‐term cycle stability of 83% capacity retention even after 6000 GCD cycles at 6 A g‐1. Considering its simplicity of fabrication and exceptional energy storage capabilities, the as‐fabricated NiCoFe LDH/g‐C3N4//AC hybrid supercapacitor has significant promise for practical use in the near future.

Ecoflex-assisted quasi-solid-state flexible hybrid supercapacitors based on binder-free nanoflower-like CoxMo3-xS3 and Te-infused radish-derived bio-carbon for sensing and healthcare applications

Advancements in electronic devices have driven the fabrication of flexible supercapacitors (SCs) to power electronic devices in twisted or bent states. In this regard, we report the fabrication of nanoflower-like arrays of cobalt molybdenum sulfide (CoxMo3-xS3) on flexible and conductive carbon cloth via a facile single-step electrodeposition technique as a positive electrode. The morphological, physiochemical, and electrochemical characteristics of the corresponding electrodes are evaluated. For optimization, the CoxMo3-xS3 electrodes with various stoichiometric ratios of Co/Mo in the precursor solution are fabricated. The optimized CoxMo3-xS electrode shows a maximum areal capacitance value of 1008.7 mF cm−2 at 2 mA cm−2 and an excellent life duration with areal capacitance retention value of ~ 100% over 10,000 galvanostatic charge–discharge (GCD) cycles. Furthermore, Te-infused carbon derived from radish is explored as a green negative electrode. A flexible hybrid SC (FHSC) device is fabricated using optimized CoxMo3-xS3 and Te-infused radish-derived bio-carbon as the positive and negative electrodes, respectively. The corresponding FHSC device exhibits excellent electrochemical properties with power and energy density values of 7500 W kg−1 and 19.2 Wh kg−1, respectively, followed by outstanding long-term durability with a specific capacitance retention value of ~ 100% over 10,000 GCD cycles. Finally, the FHSC device successfully powers various electronic gadgets in contorted states, thereby demonstrating its practical feasibility. The ecoflex-packaged FHSC device is also employed to power temperature and humidity sensors in the wearable condition for wireless internet of things applications.

Biocompatible EDOT-Pyrrole Conjugated Conductive Polymer Coating for Augmenting Cell Attachment, Activity, and Differentiation.

Developing scaffolds supporting functional cell attachment and tissue growth is critical in basic cell research, tissue engineering, and regenerative medicine approaches. Though poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) and its derivatives are attractive for hydrogels and scaffold fabrication, they often require bioactive modifications due to their bioinert nature. In this work, biomimetic synthesized conductive polypyrrole-poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) copolymer doped with poly(styrenesulfonate) (PPy-PEDOT:PSS) was used as a biocompatible coating for poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEGDA) hydrogel to support neuronal and muscle cells' attachment, activity, and differentiation. The synthesized copolymer was characterized by Raman spectroscopy and dynamic light scattering. Its electrochemical properties were studied using galvanostatic charge-discharge (GCD) and voltammetry. PPy-PEDOT:PSS-coated hydrogels were characterized by Raman spectroscopy and atomic force microscopy, and protein adsorption was assessed using a quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring. Attachment and differentiation of the ND7/23 neuron hybrid cell line and C2C12 myoblasts were evaluated by cell cytoskeleton staining and quantification of morphological parameters. Viability was assessed by live/dead staining using flow cytometry. Cortex neural activity was studied by calcium ion influx that could be detected through the dynamic fluorescence changes of Fluo-4. The PPy-PEDOT:PSS coating supported cell attachment and differentiation and was nontoxic to cells. Primary neurons attached and remained responsive to electrical stimulation. Altogether, the biocompatible copolymer PPy-PEDOT:PSS is a simple yet effective alternative for hydrogel coating and presents great potential as an interface for nervous and other electrically excitable tissues.

Sustainable fabrication of Fe2O3/C nanoparticles via Acacia nilotica extract for enhanced supercapacitor performance

This research investigates the eco-friendly production of iron oxide nanoparticles and their combination with carbon to create the FeC-1 and FeC-2 NPs, using seedless pods ofAcacia nilotica. These pods, rich in tannins and flavonoids, serve as a natural reducing, stabilizing, and carbon source. The study details the synthesis of FeC NPs through a non-toxic, green method and examines the influence of varying concentrations ofA. niloticaextract (ANE) on the electrochemical characteristics of the resulting n FeC-1 and FeC-2 electrodes. Both FeC-1 and FeC-2 NPs were tested extensively using cyclic voltammetry and galvanostatic charge-discharge methods to evaluate their pseudocapacitive properties in a three-electrode setup. The FeC-2 electrodes showed much better performance, achieving a specific capacitance of 482.85 F g-1, compared to FeC-1's 155.71 F g-1. This enhanced capacity is attributed to an optimal content that notably boosts conductivity. Additionally, FeC-2 showed impressive cyclic stability, retaining approximately 80% capacity at a constant current density. These findings underscore the potential of using ANE for developing cost-effective and environmentally benign FeC-1 and FeC-2 NPs with promising applications in high-performance supercapacitors.

Synthesis of PPy/rGO/NiCoFe2O4 Ternary Composite and rGO/NiCoFe2O4 Binary Composite Hybrid Materials for the Fabrication of Flexible Carbon Cloth Electrodes for Supercapacitors

ABSTRACTThis study presents a simple, scalable approach for synthesizing binary and ternary composites tailored for electrode materials, with a focus on supercapacitor applications. The composites were fabricated by integrating reduced graphene oxide (rGO) with NiCoFe2O4 metal oxides and the conductive polymer polypyrrole (PPy). The significance of this work lies in the development of supercapacitors, which are highly valued for their superior energy density, fast charge and discharge rates, prolonged life cycle, and cost‐effectiveness. The binary composite, rGO/NiCoFe2O4, was synthesized using a sol–gel auto‐combustion method, with carbon cloth serving as the electrode substrate for electrochemical testing. Electrochemical analysis showed that the rGO/NiCoFe2O4 binary composite exhibited a specific capacitance of 154 F/g at a scan rate of 10 mV/s. The addition of PPy resulted in the formation of the ternary composite, PPy/rGO/NiCoFe2O4, which demonstrated a markedly improved specific capacitance of 210 F/g under the same conditions, underscoring the synergistic effect of PPy. Furthermore, galvanostatic charge–discharge (GCD) analysis revealed specific capacitance values of 222.5 F/g at 1 A/g and 145 F/g at 2 A/g for the ternary composite, compared to 157.1 F/g and 110 F/g for the binary composite. The findings of this investigation emphasize the significant potential of the PPy/rGO/NiCoFe2O4 composite for the development of high‐performance supercapacitors, leveraging the combined benefits of rGO, NiCoFe2O4, and PPy for superior energy storage capabilities.

Hydrothermal carbonization of citrus peels and their electrochemical efficacy in double-layer supercapacitors

This work involved the fabrication of supercapacitors with rapid charge/discharge rates using waste biomass. Initially, hydrochars were produced using the hydrothermal carbonization of four distinct citrus peels. Subsequently, physical, acidic, and basic activation was employed to enhance surface area and induce porosity. They were analyzed using elemental analysis, FTIR spectroscopy, and SEM examination. The electrochemical performance of the electrodes was assessed using galvanostatic charge-discharge and cyclic voltammetry techniques. The maximum specific capacity recorded was 65.1 mF/cm2 at a current rate of 0.50 mA for the electrode produced through potassium hydroxide activation and calcination. Consequently, it was demonstrated that supercapacitors with comparable specific capacity values may be fabricated from these waste orange peels.

Harnessing the Potential of UU 200/Bi4O8 Nanocomposite to Optimize Energy Efficiency in Supercapacitor and Electrocatalysis Application

ABSTRACTIn the pursuit of sustainable energy solutions, the spotlight shines on the advancement of effective energy storage systems and green hydrogen production. In this work, UU 200 (UU: Uppsala University) metal–organic framework (MOF)/bismuth oxide (Bi4O8), termed the UU 200/Bi4O8 nanocomposite, has been synthesized and utilized as an electrode material for supercapacitor applications and an electrocatalyst for hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). XRD, Raman, FT‐IR, and XPS tests showed that the UU 200/Bi4O8 nanocomposite was successfully formed. The SEM and TEM images revealed that the UU 200/Bi4O8 nanocomposite exhibits a mixed rod and spherical structure. The supercapacitor performance of pure UU 200 and UU 200/Bi4O8 nanocomposite has been examined through cyclic voltammetry (CV), galvanostatic charge–discharge (GCD), and electrochemical impedance (EIS) measurements. Interestingly, the UU 200/Bi4O8 nanocomposite delivered a maximum specific capacitance value of 220 F g−1 at 1 A g−1. Furthermore, the UU 200/Bi4O8 nanocomposite potential was extended beyond its energy storage capability to the electrocatalytic HER process. The electrocatalytic HER performances were assessed through linear sweep voltammetry (LSV), CV, chronoamperometry (CA), and EIS analysis. The overpotential (ɳ) of 130 mV and the Tafel slope value of 131 mV dec−1 indicate the UU 200/Bi4O8 nanocomposite supremacy in advanced applications. The UU 200/Bi4O8 nanocomposite electrode has excellent supercapacitor and water‐splitting performance, allowing it to acquire green energy for future energy needs.

Electrochemical performance of 3D CuO nanoflowers and g-C3N4/CuO/PAN composite synthesized by thermal decomposition method

Electrochemical performance of 3D CuO nanoflowers and g-C3N4/CuO/PAN composite synthesized by thermal decomposition method

Stable neodymium gallium oxide (Nd3Ga5O12 and Nd3GaO6) phases: a study on their asymmetric supercapacitor applications.

Rare-earth-based nanomaterials with exceptional electrochemical properties can be obtained via a simple, low-cost, environment-friendly citrate-gel-matrix approach. Owing to their high specific capacitance, strong conductivity, and electrochemical stability, gallium-based materials are capable of withstanding numerous charge-discharge cycles, thus extending the life cycle of a supercapacitor. This tunability enabled researchers to alter the morphology and composition of the electrode to enhance supercapacitor performance. This research describes the investigation of stable neodymium gallium oxides, namely, Nd3Ga5O12 and Nd3GaO6, synthesised via a citrate-gel-matrix method for asymmetric supercapacitor applications. Structural, morphological and optical studies elucidated the outstanding supercapacitor performance of Nd3Ga5O12 and Nd3GaO6. XRD revealed the formation of cubic Nd3Ga5O12 and orthorhombic Nd3GaO6. The vibrational modes, optical properties, surface morphology and oxidation states of Nd3GaxOy phases were examined using Raman spectroscopy, UV-visible spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, respectively. Electrochemical studies using cyclic voltammetry, galvanostatic charge-discharge and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy revealed that the fabricated Nd3Ga5O12 electrode resulted in a greater specific capacitance of about 418 F g-1 than Nd3GaO6, thereby displaying superior electrochemical characteristics. An asymmetric device fabricated with Nd3Ga5O12 demonstrated a specific capacitance of about 64 F g-1, energy density of 20 W h kg-1 and a power density of about 750 W kg-1. Thus, the favorable attributes of Nd3GaxOy in terms of its electrochemical performance indicate its significant promise for potential application in energy-storage devices.

Facile green synthesis of silver doped NiO nanoparticles using aloe vera latex for efficient energy storage and photocatalytic applications.

Herein, we report the biosynthesis of pure NiO and NiO nanoparticles doped with Silver (Ag@NiO NPs) 2, 4, 6, and 8mol% from aloe vera extract by solution combustion method at 400°C and calcined at 500°C for 3h. By utilizing silver-doped NiO nanoparticles synthesized with Aloe Vera latex, which not only enhances the material's properties but also promotes environmentally friendly fabrication methods. The morphological, structural elemental compositions were analysed through SEM, HRTEM, SAED, XRD and EDAX. The band gap was determined as 2.48, 2.57, 2.58, 2.60, and 2.62eV for pure NiO, 2-8% Silver doped NiO using Kubelka-Munk plot. The photocatalytic potential of the 6% Ag doped NiO has been explored by assessing their effectiveness in degrading fast blue (FB) dye, demonstrating significant activity at 605nm. Remarkably, with 120min of UV radiation, the FB dye reaches an impressive photodegradation rate of 98 %, making the dye nearly colorless. The green synthesized NPs were tested in 1M KOH to investigate their supercapacitor performance as an effective material for electrode. The Cyclic Voltammetry (CV), the Galvanostatic charge-discharge (GCD), and the Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) studies were conducted to determine the materials' electrochemical activity. The GCD study for 6mol% Ag@NiO in a 3-electrode system shows a capacitance of 535Fg-1 at a current density of 1 Ag-1. 6mol% Ag@NiO modified electrode shows excellent long-term stability, retention of more than 92% of its initial capacitance after the operation of 2000 cycles. The important outcome of this work lies in multifunctional application of the as-synthesized materials, demonstrating their effectiveness for both efficient energy storage and improved photocatalytic performance, paving the way for sustainable and multifunctional devices.

Rate capability and electrolyte concentration: Tuning MnO2 supercapacitor electrodes through electrodeposition parameters.

Manganese dioxide (MnO2) is a well-known pseudocapacitive material that has been extensively studied and highly regarded, especially in supercapacitors, due to its remarkable surface redox behavior, leading to a high specific capacitance. However, its full potential is impeded by inherent characteristics such as its low electrical conductivity, dense morphology, and hindered ionic diffusion, resulting in limited rate capability in supercapacitors. Addressing this issue often requires complicated strategies and procedures, such as designing sophisticated composite architectures. This study introduces a straightforward and cost-effective approach to tune and enhance the rate capability of MnO2 pseudocapacitor electrodes fabricated via the electrodeposition method. Among the electrodeposition parameters, the deposition time and electrolyte concentration, which influence the mass loading, electrode thickness, microstructure, and electrochemical properties, were the primary focus. Various electrodes were prepared potentiostatically in a two-electrode cathodic electrodeposition setup on a Ni foam substrate in a KMnO4 aqueous electrolyte, with bath concentrations (in terms of Mn ion) of 0.01 and 0.1M, and electrodeposition times ranging from 1 to 15min. Optimal rate capabilities were achieved at low bath concentrations and deposition times, primarily due to the structural properties of electrodes prepared under such circumstances. While electrodeposition at a 0.1M electrolyte concentration resulted in the formation of electrolytic MnO2 with high supercapacitive rate sensitivity, reducing the bath concentration to 0.01M primarily led to the formation of birnessite δ-MnO2, capable of maintaining a reasonable specific capacitance in the range of approximately 90-100 Fg-1 with almost no sensitivity to the charging/discharging rate, as confirmed by galvanostatic charge-discharge (1-10 Ag-1) and cyclic voltammetry (10-100mVs-1) examinations. Along with the positive structural impacts of the layered birnessite with large interlayer spacing, the porous morphology (vertically aligned two-dimensional interconnected columns) and low thickness (≈2μm) of the electrode prepared at the lowest bath concentration and electrodeposition time (0.01M in 1min electrode) contributed to its fast ionic diffusion kinetics for pseudocapacitive charge storage and the consequent high rate capability.

Enhanced electrochemical performance of a polyaniline-based supercapacitor by a bicontinuous microemulsion nanoreactor approach.

Polyaniline (PANI)-based supercapacitors suffer from environmental and mechanical instabilities. In this work, a novel bicontinuous microemulsion approach was developed to fabricate a unique nanofibre structure of polyaniline and its 3D-crosslinked network using crosslinking chemistry, which improved both the mechanical and electrochemical performance of a PANI-based supercapacitor. The polyaniline nanofibers and its 3D-crosslinked networks produced by bicontinuous nanoreactors were investigated using experimental tools, such as SEM, FTIR, BET, TGA and DSC. Electrochemical evaluations for the above polyaniline nanofibers and its 3D-crosslinked materials was performed via cyclic voltammetry and galvanostatic charge-discharge measurements. The result of this study demonstrated that the PANI nanofiber exhibited the highest specific capacitance of 280.4 F g-1 at a current density of 1 A g-1, while both PANI-based supercapacitors made of nanofibers and 3D-crosslinked materials retained good cycling stability of 98% during continuous redox cycling.

Crafting the architecture of biomass-derived activated carbon via electrochemical insights for supercapacitors: a review.

Escalating energy demands have often ignited ground-breaking innovations in the current era of electrochemical energy storage systems. Supercapacitors (SCs) have emerged as frontrunners in this regard owing to their exclusive features such ultra-high cyclic stability, power density, and ability to be derived from sustainable sources. Despite their promising attributes, they typically fail in terms of energy density, which poses a significant hindrance to their widespread commercialization. Hence, researchers have been exploring different cutting-edge technologies to address these challenges. This review focuses on biomass-derived activated carbon (BDAC) as a promising material for SCs. Initially, the methodology and key factors involved in synthesising BDAC, including crafting the building blocks of SCs, is detailed. Further, various conventional and novel material characterization techniques are examined, highlighting important insights from different biomass sources. This comprehensive investigation seeks to deepen our understanding of the properties of materials and their significance in various applications. Next, the architectural concepts of SCs, including their construction and energy storage mechanisms, are highlighted. Finally, the translation of the unravelled BDAC metrics into promising SCs is reviewed with comprehensive device-level visualisations and quantifications of the electrochemical performance of SCs using various techniques, including cyclic voltammetry (CV), galvanostatic charge-discharge test (GCD), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), cyclic tests (CT), voltage holding tests (VHT) and self-discharge tests (SDT). The review is concluded with a discussion that overviews peanut-shell-derived activated carbon as it is a common and promising source in our geographical setting. Overall, the review explores the current and futuristic pivotal roles of BDAC in the broad field of energy storage, especially in SC construction and commercialisation.

Preparation of Activated Carbon Based on Buddleja Paniculata as a Low-Cost Electrode Material for Supercapacitor Application

In this study, carbon was prepared by carbonization of ZnCl2 activated wood of Buddleja Paniculata at 700 °C and the activated carbon was used in the preparation of the electrodes of supercapacitors. Physical properties of the activated carbon were analyzed by using X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), N2 adsorption-desorption isotherms, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), and Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDS). These analyses revealed a high carbon concentration (96.7 %) and a dominant amorphous carbon in the sample. The calculated Brunaeur-Emmet-Teller (BET) surface area of activated carbon was 1326 m2 g−1 with a high volume of microporous structures. The electrochemical properties of the prepared supercapacitor electrodes using activated carbon were analyzed by cyclic voltammetry (CV) and galvanostatic charge-discharge (GCD) tests in a three-electrode system. They exhibited excellent electrochemical double layer capacitance (EDLC) behavior and a specific capacitance of 117.58 Fg−1 at 1 Ag−1 . The above investigation indicates that the activated carbon of Buddleja Paniculata can be a low-cost supercapacitor electrode material.

Investigation of the Electrochemical Properties of 3D Recyclable Aluminium doped LiMn2O4 Electrode: Improved Power and Energy Densities for Lithium-ion Battery Usage

The Composites of Al-Doped LiMn2O4; Al0.1:(LiMn2O4)0.9 and AI0.3:(LiMn2O4)0.7, were prepared using the hydrothermal method and drop casting deposition technique. The electrochemical performance of the Al-doped LiMn2O4 composite as a promising anode material for lithium-ion batteries was characterised by cyclic voltammetry analysis, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and galvanostatic charge discharge analysis. The anodes' material exhibits a reversible capacity loss, which can be primarily linked to reverse reactions within the solid electrolyte interface formation, aluminium adsorption in the conducting LiMn2O4, and the electrolyte's electrochemical breakdown. The charges that are retained in the anode material during charging showed a linear decline in charge capacity as charging current intensity increased. Ionic polarisation was the reason for the observed drop in the charge and discharge capabilities at the current density of 5 A/g. Having greater specific capacitance and energy density, the composite Al0.1:(LiMn2O4)0.9, is a better anode material for electrochemical applications compared to Al0.3:(LiMn2O4)0.7, also its comparatively higher power density at a scan rate of 5 mV/s is mostly explained by its lower equivalent series resistance.