Gallic Acid Research Articles

The Anti-psoriatic Effect of Gallic Acid is Associated with the Suppression of Keratin 6 and Nrf2

Background: Psoriasis is recognized as an autoimmune dermatosis, and keratin 6 (KRT 6) is a hallmark of psoriasis. Gallic acid (GA) is a natural and small molecule with a series of biological activities. However, the effect of GA on psoriasis has not been clarified. Aims: This study aimed to investigate the anti-psoriatic activity of GA in psoriasis-like mice and in vitro. Methods: The transcriptions of the Homo sapiens KRT6 gene, and Mus musculus KRT6 gene, were identified using a quantitative real-time reverse transcriptase PCR (qRT-PCR) assay. Expressions of KRT 6, STAT3, pSTAT3, Nrf2, and pNrf2 in HaCaT cells and skin biopsies were determined with a western blotting assay. The immunofluorescence (IF) assay was used to examine the expression of KRT6, pSTAT3, and pNrf2 in HaCaT cells. The expression of KRT 6, PCNA, Ki67, and CD3 was evaluated on the skin of psoriasis-like mice and quantified with histochemical scores (H scores). Results: GA significantly inhibited KRT 6 gene transcription and expression in psoriasis-like disease both in vitro and in vivo. It significantly inhibited the expression of keratinocyte proliferation markers (PCNA and Ki67), suppressed the expression of CD3 (a marker of T cells), and decreased the thickness of the folded skin, as well as improved the splenomegaly in imiquimod-induced mice similar to psoriasis. Furthermore, the suppressing effect of GA on KRT 6 was abolished by the continuous activation of Nrf2 rather than STAT3, although GA significantly inhibited Nrf2 and STAT3 activation in IL-17A-induced HaCaT cells. Conclusions: KRT 6 acts as a potential target for GA against psoriasis, and the anti-psoriatic effect of GA could be related to Nrf2 signaling.

Protective Roles and Therapeutic Effects of Gallic Acid in the Treatment of Cardiovascular Diseases: Current Trends and Future Directions.

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are serious life-threatening illnesses and significant problematic issues for public health having a heavy economic burden on all society worldwide. The high incidence of these diseases as well as high mortality rates make them the leading causes of death and disability. Therefore, finding novel and more effective therapeutic methods is urgently required. Gallic acid, an herbal medicine with numerous biological properties, has been utilized in the treatment of various diseases for thousands of years. It has been demonstrated that gallic acid possesses pharmacological potential in regulating several molecular and cellular processes such as apoptosis and autophagy. Moreover, gallic acid has been investigated in the treatment of CVDs both in vivo and in vitro. Herein, we aimed to review the available evidence on the therapeutic application of gallic acid for CVDs including myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury and infarction, drug-induced cardiotoxicity, hypertension, cardiac fibrosis, and heart failure, with a focus on underlying mechanisms.

Effects of Polyphenols and Lignans of Phyllanthus amarus Schumach. and Thonn. on IL-1β and TNF-α Secretions from LPS-induced THP-1-derived Macrophages

Background: Phyllanthus amarus exhibited immunosuppressive and anti-inflammatory effects in several in vitro and in vivo studies. However, there is no report on the inhibitory effects of its secondary metabolites on pro-inflammatory cytokines secretion from human THP-1-derived macrophages. background: Phyllanthus amarus exhibited immunosuppressive and anti-inflammatory effects in several in vitro and in vivo studies. However, there is no report on the inhibitory effects of its secondary metabolites on pro-inflammatory cytokines secretion from human THP-1-derived macrophages. Objective: The objective of this study was to correlate the polyphenols (ellagic acid (EA), gallic acid (GA), geraniin (GER), and corilagin (COR)) and lignans ((phyllanthin (PHY), hypophyllanthin (HYPO), niranthin (NIR), phyltetralin (PHYLT), and isolintetralin (ISO)) of 80% ethanol extract of P. amarus with their inhibitory effect against IL-1β and TNF-α secretions from LPS-induced THP-1- derived macrophages. Methods: Chemical profiling of P. amarus was carried out by LC-MS/MS analysis. Validated qualitative and quantitative reversed-phase HPLC analyses of the P. amarus extract were performed for the determination of lignan and polyphenol contents. Human THP-1-derived macrophages were prepared by treatment of THP-1 cells with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA). The inhibition of cytokines released by the extract, lignans and polyphenols in the cells was investigated using ELISA assay. method: Chemical profiling of P. amarus was carried out by LC-MS/MS analysis. Validated qualitative and quantitative reversed phase HPLC analyses of the P. amarus extract were performed for determination of lignan and polyphenol contents. Human THP-1 derived macrophages were prepared by treatment of THP-1 cells with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA). The inhibition of cytokines release by the extract, lignans and polyphenols in the cells were investigated using ELISA assay. Results: P. amarus extract and its chemical constituents significantly reduced the levels of IL-1β and TNF-α in a dose-dependent manner. At a dose of 50 μM, COR exhibited a maximum inhibition of 81.11% on TNF-α secretion, while GER showed 72.56% inhibition on IL-1β secretion. COR demonstrated the strongest inhibition of TNF-α secretion, exhibiting an IC50 value of 9.06 μM, which was comparable to that of dexamethasone (7.07 μM). Meanwhile, GER was the most potent against IL- 1β secretion, exhibiting an IC50 value of 20.09 μM. In the case of TNF-α secretion, the order of potency observed among the active compounds, with regard to IC50 value, was COR > GER > HYPO > PHY > NIR > GA > EA >ISO > PHYLT. For IL-1β secretion, the order of potency was GER > NIR > COR > GA > EA > PHY > HYPO > PHYLT > 1SO. Conclusion: The polyphenol contents of P. amarus, especially COR and GER, contributed significantly to the suppression of cytokines secretion, and they have the potential to be developed into agents for the treatment of pathologic inflammation.

Chemical Composition and Therapeutic Potential of Syngonium podophyllum L. Leaves against Hypercholesterolemia in Rats: Liver, Kidney, and Heart Crosstalk

Background: One of the main risk factors for atherosclerosis is hypercholesterolemia Objective: This study aimed to assess hypercholesterolemia's effect on the liver, heart, and kidney and the impact of Syngonium podophyllum L. leaves methanolic extract as a treating agent in a rat model. Methods: Flavonoid components were isolated and identified from the methanolic extract of Syngonium podophyllum L. leaves. Total serum leptin, total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), triglycerides (TG), aspartate and alanine aminotransferases (AST and ALT), urea, and creatinine levels were all measured as part of the biochemical evaluation. The liver tissue was tested for levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and DNA fragmentation. Results: Thirty-nine compounds were identified by GC/MS profiling of the n-hexane fraction of Syngonium podophyllum L leaves. The major volatile constituents were decane, 4-methyl, decane, N-acetyl 3-pentenyl, 1-amine, 2-methyl, 1-hexene, and 3-hydroxy, propanenitrile, while the major phenolic compounds isolated from methanolic extract were luteolin-7- α-L rhamnoside-4'- O-β-glucopyranoside (1), apigenin 6, 8-di-C-β-glucopyranoside (vicenin 2) (2), quercetin-3-Oα-L-rhamnoside (3), quercetin-7-O-β-glucoside compound (4), luteolin-7-O-β-glucoside (5), 5- hydroxy-6,7,8,4'-tetramethoxy flavone (6), gallic acid (7) and quercetin (8). Hypercholesterolemic rats revealed significant alterations (p ≤ 0.05) in the lipid profile, liver and kidney function, DNA fragmentation pattern and antioxidant indices. With oral cholesterol administration of 30 mg/0.3 mL, 0.7% tween/rats fed a high-fat diet for nine weeks, treatment with leaves extract (250 mg/kg body weight) was able to restore all biochemical parameters as well as the architectures of the liver and heart. Conclusion: Due to its abundance in physiologically active phenolic and flavonoid components, the methanolic extract of Syngonium podophyllum L. leaves successfully served as a hypolipidemic, anti-atherosclerotic, and antioxidant therapeutic agent.

Phytochemical, proximate analysis and antioxidant activity of the rhizome of Alpinia nigra (Gaertn.) B.L. Burtt (Zingiberaceae) in Tamulpur district, Assam

The present research examines the chemical composition, proximate characteristics and antioxidant analysis of Alpinia nigra’s rhizome extract. Results of GC-MS analysis revealed a total of 22 volatile compounds of which Tris (tert-butyldimethylsilyloxy) arsane (2.89 %), 2-ethylthiolane, S, S-dioxide (3.47 %), Ambrial (6.68 %) and Silicic acid, diethyl bis (trimethylsilyl) ester (4.59 %) were the major compounds. The rhizome was found to have variable quantities of proximate compositions such as moisture content (55.5 %), ash content (4.72 %), crude fat (52 %), crude fibre (41.25 %), crude protein (28.95 µg/g), carbohydrate (46.27 %) and dry matter (33.4 %). The crude extraction of the rhizome was done by Soxhlet apparatus. The phytochemical screening showed the presence of alkaloid, tannin, terpenoid, glycoside, steroid, carbohydrate and a considerable amount of phenol and flavonoid. Phenolic and flavonoid content in the extracts was determined by the Folin-Ciocalteu and aluminium chloride assays as gallic acid equivalent and quercetin equivalent respectively. To evaluate the antioxidant activity of rhizome extract, phosphomolybdenum assay, ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazil (DPPH) were used. The findings indicate that the rhizome extract is rich in phenol and flavonoid content and would serve as a promising source of natural antioxidants in the food, cosmetics and pharmaceutical industries.

ANTIBACTERIAL AND ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITIES OF PHENOLIC COMPOUNDS FROM MYRTUS COMMUNIS CALLUS

This study was aimed to evaluate atotal phenolic content, antibacterial activity, and antioxidant activity of M. communis callus extracts were evaluated. Callus induction in general Murashige and Skoog (MS) media is completed by the Benzil adenine's unique knowledge of callus formation. A well diffusion experiment was used to examine antibacterial interest in Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumonia, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The DPPH radical scavenging activity test was used to measure antioxidant activity. FTIR and HPLC have been used to pinpoint the presence of polyphenol compounds in calluses. The total phenol content of plant leaves extract (0.1, 0.5, and 1) mg/ml was 42.12, 94.08, and 189 mg of Gallic acid equivalents GAE/g, respectively. Bacterial growth was greatly inhibited by the polyphenol extract from the callus. In comparison to ascorbic acid, the polyphenol extract from the sample has a very high level of 90.17 percent with substantial at P ≤0.05 antioxidant capabilities. There was evidence of phenolic–OH stretching, C-H stretching, aromatic C=C, and C–O stretching in the polyphenol fraction of the M. communis callus that was analyzed using FTIR. According to past research, this is a good fit HPLC revealed the presence of phenolic compounds in the callus. The antibacterial and antioxidant properties of the callus polyphenol may be extrapolated from this study.

Anti-inflammatory and anti-hyperalgesic effects induced by an aqueous aged black garlic extract in rodent models of ulcerative colitis and colitis-associated visceral pain.

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a morbid condition characterized by relapsing-remitting inflammation of the colon, accompanied by persistent gut dysmotility and abdominal pain. Different reports demonstrated biological activities of aged black garlic (ABG), including anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects. We aimed to investigate beneficial effects exerted by ABGE on colon inflammation by using ex vivo and in vivo experimental models. We investigated the anti-inflammatory effects of an ABG water extract (ABGE) on rat colon specimens exposed to E. coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a known ex vivo experimental model of ulcerative colitis. We determined gene expression of various biomarkers involved in inflammation, including interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, nuclear factor-kB (NF-kB), tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α. Moreover, we studied the acute effects of ABGE on visceral pain associated with colitis induced by 2,4-di-nitrobenzene sulfonic acid (DNBS) injection in rats. ABGE suppressed LPS-induced gene expression of IL-1β, IL-6, NF-kB, and TNF-α. In addition, the acute administration of ABGE (0.03-1 g kg-1) dose-dependently relieved post-inflammatory visceral pain, with the higher dose (1 g kg-1) able to significantly reduce both the behavioral nociceptive response and the entity of abdominal contraction (assessed by electromyography) in response to colorectal distension after the acute administration in DNBS-treated rats. Present findings showed that ABGE could represent a potential strategy for treatment of colitis-associated inflammatory process and visceral pain. The beneficial effects induced by the extract could be related to the pattern of polyphenolic composition, with particular regard to gallic acid and catechin.

Unconventional technologies as a strategy to improve the phenolic and antioxidant potential of zucchini products enriched with blueberry juice

In this study, unconventional technologies were used to enhance the phenolic and antioxidant content of zucchini pieces by enriching them with blueberry juice. Our results indicated that ohmic heating (OH) increased the extraction rates of compounds with antioxidant potential in blueberry juice, mainly at 70 °C for 15 min and 7.8 V cm1. Furthermore, OH applied after vacuum impregnation led to higher retention rates of phenolic compounds and antioxidant capacity in zucchini pieces impregnated with blueberry juice, especially at 70 °C for 30 min and 7.8 V cm‐−1. The impregnation process also promoted the darkening of zucchini pieces (due to anthocyanin retention) and increased soluble solids. After drying by hot air and vacuum microwave, the phenolic content, antioxidant capacity, physicochemical and color characteristics of the impregnated and non-impregnated zucchinis were distinctly altered. However, vacuum microwave drying at 120 and 460 W can be suggested as the most suitable conditions for both zucchini products, as it resulted in high concentrations of individual phenolic compounds (e.g. up to 44.25, 8.15, and 2.56 mg 100 g‐−1 dry weight (DW) for catechin, gallic acid, and cyanidin, respectively), as well as total phenolic content of up to 484.37 mg gallic acid equivalent 100 g1 DW, total flavonoid content of up to 197.69 mg catechin equivalent 100 g‐−1 DW, and total monomeric anthocyanins of up to 9.48 mg cyanidin 3-glucosideo equivalent 100 g‐−1 DW.

Antibacterial activity of gallic acid and methyl gallate against emerging non-fermenting bacilli.

Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, Achromobacter xylosoxidans, and Burkholderia cenocepacia are considered emerging pathogens classified as a public health problem due to extensive antimicrobial resistance. Therefore, the discovery of new therapeutic strategies has become crucial. This study aimed to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of gallic acid and methyl gallate against non-fermenting bacteria. The study included five clinical isolates of Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, Achromobacter xylosoxidans, and Burkholderia cenocepacia. The minimum inhibitory concentrations of gallic acid and methyl gallate were determined by the broth microdilution method. Growth curves, metabolic activity, and biofilm formation of each bacterial strain in the presence or absence of phenolic compounds were performed. Finally, the therapeutic efficacy of the compounds was evaluated using an in vivo model. Gallic acid and methyl gallate showed antibacterial activity against bacterial strains in a concentration range of 64 to 256µg/mL, both compounds reduced bacterial growth and metabolic activity of the strains, even at subinhibitory concentrations. Only, methyl gallate exhibited activity to inhibit the formation of bacterial biofilms. Moreover, gallic acid and methyl gallate increased larval survival by up to 60% compared to 30% survival of untreated larvae in a bacterial infection model in Galleria mellonella. Our results highlight the potential of gallic acid and methyl gallate as therapeutic alternatives for infections by emerging non-fermentative bacteria.

Thyrogrit, supplemented with a sub-optimal dose of levothyroxine, restores thyroid function in rat model of propylthiouracil-induced hypothyroidism

BackgroundHypothyroidism is a common endocrine ailment, whose current standard of care is hormonal replacement therapy with levothyroxine (LT4). There is a medical need for alternative and safer therapies as LT4 is associated with special treatment considerations and adverse effects. Thyrogrit (THY) is a polyherbal formulation indicated for the treatment of hypothyroidism. The present study, describes the characterization of the phytocompounds present in THY and its in-vivo efficacy in rat model of hypothyroidism, in combination with a sub-optimal dose of LT4.MethodsUltra High Performance Liquid chromatography was employed for the identification of the phytocompounds present in THY. For the evaluation of its in-vivo efficacy, female Wistar rats were administered THY orally, 15-days prior to disease induction, and continued throughout the experiment. Subsequently, hypothyroidism was induced by oral administration of propylthiouracil (PTU). From day 45 onwards, animals were administered orally with a sub-optimal dose of LT4 (2 μg/kg) till the end of the study. On day 79, animals were euthanized, blood was collected for measurement of thyroid hormones and other clinical chemistry parameters. Weights of liver, kidney and thyroid were recorded. Finally, the thyroid was subjected to histopathological evaluation through hematoxylin and eosin (H&E staining), immunohistochemistry as well as immunofluorescence.ResultsThe principal phyto-components detected in THY by Ultra High Performance Liquid Chromatography included gallic acid, protocatechuic acid, corilagin, ellagic acid, piperine, guggulsterone E and Z, which are documented to exerted beneficial effects on thyroid function. In the in-vivo study, THY when supplemented with a low dose of levothyroxine restored the PTU-induced reduction in the serum levels of T3 and T4 and improved PTU-induced renal impairment. THY treatment ameliorated the hallmark histopathological changes associated with hypothyroidism and C-cell hyperplasia. Further, co-administration of THY and LT4 did not show any major non-clinical safety concerns even after the administration for more than twelve weeks.ConclusionThis study has demonstrated that co-administration of THY and LT4 improves the PTU-evoked alterations in the thyroid ultrastructure and function, abrogates hypothyroidism-associated renal impairment and exhibits an acceptable basic safety profile.Graphical abstract

Multi-mode sensing platform for gallic acid determination based on the peroxidase-like activity of magnetic Fe3O4@Co/Ni/Al-LDH nanospheres

The determination of gallic acid (GA), one of the most prevalent antioxidants in various plants, provides information for food nutrition evaluation. A novel colorimetric, fluorescent, and smartphone multi-mode GA sensing platform based on Fe3O4@Co/Ni/Al-layered double hydroxide (LDH) nanospheres was designed in this study. The core-shell magnetic Fe3O4@Co/Ni/Al-LDH nanospheres were synthesized through a simple co-precipitation approach. They showed dominate peroxidase-like activities capable of oxidizing 3,3′,5,5′-tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) into a blue colored oxidation oxTMB. Meanwhile, the generated oxTMB could quench the fluorescence of neutral red via the inner filter effect. GA acted as an inhibitor to prevent the oxidation of TMB to oxTMB and restoring the fluorescence of neutral red. Under optimized conditions, the linear ranges were 0.5–120 μmol/L with detection limits of 0.137–0.415 μmol/L. Besides, the sensor exhibited good selectivity toward GA over various interferents. Moreover, it was successfully utilized to analyze GA in tea beverages with ideal recoveries of 92.8–105%, demonstrating good reliability and stability in practical applications. This study provided Fe3O4@Co/Ni/Al-LDH nanospheres as candidate nanozymes for the construction of biosensors. The multi-mode self-checking function and the “turn on” fluorescent sensing strategy offered this sensor superior anti-interference ability, and opens up a new strategy for the determination of antioxidants in foods.

Characterization of the Byproducts of Myrciaria dubia and Psidium guajava and Optimization of the Extraction of Their Bioactive Compounds by Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction and Mechanical Agitation

The food industry generates considerable byproducts that are often discarded and have high contents of usable bioactive compounds. The aim of this study was to characterize the byproducts of camu-camu (Myrciaria dubia) (shell and seed) and guava (Psidium guajava) (shell) production. The extraction and stabilization of the bioactive compounds of camu-camu and guava were also optimized. The variables of ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) (shaking time, sonication time and volume–mass ratio) and mechanical shaking-based extraction (MS) (shaking speed, volume–mass ratio and shaking time) were optimized with the surface response method and a Box–Behnken design. The responses studied were total phenolic content (TPC) and antioxidant capacity (AC) evaluated by the degradation of the radical 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) technique and by the ferric reducing antioxidant powder (FRAP) test. For ultrasound-assisted extraction, the optimal sonication time was 15 min for both the M. dubia and P. guajava shells, and the volume–mass ratios were 50 mL/g for the M. dubia shell and 60 mL/g for the P. guajava shell. However, for M. dubia seeds, there was an agitation time of 3 h, a sonication time of 4.4 min and a volume–mass ratio of 50 mL/g. During extraction by mechanical stirring, the optimal volume–mass ratio for both M. dubia seeds and P. guajava shells was 60 mL/g, while for M. dubia shells, it was 50 mL/g. For the shells and seeds of M. dubia and the shells of P. guajava, the optimal stirring times were 2, 6.4 and 7.7 h, respectively, and the optimal stirring speeds were 172.2, 250 and 256.3 rpm, respectively. Under these optimal conditions, the highest total phenolic content (TPC) results were acquired from the cuma-cuma peel (CCP) extract (26.2 mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/g sample) obtained by UAE and from guava peel (GP) extract (27.9 mg GAE/g sample) obtained by MS. The optimized models showed that MS was more efficient than UAE for obtaining bioactive compounds from byproducts of M. dubia and P. guajava. However, UAE required much shorter extraction times than MS. In conclusion, the models obtained for the recovery of bioactive compounds could be applied in large-scale industries to fully exploit the byproducts studied.

Research on the pharmacognostic characteristics, physicochemical properties and in vitro antioxidant potency of Rosa laxa Retz. flos

AbstractRosa laxa Retz. is an unexplored Rosaceae plant in Xinjiang, China, and its flower is traditionally used in Kazak to treat the common cold, fever, and epileptic seizures and lessen the effects of aging. In the present study, the pharmacognostic profiles, physicochemical properties, phytochemical characteristics, and in vitro antioxidant potency of Rosa laxa Retz. flos (RLF) were presented. In the pharmacognostic evaluation of RLF, organoleptic characteristics, internal structures, and powder information were observed, and physicochemical parameters, including moisture content, ash, pH value, swelling degree, and extractives were examined. The quantitative analysis of the chemical composition of four different polar extracts of RLF showed that the aqueous part had the highest total triterpene acid, flavonoid, and polyphenol content (4.50 ± 0.04 mg/g, 50.56 ± 0.03 mg/g, and 60.20 ± 0.09 mg/g, respectively). A high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)‐diode array detector (DAD) method was established and the contents of gallic acid, ellagic acid, astragalin, and tiliroside in RLF were determined simultaneously. In the set concentration range, the linear relationship among the four components was good (r > 0.999), the average recoveries were 97.36%–100.54%. The contents of gallic acid, ellagic acid, astragalin, and tiliroside in RLF samples were (9.46 ± 2.31) mg/g, (10.60 ±0.75) mg/g, (1.13 ± 2.50) mg/g, and (1.11 ± 2.65) mg/g, respectively. The types of its secondary metabolites were determined by fluorescence, color reaction by chemical solvent method, and ultraviolet–visible (UV–Vis) spectroscopy. The functional groups of its secondary metabolites were determined by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. Results showed that RLF contains a variety of secondary metabolic products, including flavonoids, phenolic acid, glycoside, and organic acid. TLC identification showed it contains ursolic acid, β‐sitosterol, tiliroside, astragalin, isoquercitrin, kaempferol‐3‐O‐rutinoside, gallic acid, and ellagic acid. The in vitro antioxidant activity of different polar parts of RLF was investigated by DPPH, ABTS, and reduction performance experiments. The aqueous extract had the strongest antioxidant capacity, consistent with the high content of triterpene acids, flavonoids, and polyphenolic compounds. These findings will provide critical information for the study of quality standards and medicinal value of RLF and its extracts, justify its usage in traditional medicinal systems, and encourage the use of this plant in disease prevention and treatment. Its phytochemical composition and pharmacological studies need to be explored in future.Research Highlights Optical microscope and scanning electron microscope (SEM) were used to observe the morphology, and microstructure of Rosa laxa Retz. flos (RLF). The physicochemical properties, fluorescence and phytochemical composition of four different polar extracts of RLF were analyzed by UV–Vis and FTIR. Determination of total triterpenic acid, total flavonoids, and total polyphenols in four different polar extracts of RLF by UV spectrophotometry. A high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)‐diode array detector (DAD) method was established and the contents of gallic acid, ellagic acid, astragalin, and tiliroside in RLF were determined simultaneously. TLC confirmed that RLF contains ursolic acid, β‐sitosterol, tiliroside, astragalin, isoquercitrin, kaempferol 3‐rutinoside, gallic acid, and ellagic acid. The in vitro antioxidant activity of RLF was studied by DPPH, ABTS, and reducing ability experiments.

Modifications in gene expression and phenolic compounds content by methyl jasmonate and fungal elicitors in Ficus carica. Cv. Siah hairy root cultures

BackgroundOne of the most effective strategies to increase phytochemicals production in plant cultures is elicitation. In the present study, we studied the effect of abiotic and biotic elicitors on the growth, key biosynthetic genes expression, antioxidant capacity, and phenolic compounds content in Rhizobium (Agrobacterium) rhizogenes-induced hairy roots cultures of Ficus carica cv. Siah.MethodsThe elicitors included methyl jasmonate (MeJA) as abiotic elicitor, culture filtrate and cell extract of fungus Piriformospora indica as biotic elicitors were prepared to use. The cultures of F. carica hairy roots were exposed to elicitores at different time points. After elicitation treatments, hairy roots were collected, and evaluated for growth index, total phenolic (TPC) and flavonoids (TFC) content, antioxidant activity (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl, DPPH and ferric ion reducing antioxidant power, FRAP assays), expression level of key phenolic/flavonoid biosynthesis genes, and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis of some main phenolic compounds in comparison to control.ResultsElicitation positively or negatively affected the growth, content of phenolic/flavonoid compounds and DPPH and FRAP antioxidant activities of hairy roots cultures in depending of elicitor concentration and exposure time. The maximum expression level of chalcone synthase (CHS: 55.1), flavonoid 3′-hydroxylase (F3’H: 34.33) genes and transcription factors MYB3 (32.22), Basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH: 45.73) was induced by MeJA elicitation, whereas the maximum expression level of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL: 26.72) and UDP-glucose flavonoid 3-O-glucosyltransferase (UFGT: 27.57) genes was obtained after P. indica culture filtrate elicitation. The P. indica elicitation also caused greatest increase in the content of gallic acid (5848 µg/g), caffeic acid (508.2 µg/g), rutin (43.5 µg/g), quercetin (341 µg/g), and apigenin (1167 µg/g) phenolic compounds.ConclusionsThis study support that elicitation of F. carica cv. Siah hairy roots can be considered as an effective biotechnological method for improved phenolic/flavonoid compounds production, and of course this approach requires further research.

Gallic acid pretreatment mitigates parathyroid ischemia–reperfusion injury through signaling pathway modulation

Thyroid surgery often results in ischemia–reperfusion injury (IRI) to the parathyroid glands, yet the mechanisms underlying this and how to ameliorate IRI remain incompletely explored. Our study identifies a polyphenolic herbal extract—gallic acid (GA)—with antioxidative properties against IRI. Through flow cytometry and CCK8 assays, we investigate the protective effects of GA pretreatment on a parathyroid IRI model and decode its potential mechanisms via RNA-seq and bioinformatics analysis. Results reveal increased apoptosis, pronounced G1 phase arrest, and significantly reduced cell proliferation in the hypoxia/reoxygenation group compared to the hypoxia group, which GA pretreatment mitigates. RNA-seq and bioinformatics analysis indicate GA’s modulation of various signaling pathways, including IL-17, AMPK, MAPK, transient receptor potential channels, cAMP, and Rap1. In summary, GA pretreatment demonstrates potential in protecting parathyroid cells from IRI by influencing various genes and signaling pathways. These findings offer a promising therapeutic strategy for hypoparathyroidism treatment.

Quality- and Health-Promoting Compounds of Whole Wheat Bread with the Addition of Stale Bread, Cornmeal, and Apple Pomace.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of extruded preparations on the bioactive and nutritional properties, vitamin B content, volatile compound profile, and quality of whole wheat bread. Extruded preparations based on stale bread (secondary raw materials) and apple pomace (byproducts) were used as bread additives. It was found that the preparations did not enrich the bread in protein but in health-promoting compounds, especially gallic acid, protocatechuic acid, caffeic acid, p-coumaric acid, rutin, quercetin, and B vitamins. Extruded preparations had a positive effect on the quality of the bread produced, such as yield and cohesiveness, and gave it a pleasant aroma. It was shown that among all the examined bread samples with added extruded preparations of stale bread, the cornmeal and apple pomace bread samples with 15% extruded preparation (containing 55% cornmeal, 30% stale bread, and 15% apple pomace) had sufficient nutritional value, the highest amounts of gallic acid, protocatechuic acid, p-coumaric acid, caffeic acid, rutin, and quercetin; medium amounts of ellagic acid; high antioxidant activity determined in vitro using four methods (by DPPH, ABTS, power (FRAP), and Fe(II) chelating assays); adequate quality; and significant amounts of vitamins, especially B1, B2, and B3. This type of extruded preparation should utilize apple pomace, which is a byproduct, and stale bread, which is a secondary waste. Such a combination is an excellent low-cost, easy, and prospective solution for the baking industry that could be applied to obtain bread with elevated nutritional value and enhanced health potential, as proven in this publication.

Flexible monolayer films of poly(lactic acid)/gallic acid for active food packaging: Preparation, characterization, and bioactive properties

AbstractThe design of eco‐friendly active food packaging systems based on biobased polymeric materials is a growing field of research because of the pressing concern for sustainable development. Herein, monolayer ternary thermoplastic films composed of poly(lactic acid) (PLA), gallic acid (GA, 2.5% w/w relative to PLA), and a plasticizer (poly(ethylene glycol) [PEG] or epoxidized linseed oil [ELO], 5.0 and 7.5% w/w relative to PLA) are prepared via melt‐mixing followed by compression molding. The ensuing plasticized and self‐standing PLA/GA films are translucent and have good mechanical properties (Young's modulus ~2 GPa) and welding performance. The incorporation of GA yields films with ultraviolet‐light barrier properties (transmittance below 40%, 200–400 nm), antioxidant capacity (radical scavenging activity above 94%), and antibacterial activity against the methicillin‐resistant strain of Staphylococcus aureus (minimum of 3‐log reduction colony forming units mL−1). These thermoplastic films are easily degradable via enzymatic degradation with proteinase K from Tritirachium album, reaching weight loss values of 100% after 9 days. The films plasticized with PEG present slightly better antibacterial action and enzymatic degradation, whereas those plasticized with ELO exhibit marginally higher surface hydrophobicity and thermal stability. Thus, the combination between PLA and GA yielded biobased films with bioactive properties that have potential for application in active food packaging.

Combined effect of gallic acid and zinc ferrite nanoparticles on wheat growth and yield under salinity stress

Salinity stress significantly impacts crops, disrupting their water balance and nutrient uptake, reducing growth, yield, and overall plant health. High salinity in soil can adversely affect plants by disrupting their water balance. Excessive salt levels can lead to dehydration, hinder nutrient absorption, and damage plant cells, ultimately impairing growth and reducing crop yields. Gallic acid (GA) and zinc ferrite (ZnFNP) can effectively overcome this problem. GA can promote root growth, boost photosynthesis, and help plants absorb nutrients efficiently. However, their combined application as an amendment against drought still needs scientific justification. Zinc ferrite nanoparticles possess many beneficial properties for soil remediation and medical applications. That’s why the current study used a combination of GA and ZnFNP as amendments to wheat. There were 4 treatments, i.e., 0, 10 µM GA, 15 μM GA, and 20 µM GA, without and with 5 μM ZnFNP applied in 4 replications following a completely randomized design. Results exhibited that 20 µM GA + 5 μM ZnFNP caused significant improvement in wheat shoot length (28.62%), shoot fresh weight (16.52%), shoot dry weight (11.38%), root length (3.64%), root fresh weight (14.72%), and root dry weight (9.71%) in contrast to the control. Significant enrichment in wheat chlorophyll a (19.76%), chlorophyll b (25.16%), total chlorophyll (21.35%), photosynthetic rate (12.72%), transpiration rate (10.09%), and stomatal conductance (15.25%) over the control validate the potential of 20 µM GA + 5 μM ZnFNP. Furthermore, improvement in N, P, and K concentration in grain and shoot verified the effective functioning of 20 µM GA + 5 μM ZnFNP compared to control. In conclusion, 20 µM GA + 5 μM ZnFNP can potentially improve the growth, chlorophyll contents and gas exchange attributes of wheat cultivated in salinity stress. More investigations are suggested to declare 20 µM GA + 5 μM ZnFNP as the best amendment for alleviating salinity stress in different cereal crops.

Benefits of Taurisolo in Diabetic Patients with Peripheral Artery Disease.

Trimethyl-N-oxide (TMAO) has been linked to peripheral artery disease (PAD). TaurisoloⓇ is a natural, balanced phytocomplex containing resveratrol, quercetin, catechins, procianidins, gallic acid, and caffeic acid. Numerous studies have shown that TaurisoloⓇ reduces the damage of TMAO and exerts a protective effect on endothelial cells (ECs). The aim of this randomized, double-blind, single-center study was to evaluate the effects of TaurisoloⓇ on claudication in patients with PAD (Rutheford grade I, category II, Fontaine Classification: Stage IIA, American Medical Association Whole Person Impairment Classification: Class 0-WPI 0%) in two parallel groups of 31 patients. The primary outcomes were an increase in the pain-free walking distance and the ankle/brachial pressure index at the beginning and at the end of the treatment with Taurisolo. The secondary endpoint was the serum TMAO changes. The claudication distance improved by 14.1% in the Taurisolo group and by 2.0% in the placebo group, while the maximal distance increased by 15.8% and 0.6% only, respectively (both p < 0.05). The TMAO plasma levels decreased from 3.97 ± 2.13 micromole/L to 0.87 ± 0.48 (p < 0.0001) in the treated group. All these changes were highly significant both in univariate mixed models as well as in the adjusted model. Ultimately, TaurisoloⓇ might be an effective intervention to ameliorate intermittent claudication.

Niosome-Based Hydrogel of Quince Extract: A Promising Strategy for Expedited Full-thickness Wound Healing in Rat.

The regeneration of tissue damage involves a series of molecular and cellular events that can be mediated by various natural compounds. Recent studies have highlighted the anti-inflammatory, anti-ulcer, and skin-protecting properties of Cydonia oblonga (Quince), which are mainly attributed to phenolic compounds. These compounds may have some drawbacks when targeting wound applications, including low bioavailability at the wound site. Moreover, to overcome these limitations, surfactant-based nanovesicular systems have been developed as carriers of such compounds for wound healing. This study aimed to highlight the possible therapeutic potential of niosome-based hydrogel from Quince extract to stabilize and deliver the related bioactive compounds to full-thickness wounds in rats. The niosomal hydrogel was prepared using a thin-film hydration method with the fruit extract (70% methanol). The formulation was optimized by evaluating size, zeta potential, dispersion index, and drug encapsulation efficiency. Full-thickness wounds were created on the dorsal cervical area of Wistar rats, and histopathological analysis of biopsy specimens was conducted on the 12th day of treatment. Under the study conditions, niosomal hydrogel displayed good physicochemical stability. Histopathological findings demonstrated that niosomal gel promoted angiogenesis, fibroblast maturation, collagen deposition, keratinization, and epidermal layer formation more effectively than control and hydrogel base. Furthermore, niosomal gel treatment markedly reduced inflammation. The total phenol concentration was determined to be 13.34 ± 0.90 mg gallic acid equivalents per gram of dried extract. The niosomal hydrogel containing C. oblonga extract shows potential as a novel approach for wound healing, warranting further investigation in this field.