Prevalence Of Gallstones Research Articles

Impaired intestinal cholecystokinin secretion, a fascinating but overlooked link between coeliac disease and cholesterol gallstone disease.

Coeliac disease is a chronic, small intestinal, immune-mediated enteropathy caused by a permanent intolerance to dietary gluten in genetically predisposed individuals. Clinical studies have found that intestinal cholecystokinin secretion and gallbladder emptying in response to a fatty meal are impaired before coeliac patients start the gluten-free diet (GFD). However, it was never really appreciated whether coeliac disease is associated with gallstones because there were very few studies investigating the mechanism underlying the impact of coeliac disease on the pathogenesis of gallstones. We summarize recent progress on the relationship between coeliac disease and gallstones and propose that coeliac disease is an important risk factor for gallstone formation because defective intestinal cholecystokinin secretion markedly increases susceptibility to cholesterol gallstones via a mechanism involving dysmotility of both the gallbladder and the small intestine. Because GFD can significantly improve the coeliac enteropathy, early diagnosis and therapy in coeliac patients is crucial for preventing the long-term impact of cholecystokinin deficiency on the biliary and intestinal consequences. When gluten is reintroduced, clinical and histologic relapse often occurs in coeliac patients. Moreover, some of the coeliac patients do not respond well to GFD. It is imperative to routinely examine by ultrasonography whether gallbladder motility function is preserved in coeliac patients and monitor whether biliary sludge (a precursor of gallstones) appears in the gallbladder, regardless of whether they are under the GFD programme. To prevent gallstones in coeliac patients, it is urgently needed to investigate the prevalence and pathogenesis of gallstones in these patients.

Gallstone Risk in Adult Patients with Atopic Dermatitis and Psoriasis: Possible Effect of Overweight and Obesity.

Adult atopic dermatitis (AD) is associated with overweight, obesity and cardiovascular diseases (CVD) in Americans, similarly to psoriasis, but no increased risk of CVD has been shown in European patients with AD. This study investigated the prevalence and risk of gallstones in adults with AD and in those with psoriasis as a proxy for obesity using nationwide data for all Danish citizens ≥ 30 years of age. Outcome was a diagnosis of gallstones. Odds ratios (ORs) were calculated by logistic regression (cross-sectional study) and hazard ratios (HRs) were estimated by Cox regression (cohort study). The study comprised 6,742 patients with AD, 53,810 patients with psoriasis, and 3,534,164 general population subjects. The prevalence of gallstones was 3.8%, 3.5% and 5.0% in the general population, AD and psoriasis patients, respectively. Adjusted ORs were 0.81 (0.71-0.92) for AD and 1.18 (1.14-1.23) for psoriasis. During follow-up, adjusted HRs were 0.72 (0.56-0.90) for AD and 1.10 (1.02-1.18) for psoriasis. The findings highlight important differences in obesity and lifestyle factors among patients with AD and those with psoriasis.

Hepatobiliary dysfunction in Type-2 diabetes mellitus.

Objective:Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and gallstones are frequently present in diabetics, but its exact prevalence is not well studied in India. We have done a prevalence study of hepatobiliary involvement in Type-2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and also studied the other risk factors of NAFLD.Materials and Methods:Two hundred diabetics and 200 controls underwent anthropometric measurements, abdominal ultrasonography, (USG) and biochemical tests at a tertiary care hospital. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were done.Results:One hundred and thirty (65%) diabetics and 47 (23.50%) controls were having USG evidence of fatty liver (odds ratio [OR] = 6.046, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 3.904–9.363 [P < 0.0001]). Raised liver enzymes were present in 42 (21%) diabetics and 16 (8%) controls [OR = 3.057, 95% CI: 1.654–5.648 [P < 0.004]). Gallstones were present in 32 (16%) diabetics and 10 (5%) controls (OR = 2.825; 95% CI: 1.850–4.315 P < 0.0001). In addition, waist circumference (WC) and body mass index (BMI) were significantly more in diabetics, but lipid profile was not significantly deranged as compared to controls. Then, all patients with fatty liver were compared with patients with normal liver, and we found that fatty liver group was having raised BMI, WC, liver enzymes, and more dyslipidemia. Multivariate analysis was done which shows the presence of T2DM, elevated liver enzymes, obesity, and elevated WC as independent risk factors of fatty liver.Conclusion:The prevalence of NAFLD and gallstones was higher in diabetics as compared to healthy population. In addition, the presence of T2DM, elevated liver enzymes, obesity, and elevated WC are independent predictors of NAFLD.

Prevalence of Gall Stones in Adult Population: A Clinical Study

Prevalence of Gall Stones in Adult Population: A Clinical Study

Gallstones: Site, Size, Number, Prevalence and Complications by Ultrasonography

This study was undertaken to determine the common sites, sizes, number, complications and the prevalence of gallstones at Almadinah Almunawwarah in Saudi Arabia that is a common medical problem in this region even in young adults and not satisfied by enough previous studies. This was a descriptive retrospective study in which screening of 1018 case from the PACS system was done for gallstones. Those patients were subjected to abdominal ultrasound (US) imaging. The collected data analyzed by using the Microsoft word 2013 and SPSS. The prevalence of gallstones in this study is 18-23.5% and exactly 69.57% of gallstones were in females and 30.43% in males. Gallstones increase with age to peak in elderly. Approximately 58.15% of gallstones were multiple stones in the gallbladder and 39.13% were solitary stone. Nearly 61.41% were mobile stones in the gallbladder, 11.41% were impacted stones in the neck of the GB and 13% of the gallstones were filling the whole lumen of the GB. Approximately 60.66% of gallstones were 5 to 20 mm in the largest diameter, 20.77% less than 5 mm and only 15.30% were larger than 20 mm. The conclusion is gallstones are a common problem in Saudi Arabia and the ratio of cholecystectomy is high. Gallstones affect female twice as they affect males. Multiple stones of the GB are more common than solitary. Most cases of gallstones are mobile stones, filling the GB or impacted in the neck of the gallbladder. Most cases of gallstones are 5-20 mm in size.

Vitamin D and gallstone disease-A population-based study.

Gallstone disease is highly prevalent in the general population and is a major gastrointestinal cause of hospital admissions. The objectives were to determine whether circulating levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D were associated to ultrasound proven gallstones or cholecystectomy in a general population sample. Determinants of vitamin D status were also explored. A random sample of 4130 people from the population of Copenhagen with ages 41-71 years were invited (N = 4130) and 2650 participants were included. Ultrasound examinations were performed to assess gallstone status and blood samples were drawn to assess 25-hydroxyvitamin D and biomarkers of renal and hepatic function. Gallstone disease was found in 422 participants. Associations were estimated by logistic regression models. Levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D was not significantly associated with gallstone disease. Time of birth during low vitamin D exposure was associated with gallstone disease (gallstone prevalence 18.0 versus 14.4 %, odds ratio 1.33, 95 % confidence interval [1.07; 1.65]). Highest quartile of cystatin C was significantly associated with gallstone disease (gallstone prevalence 22.1 versus 12.0 %, odds ratio 1.53, 95 % confidence interval [1.08; 2.18]). Serum levels of creatinine and alanine amino transferase were not associated with gallstone disease. Sensitivity analyses excluding participants with cholecystectomy did not alter results significantly. No association between 25-hydroxyvitamin D and gallstone disease was identified. Findings suggest gallstones to be associated to low vitamin D exposure in utero and to renal failure suggesting that vitamin D might have an impact on gallstone disease. Future studies should explore associations for vitamin D and gallstone disease prospectively.

The Prevalence and Risk Factors of Gallstone among Adults in Karachi, South Pakistan: A Population-Based Study

&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;INTRODUCTION: &lt;/strong&gt;The present study was aimed to determine the prevalence and risk factors of GSD among a sample of general population in Karachi, South Pakistan.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;METHODOLOGY: &lt;/strong&gt;A multistage random sampling method was employed on 30 clusters, where 60 subjects of age&amp;gt;=25 years were randomly recruited from the study population from June 2013 till March 2015. Finally, data was analyzed and logistic regression models were used to find the correlation between selected variables and gallstone disease.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;RESULTS: &lt;/strong&gt;It was found that 184 patients had echogenic mass with shadowing on ultrasonography; yielding a prevalence of 10.2% for gallstones in the study participants. The occurrence was higher in females (14.8%) than in male participants (5.7%). Further, participants over 40 years of age and single, widow/separated subjects had higher incidence of gallstones than married individuals. Moreover, an indirect correlation was obtained with daily physical activity, consumption of fruits, vegetables and fish with development of GD.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;CONCLUSION: &lt;/strong&gt;It can be evaluated that daily physical activity, female gender, increasing age and marital status play an important role in progression of GSD. Understanding pathogenesis and physiological mechanism involved in GSD can help to determine therapeutic options other than surgical treatment.&lt;/p&gt;

Risk Factors for Cholelithiasis.

Gallstone disease is one of the most common public health problems in the United States. Approximately 10%-20% of the national adult populations currently carry gallstones, and gallstone prevalence is rising. In addition, nearly 750,000 cholecystectomies are performed annually in the United States; direct and indirect costs of gallbladder surgery are estimated to be $6.5 billion. Cholelithiasis is also strongly associated with gallbladder, pancreatic, and colorectal cancer occurrence. Moreover, the National Institutes of Health estimates that almost 3,000 deaths (0.12% of all deaths) per year are attributed to complications of cholelithiasis and gallbladder disease. Although extensive research has tried to identify risk factors for cholelithiasis, several studies indicate that definitive findings still remain elusive. In this review, predisposing factors for cholelithiasis are identified, the pathophysiology of gallstone disease is described, and nonsurgical preventive options are discussed. Understanding the risk factors for cholelithiasis may not only be useful in assisting nurses to provide resources and education for patients who are diagnosed with gallstones, but also in developing novel preventive measures for the disease.

Cholelithiasis in children with CHD: is it a problem?

An association of heart disease and its treatment with biliary calculi is popularly accepted. We sought determine the prevalence and risk factors of paediatric gallstone disease in the presence of CHD and analyse the treatment options. We evaluated the role of open-heart surgery in the development of gallstones in patients with CHD. Patients and methods In a 10-year, retrospective, chart review (2005-2014), patients with CHD and cholelithiasis were identified and reviewed. In all, 19 of 4729 children with CHD had cholelithiasis (0.4%); eight patients underwent cardiac surgery before diagnosis of cholelithiasis (group 1), whereas 11 of them had not (group 2). The prevalence was 0.3% in group 1 and 0.5% in group 2. In nine asymptomatic patients, gallstones were found incidentally. Children with cholecystolithiasis (n=17) received ursodeoxycholic acid. A resolution of gallstones was found in four cases; two patients underwent biliary surgery, and the others (15/17) were successfully managed non-operatively. Despite an accumulation of risk factors, prevalence of gallstones is not as high as expected in children with CHD. Open-heart surgery with a heart-lung machine plays a minor role as an aetiological factor. In about half of the cases, cholelithiasis is an incidental finding and patients stay asymptomatic. Prophylactic administration of ursodeoxycholic acid is not indicated in children undergoing open-heart surgery for CHDs. Biliary surgery is reserved for patients with recurrent symptoms or cholestasis. In children with CHD, cholelithiasis is a minor and manageable co-morbid condition.

Prevalence and Risk Factors of Asymptomatic Gallstones in a Sample of Population in Basrah, Iraq

Background: Asymptomatic gallstones can be identified as incidental finding during routine ultrasound examination for other abdominal condition. Methods: This study was a cross-sectional, which was conducted at the ultrasound departments of Al-Basrah General Hospital and Al-Fayhaa Hospital in Basrah city, over a period of six months from June to December 2015. A total sample of 1001 participants were included in the study, interviewing them was done using a questionnaire covering information about socio-demographic characteristics and medical history related to the risk of gallstone formation in general population (history of DM, family history of gallstones, history of smoking and history of oral contraceptives use in females). Results: The prevalence of gallstone was 13.6%. It increased with advanced age. Female gender, people with low level of education, and women who had more than 4 children were more liable to have gallstones. Those with medical history of diabetes mellitus, persons with family history of gallstones, high serum cholesterol, and overweight or obesity also showed significant association with gallstones. No association was found between gallstones and history of smoking, history of hemolytic anemia, and history of oral contraceptive use. Conclusion: The prevalence of asymptomatic gallstone was relatively high in this region. Female gender, age, high cholesterol level, family history of gallstones, and increased BMI were independent risk factors for gallstones formation.

Factors affecting metabolic syndrome by lifestyle.

[Purpose] The aim of this study was to explore lifestyle factors in relation to metabolic syndrome so as to be able to utilize the results as baseline data for the furtherance of health-care and medical treatment. [Subjects and Methods] This study was conducted with patients who visited a health care center located in Seoul and had abdominal ultrasonography between 2 March 2013 and 28 February, 2014. Heights, weights, and blood pressures were measured by automatic devices. Three radiologists examined the patients using abdominal ultrasonography for gallstone diagnosis. The statuses of patients with regard to smoking, alcohol, coffee, and physical activities were explored for the lifestyle investigation. For investigating baseline demographics, we first used descriptive statistics. We then used the χ2 test to analyze lifestyles and gallstone prevalence with regard to the presence of metabolic syndrome. Lastly, logistic regression analysis was conducted to discover the risk factors of metabolic syndrome. [Results] For men, body mass index, maximum gallstone size, and waist circumference were revealed as risk factors for metabolic syndrome, in descending order of the degree of risk. For females, gallstone presence was the most significant risk factor, followed by waist circumference. [Conclusion] Metabolic disease mainly presents itself along with obesity, and we should become more focused on preventing and treating this disease. A large-scale prospective study is needed in the future, as the cause of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis remained unclear in this study.

Evaluation of preoperative predictive factors that determine difficult laparoscopic cholecystectomy

Background: Cholelithiasis is the most common biliary pathology. Gallstones are present in 10 to 15% of the general population and asymptomatic in the majority (>80%). The prevalence of gallstone varies widely in different parts of the world. In India it is estimated to be around 4%. Since laparoscopic cholecystectomy is the most common procedure done now days we undertook a study to evaluate factors determining difficult laparoscopic cholecystectomy. The objective of the study was to evaluate preoperative data that can serve as predictors of difficult laparoscopic cholecystectomy and help in planning of surgery. Methods: Patients presenting with upper abdominal discomfort and sonographically confirmed cholelithisis were studied in terms of several clinical factors and scoring system was devised. Based on scoring system patients were categorised and evaluated post operatively. Results: In present study prior history of hospitalisation (p 27.5 (p<0.01), thickened GB wall (p<0.001) were found to be significant predictors of difficult laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Remaining parameters like age, sex, impacted stone and pericholecystic collection were not found significant predictors of difficult laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Conclusions: Difficult laparoscopic cholecystectomy can be predicted preoperatively based on parameters used in the study. Knowledge of these factors for difficult laparoscopic cholecystectomy could help surgeons during pre-operative assessment and improve the informed consent.

Prevalence of Gall Stones in Liver Cirrhosis

Increased incidence and prevalence of gallstones in liver cirrhosis has already been reported by many studies. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of gallstone disease in Nepali patients with LC and to identify risk factors for gallstone formation. Consecutive patients of LC presenting to liver clinic from January, 2010 to December, 2012 were evaluated for GS by ultrasonography at their first visit. Liver cirrhosis was diagnosed on the basis of clinical features, laboratory parameters, ultrasonography, and/or histopathology. Two hundred and twenty four LC patients were studied. Male to female ratio was 2.3:1. Alcohol was the major etiological factor for LC followed by hepatitis B, alone or in conjunction with alcohol. Seventy-four patients (33%) were found to have GS. Incidence of GS was more in advance stage of cirrhosis. There was no significant correlation between formation of GS and etiology of LC, except for the HCV related liver cirrhosis, in which it was present in 39% of the patients. More the advance disease,more was the incidence as 57% of Child-C patients had GS. Portal vein diameter was also associated with GS formation. When portal vein diameter was more than 13 mm, there was more GS formation. One third of the patients of LC showed GS at the presentation. Patients with HCV related cirrhosis are more prone to develop GS than other. Severity of the disease and portal vein diameter was found to be associated with GS formation.

Elevated Whole-Blood Viscosity is Associated with Gallstones.

BackgroundGallstones are associated with dyslipidemia, metabolic syndrome, hyperinsulinemia, and carotid intima-media thickness, which all are related to hyperviscosity. Therefore, this study aimed to examine the associations between blood viscosity and gallstones.Material/MethodsWe investigated the associations between blood viscosity and gallstones in a study conducted in middle-aged subjects.ResultsAmong 849 enrolled patients, 421 (49.6%) had gallstone disease. Compared with control subjects, whole-blood viscosity (WBV) levels were increased in patients with gallstones. The prevalence of gallstones increased as WBV (3 s−1) quartiles increased. Furthermore, logistic regression analysis showed that WBV (3 s−1) was associated with gallstone disease.ConclusionsWe found that whole-blood viscosity at low shear rate was independently associated with gallstones. Whether control of hyperviscosity would reduce the risk of developing gallstones deserves further investigation.

Regional variations in cholecystectomy rates in Sweden: impact on complications of gallstone disease

Objective There are considerable variations in cholecystectomy rates between countries, but it remains unsettled whether high cholecystectomy rates prevent future gallstone complications by reducing the gallstone prevalence. The aims of this study were to investigate the regional differences in cholecystectomy rates and their relation to the incidence of gallstone complications.Material and methods Nation-wide registry-based study of the total number of cholecystectomies in Sweden between 1998 and 2013. Data were obtained from the Swedish Inpatient Registry covering the entire population and subdivided for by the 21 different counties. Indications for the procedure were prospectively collected during the years 2006–2013 in the National Registry for Gallstone Surgery and ERCP. The detailed demography of the total number of patients undergoing cholecystectomy and its relation to the respective indications were analysed by linear regression.Results The annual rates of cholecystectomy in the Swedish counties ranged from 100 to 207 per 100,000 inhabitants, with a mean of 157 (95% CI 145–169). The majority of cholecystectomies were done in females based on the indication biliary colic, with a peak incidence in younger ages. Cholecystectomies performed due to gallstone complications, pancreatitis and cholecystitis, were mainly carried out in the older age groups. No significant relationship could be demonstrated between cholecystectomy rates in the different regions and the respective incidences of gallstone complications. Conclusions There are wide regional variations in cholecystectomy rates in Sweden. The present study does not give support that frequent use of cholecystectomy in uncomplicated gallstone disease prevents future gallstone complications.

Serum Total Bilirubin, not Cholelithiasis, is Influenced by UGT1A1 Polymorphism, Alpha Thalassemia and β(s) Haplotype: First Report on Comparison between Arab-Indian and African β(s) Genes.

BackgroundWe explored the potential relationship between steady state serum bilirubin levels and the incidence of cholelithiasis in the context of UGT1A1 gene A(TA)nTAA promoter polymorphism in Omani sickle cell anemia (SCA) patients, homozygotes for African (Benin and Bantu) and Arab-Indian βS haplotypes, but sharing the same microgeographical environment and comparable life style factors.Methods136 SCA patients were retrospectively studied in whom imaging data including abdominal CT scan, MRI or Ultrasonography were routinely available. Available data on the mean steady state hematological/biochemical parameters (n=136), βs haplotypes(n=136), α globin gene status (n=105) and UGT1A1 genotypes (n=133) were reviewed from the respective medical records.ResultsThe mean serum total bilirubin level was significantly higher in the homozygous UGT1A1(AT)7 group as compared to UGT1A1(AT)6 group. Thus, not cholelithiasis but total serum bilirubin was influenced by UGT1A1 polymorphism in this SCA cohort.ConclusionAs observed in other population groups, the UGT1A1 (AT)7 homozygosity was significantly associated with raised serum total bilirubin level, but the prevalence of gallstones in the Omani SCA patients was not associated with α thalassaemia, UGT1A1 polymorphism, or βs haplotypes.

Gallstones in liver transplant recipients: A single-center study in China.

Liver transplant recipients include patients who present with almost all kinds of end-stage liver disease. Studying the relationship between gallstones and end-stage liver disease among liver transplant recipients is becoming important. Multiple logistic regression analysis was applied to assess 1640 liver transplant recipients. Multiple factors were involved in the analysis, including age, sex, total bilirubin and total cholesterol levels, Child score, hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection, hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection, alcoholic cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Age and Child score are independent risk factors for the development of gallstone disease (GD). The average age of the recipients in the GD group was 49.22±9.96 years, which was significantly higher than that in the GD-free group (48.23±9.79 years). The Child score of the recipients in the GD group was 9.21±2.47, which was significantly lower than that of the recipients in the GD-free group, which was 8.79±2.48 (t=3.23, p<0.001). We also found that hepatitis B is an influential factor in GD. The prevalence of gallstones among liver transplant recipients is related to the Child score and patient age. The prevalence of GD is lower in patients with HCC and in those who are HBV positive and is relatively higher in HCV-positive patients and in those with alcoholic cirrhosis, although no significant differences were found.

A nested case-control study on dietary fat consumption and the risk for gallstone disease.

Gallstone disease (GD) incidence and prevalence rates differ between populations. Diet and lifestyle may be involved in GD development. To our knowledge, no study to date has evaluated quantitative data on diet when studying the relationship between fat consumption levels and GD in an Argentinean population. The present study aimed to assess the association between dietary fat intake and GD. A nested case-control study design was applied. Data were taken from subjects who participated in a previous cross-sectional study carried out in a random sample of asymptomatic people in Rosario, Argentina. Participants underwent a personal interview, and current weight and height, ancestor's ethnicity, and socio-economic status were recorded. Applying a food-frequency questionnaire and a food photography atlas, quantitative dietary data were estimated by combining the intake frequency, portion size and food composition. Logistic regression analysis was used to compute odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals adjusted by age, sex, ancestor's ethnicity, body mass index and daily total energy intake as potential confounders. In total, 114 patients were studied (49 cases and 65 controls), without any statistically significant differences for age, sex, socio-economic status, body mass index and ancestry. The mean energy intake was higher in cases than in controls, and significant differences were found for dietary fat consumption. Obese or overweight people have a higher GD risk than subjects with normal weight. Increased GD risks were associated with high intakes of energy, total fat, and saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids. According to our results, total fat, saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids high intakes are associated with increased GD risk.

Prevalence of Gallstones Compared in Children With Different Intravenous Lipids.

The aetiology of biliary liver disease in children with intestinal failure treated with long-term parenteral nutrition (PN) is multifactorial. Risks include the lipid component of PN. The aim of the study was to compare prevalence and outcome of gallstones with different types of intravenous lipids. Liver and biliary tract imaging and relevant clinical details were reviewed in 71 patients (37, 52% boys) treated with PN for >3 months. Types of lipid infused were compared with regard to hepatobiliary abnormalities. In total 369 abdominal ultrasounds were performed in 71 patients of age between 3 months and 17 years. Underlying diagnoses were short bowel syndrome in 20 (28%), small intestinal enteropathy in 34 (48%), and motility disorder in 17 (24%). A total of 67 (94%) children had 362/369 scans on lipid-containing PN. Of the total, 15 (21%) patients had gallstones, 8 (11%) had sludge, and both were detected in 7 (10%) children. The gallstones/sludge resolved in 7 patients (10%) and persisted in 10 (13%). In 6 patients, sludge progressed to form discrete gallstones, and in 9 children, gallstones led to biliary duct dilatation. Four (6%) patients underwent cholecystectomy. Fewer children had abnormalities with the newer mixed lipid emulsion (P = 0.005). There was a higher prevalence of sludge (P = 0.01) on pure soya lipid. Predictors for sludge were young age at PN (P = 0.001), lack of enteral feed (P < 0.001), and motility disorder with stoma (P = 0.002). Hepatobiliary pathology is common in children on PN. The use of mixed lipid was associated with less biliary complications and should be the first choice of treatment in children.

The Prevalence and Risk Factors of Gallstone Among Adults in South-East of Iran: A Population-Based Study.

Objective:The present study aimed to evaluate the prevalence and possible risk factors of gallstone disease in the general population.Patients and Methods:This cross sectional study was carried out on a total of 1522 males and females aged ≥30 years in Zahedan district, South-East of Iran. Data were collected by a validated questionnaire and gallstone diagnosis was assessed by an experienced radiologist using ultrasonography. Logistic regression model was used to identify the association between selected variables and gallstone disease.Results:The overall prevalence of gallstone in participants was 2.4%. The risk of gallstone was 2.60 times higher in people age 45 and older than those aged 30 - 44 years (Odds Ratio = 2.60, 95% CI; 1.22 - 5.55). Females were 2.73 (95% CI; 1.34 - 5.56) times more likely to have disease compared to males as well. The risk in unmarried individuals was also three times higher than married ones (OR = 2.99: 95% CI 1.02 - 9.16). Additionally, daily physical activity reduced the risk of gallstone disease by 66% (95% CI; 0.18 - 0.86).Conclusion:In conclusion, increasing age and female gender were risk factors, whereas daily physical activity and marriage identified as protective factors in aetiology of gallstone disease.