Gallery Forest Research Articles

Hunter-gatherer environments at the Late Pleistocene sites of Mwanganda's Village and Bruce, northern Malawi

Mwanganda's Village (MGD) and Bruce (BRU) are two open-air site complexes in northern Malawi with deposits dating to between 15 and 58 thousand years ago (ka) and containing Middle Stone Age (MSA) lithic assemblages. The sites have been known since 1966 and 1965, respectively, but lacked chronometric and site formation data necessary for their interpretation. The area hosts a rich stone artifact record, eroding from and found within alluvial fan deposits exhibiting poor preservation of organic materials. Although this generally limits opportunities for site-based environmental reconstructions, MGD and BRU are located at the distal margins of the alluvial fan, where lacustrine lagoonal deposits were overprinted by a calcrete paleosol. This has created locally improved organic preservation and allowed us to obtain ecological data from pollen, phytoliths, and pedogenic carbonates, producing a regional- to site-scale environmental context for periods of site use and abandonment. Here, we integrate the ecological data into a detailed site formation history, based on field observations and micromorphology, supplemented by cathodoluminescence microscopy and μ-XRF. By comparing local, on-site environmental proxies with more regional indicators, we can better evaluate how MSA hunter-gatherers made decisions about the use of resources across the landscape. Our data indicate that while tree cover similar to modern miombo woodland and evergreen gallery forest prevailed at most times, MSA hunter-gatherers chose more locally open environments for activities that resulted in a lithic artifact record at multiple locations between 51 and 15 ka.

Impact of Agricultural Practices on Vegetation Structure and Carbon Sequestration in the North Region Cameroon: The Case of the Lagdo District

In order to preserve the For a good and sustainable management of vegetation in the Lagdo subdivision of the Benue division in North region Cameroon with respect to agricultural practices and the effects of climate change, a study on the impact of agricultural practices was conducted in six plant formations and three riparian villages. This study therefore assessed the impact of agricultural practices on vegetation with a focus on the assessment of plant population structure and quantification of sequestered carbon stock. Floristic surveys in six vegetation formations (forest galleries, shrub savannahs, tree savannahs, 2015/2016 crop fields, fallows of two (02) years and more than two (02) years on 50 m x 50 m plots were conducted. Floristic richness analysis identified 50 species across the surveyed sites, which were divided into 40 genera and 23 families. The most represented families in the sites are Caesalpiniaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Combretaceae, Mimosaceae and Rubiaceae, which have 5, 4, 4, 4 and 3 genera respectively. The Shannon diversity index is highest in forest galleries (3.32), in wooded savannahs (3.04); medium in fallows of more than 2 years (2.33), 2-year fallows (2.21) and shrub savannahs (2.20) and lowest in crop fields. Regarding carbon sequestration, forest galleries have carbon stocks of 57.47 tC/ha, followed by shrub savannahs with stocks of 12.66 tC/ha and fallows of more than 2 years with 3.64 tC/ha. The crop fields (0.12 tC/ha) present the lowest values, however lower than those sequestered by shrub savannahs (1.03 tC/ha) and 2-year fallows (0.88 tC/ha). The results of the study on agricultural practices in the Lagdo subdivision therefore confirm the need for sustainable management of natural resources to combat climate change.

Two new species of Neocarus (Acari: Opilioacaridae) from Piauí and Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, with remarks on integument and seta shape as characters

Two new opilioacarid species from Northeast and Southeast of Brazil are described. Neocarus setilatus sp. nov. from a gallery forest in Piauí and Neocarus marambaia sp. nov. from a restinga area in Rio de Janeiro. Both species have the similar starshaped integument character and smaller, broader setae. We discuss the importance of these characters with systematic value and present an updated taxonomic key for the genus Neocarus.

Assessment of the relationship and variability of flying arthropods inside the JOS wildlife park, plateau state, north central Nigeria

Arthropods have a significant impact on our ecosystem because they play a crucial role in food chains and pollination. Consequently, research was carried out to determine the variety and distribution of species of flying insects in the gallery forest and savanna woodland of Jos Wildlife Park between June and September, 2021. The flying insects were collected using sweep netting technique. A total of 617 flying insects distributed into 45 Families, 90 Species and 8 Orders were gathered from the two environments. The composition of flying insect species differed significantly (p< 0.05). Musca domestica was the main species found in the collection. Additionally, the distribution of flying insects in respect to their Orders and Families showed a significant difference (p< 0.05). The savannah woodland had the largest distribution of flying insects compared to the gallery forest, and there was a significant difference (p

Results of a small terrestrial mammal survey in the remote Boé region of Guinea‐Bissau, with discovery of two new shrew records for the country

AbstractThe Boé region in the south‐east of Guinea‐Bissau has remained untouched by large‐scale human influence and development due to its isolated location. The region consists mainly of savannah interspersed with gallery forests and hosts a unique and valuable biodiversity though very little is known of small terrestrial mammal diversity. In 2013, a terrestrial small mammal live trapping survey was conducted around Béli, a small village in the South of the Boé region. Five survey locations of three ecotypes were selected, and a combination of pitfall traps and live traps was used to capture and release small mammals. A selection of mammals that could not be identified as well as accidental mortalities in the traps were collected as voucher specimens and sent to Naturalis Biodiversity Center in the Netherlands. Over 96 survey days, a total of 331 small terrestrial mammals were trapped from 21 unique species, which include two new species records for the country: shrew species Crocidura lamottei and Crocidura crossei. Extrapolation from species accumulation curves suggested an overall species richness of 22 species for the region, with substantial differences in community composition among sampled habitats. The results of this study are an important part of the scientific record for small terrestrial mammals in the Boé region and set a baseline reference for future conservation efforts.

Distribution, activity patterns and diet of Callithrix penicillata (Primates: Callithrichidae) in an urban area in central Brazil

Urban remnants have been home to large groups of marmosets. However, ecological information about black-tufted marmosets, Callithrix penicillata (É. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1812) on urban areas are scant in the scientific literature. Here, we investigated the distribution, interaction with residents, activity pattern and diet of C. penicillata in an urban area in central Brazil. We used direct observation (sightings and scan sampling) and 205 semi-structured interviews to evaluate distribution, interaction and ecological behavior of black-tufted marmosets. Callithrix penicillata occurred throughout the urban area of Quirinópolis municipality, occupying mainly the forest remnants and surrounding gallery forests. Supplementary feeding was the interaction most cited by people. However, C. penicillata spend most of their time in locomotion (35-40%) and resting (30%), and exudates and supplementary foods represented a large part of their diet. We conclude that C. penicillata are well adapted in urban area of central Brazil. However, due interaction with people, we highlighted that these marmoset populations should be part of future municipal public policy concern.

Late quaternary hydrological changes in the southeastern amazon basin from n-alkane molecular and isotopic records in sediments of Saci lake, Pará state (Brazil)

The molecular distributions and isotopic ratios (δ13C and δD) of n-alkanes in sediments deposited during the last 35 cal kyr BP in Saci Lake, southeastern Amazonia, have been measured and interpreted for their paleoclimate information. A terrestrial origin for the odd carbon-numbered long-chain (>C27) n-alkanes has been inferred from molecular distributions. A shift in the n-alkane δ13C values across the Pleistocene-Holocene boundary coincides with a climate-induced floral change previously deduced from palynological analyses. Dry conditions during the late Pleistocene and mid-Holocene were confirmed by several n-alkane indices used to estimate the availability of moisture and by larger δD values. High ACL values indicate relatively dry conditions from 29 to 18.2 cal kyr BP and again from 8.0 and 5.0 cal kyr BP with a decrease in precipitation and an increase of grasses. Changes in the n-alkane C-29 isotopic compositions (δD and δ13C) were observed during the Pleistocene-Holocene transition, coinciding with a floristic change induced by climatic conditions that is also observed in palynological results from the same lake. The n-alkane C-29 δ13C values remain between −33.2‰ and − 35.7‰, which is representative for n-alkanes derived from C3 vegetation. These lines of evidence suggest a continuous gallery forest cover in the Saci Lake catchment for the last ~35 cal kyr BP in contrasted with the observed palynological changes which represent the dynamics of the vegetation on the upland areas. The n-alkane C-29 δD values are less negative in the Pleistocene and more negative during the Holocene in the lake record. These characteristics suggest more humid conditions during the Holocene than in the Pleistocene, probably associated with the South American Monsoon System (SAMS). However, an increase of approximately 10‰ occurs during the late Holocene, which coincides with the forest expansion around 5 cal kyr BP that is recorded in palynological data of Saci Lake and other records of the Amazon Forest. This change suggests that the D/H ratio is also influenced by the increase of the plant biomass, which would provide an enrichment of D in the isotopic signal as a function of regional moisture recycling caused by evapotranspiration.

Woody plant community structure and composition of an urban riparian forest in Monterrey metropolitan area, Northeast Mexico1

This work details the structure and composition of the woody plant community of a gallery forest located in the La Silla River, between Monterrey and Guadalupe urban areas in Nuevo León, Mexico. For the analysis, the woody vegetation was categorized into upper and lower strata. The upper stratum maximum height was 38 m, and the canopy cover was 100%. The canopy consisted of 22 species from 16 families, of which seven species represented 82.3% of the importance value index (IV); Taxodium huegelii had the highest IV (34.32%). The lower stratum maximum height was 2.5 m, and the cover was 48%. Thirteen species from 10 families were identified, five of which reached 81.3% of the IV; Ricinus communis had the highest IV (23.42%). The plant community diversity was 3.8 and 2.29, based on Margalef and Shannon indices, respectively. As one finding in the present study, it can be stated that the main threat is the presence of widely distributed exotic species such as Ricinus communis and Leucaena leucocephala, with high importance values. However, the presence of a well-established tree stratum, as well as the presence of species typical of the gallery forest, suggest a good state of conservation of this gallery forest. The present results highlight the importance of studying the composition, structure, and diversity, taking into consideration the flora of floristic provinces, as an analytic strategy for the diagnosis of riparian lentic community health.

Diversity and Vertical Distribution of Epiphytic Angiosperms, in Natural and Disturbed Forest on the Northern Coast of Jalisco, Mexico

Background and AimsEpiphytes are an important component of tropical forests, also they are sensitive to disturbance and deforestation caused by humans, since they depend on their host trees and the micro environmental conditions that these provide. The aim of this study was to analyze the differences in species richness, composition, and vertical distribution of epiphytic angiosperms between areas with natural and disturbed forest at the Northern Coast of Jalisco state, Mexico.MethodsThe presence/absence of epiphytic angiosperms was evaluated in each vertical zone of a selected tree, as well as those present in the understory, both in natural and disturbed sites in three types of vegetation (gallery forest, oak forest, tropical semideciduous forest) with a total of 30 plots of 20 m × 20 m in six sites. Alpha diversity was calculated for each site, as well as species turnover (beta diversity) between habitats. An analysis of variance was performed to determine if there was a significant difference in species richness between sites and, also to compare the height and diameter at breast height (DBH) of the host trees. Multivariate analyzes were used to group the sites according to their floristic composition. Furthermore, a linear regression was performed to detect any relationship between the number of species and the phorophyte structure.ResultsWe recorded 45 species, 29 genera and nine families of epiphytic angiosperms. The most diverse families were Bromeliaceae and Orchidaceae and the richest genus was Tillandsia. Although the disturbed sites had more species, a significant difference in richness was not found, except for the disturbed gallery forest. Epiphytic angiosperms presented a high beta diversity, since the sites shared only between 2 and 18% of the recorded species. The inner portion of the canopy (Z3 and Z4) hosted most of the species in all sites and the understory had a high representation of epiphytes except for the disturbed oak forest, where these were absent. A relationship between the DBH and the number of species was found only at the disturbed sites, however, it was highly influenced by the high number of taxa registered in disturbed gallery forest. Therefore, the size of the trees could not be considered a factor in determining the diversity of epiphyte species.ConclusionThe diversity of epiphytic angiosperm species from the North Coast of Jalisco has not been severely affected by the human disturbance. Most of the species have morphological and physiological adaptations that allow their establishment and survival in adverse climatic conditions. Our results suggest that epiphytic angiosperms cannot be considered as a good indicator for natural or disturbed environments in this region but should be considered in environmental conservation, as they present a high beta diversity.

Modelling the dynamics of land cover by 2050 in the north-western Atacora (Benin, West Africa)

In the north-western Atacora region, the rugged terrain limits access to agricultural land and creates a particular dynamic of land cover. The objective of this research is to simulate land cover in the 2050s in the mountainous area of northwestern Atacora in Benin. Landsat 5 TM images from 1988 and Landsat 8 OLI-TIRS from 2020 are the main data used. Supervised classification and modelling were performed with Idrisi Selva software. The annual regression rate is 18.30 % and the projection to 2050 predicts the disappearance of dense dry forests and a reduction of forest galleries and woodlands in favour of field and fallow mosaics (56.03 %) and tree and shrub savannas (25.23 %).

Three-Dimensional Reconstruction and Predictive Simulation Algorithm of Forest and Fruit Wood Borer Galleries Based on Two-Dimensional Images and Different Influencing Factors

Since forest and fruit wood borer insects are very harmful, and the formed galleries are complex and not easy to observe, the 3D reconstruction and visual prediction simulation of their galleries are of great importance in agricultural and forestry research. A single image-based 3D reconstruction and visualization method is proposed. The method is divided into two steps: (1) photographing the complete insect galleries on different sample wood segments, correcting the images to obtain the complete insect tract outline, and then redefining the height of model expansion based on the distance from the outline to the midline of the outline via the sketch-based reconstruction method to reconstruct the 3D geometric model of insect tracts; (2) setting the influencing factors, such as forest and fruit wood borer pest species, host plants and insect population density, and simultaneously judging the newly added sample points and updating the original skeleton points according to the category of sample points and the comprehensive consideration of influencing factors, so as to obtain the changes of insect gallery structure under different conditions and achieve the predictive simulation of insect tract structure. We found that modeling 3D wood borer galleries by different pests on different host plants can be achieved. Compared to the hand drawing method, our method can obtain 3D models in a very short time, and the experimental models are all reconstructed within 1.5 s. The predicted variation in the range of insect tracts indicate that it was inversely proportional to the population density and positively proportional to the moth-eating ability of the pests, indicating that the method reflects the relationship between the range of insect tracts and the influencing factors. The proposed method provides a new approach to the study and control of wood borer galleries in the forest and fruit industry. In conclusion, we provide a method to reconstruct and predict the wood borer galleries in three dimensions.

Fire effects on riparian vegetation recovery and nutrient fluxes in Brazilian Cerrado

AbstractFire can change gallery forest vegetation structure, thereby altering nutrient fluxes between terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. In Brazilian savannas, which are fire‐prone ecosystems, the fire regime is changing due to human activities such as converting native vegetation to farmland and urban areas. Uncontrolled wildfires in these savannas can reach gallery forests, which are more sensitive to fire impacts, leading to concerns about the effects of fire on gallery forest vegetation structure and freshwater ecosystems. We analysed the relationships between fire severity (the degree to which the fire has changed an area), percentage of burned area, variation in precipitation with gallery forest and savanna vegetation structure recovery and input of nutrients (NH4, , and ) to streams for 16 months after a fire event in five watersheds associated with small streams. One year after the fire, vegetation recovery (NDVI) was lower in gallery forest areas than in savanna woodlands, despite the more severe fires in savannas. The short‐term effects of fire on gallery forest vegetation included increased nitrate concentrations in streams, which were also influenced by increased precipitation and the extent of the burned area. The nutrient inputs into the stream stabilized within 1 year. However, gallery forest vegetation did not fully recover at that time and may continue to alter the functioning of the aquatic ecosystem. Together, these results demonstrate the need for an integrated fire management plan that considers both gallery forests and the surrounding savannas in the landscape to address consequences to aquatic ecosystems.

Nutritional potential of edible Russula species from Alédjo Wildlife Reserve (AWR)

In order to contribute to the valorisation of wild fungi whose nutritional potential, although considerable, is not sufficiently known in some countries such as Togo, a study has been carried out on Russula species. The diversity of Russula species from Alédjo Wildlife Reserve has been assessed using a focused inventory in woodlands dominated by Isoberlinia doka Craib & Stapf, Isoberlinia tomentosa (Harms) Craib & Stapf, Monotes kerstingii Gilg, Uapaca togoensis Pax and gallery forests dominated by Berlinia grandiflora (Vahl) Hutch & Dalz and Uapaca guineensis Müll. Ethnomycological surveys have been carried out among Tém and Kabyè, two riparian ethnic groups that are mainly represented. Biochemical analyses have been carried out using the AOAC method. Fifteen (15) taxa of edible Russula species are commonly used by Tém and Kabyè people living along the Alédjo Wildlife Reserve among which thirteen (13) taxa have been identified up to species level. R. oleifera is eaten by all interviewed people in both sociolinguistic groups (Fr = 100%) followed by R. compressa (Fr = 92.31%), R. ochrocephala (Fr = 87.18%) among Tém people and R. ochrocephala (Fr = 91.67%), R. compressa (Fr = 83.33%) among Kabyè people. Five (05) new species of edible Russula have been identified for the first time in Togo. The Russula species analysed have been rich in macronutrients with contents ranging from 2.88 g/100 g of dw for fat to 65.83 g/100 g of dw for total carbohydrates. In addition, these Russula species have shown a relatively high mineral content with contents ranging from 405.70 mg/100 g of dw for Ca to 2784 mg/100 g of dw for K. Furthermore, the results have revealed that Russula species analysed are a source of energy with 309.50 Kcal/100 g of dw. The edible Russula species analysed can thus contribute to food security in Togo.

A new species of Progomphus Selys, 1854 (Odonata: Anisoptera: Gomphidae) from Minas Gerais state, Southeastern Brazil.

Progomphus teolitavius sp. nov. (Odonata: Anisoptera: Gomphidae) is described and diagnosed based on a specimen collected in a gallery forest of Cerrado from Barroso municipality, Minas Gerais state, Brazil (-21.2238, -43.9895, 1033 m, 30.iii.2021, G.S. Santos leg.). The new species can be distinguished from congeners by its enlarged basal externo-lateral dilatation of cerci (which bears large teeth), and epiproct morphology.

Nest-Site Specialization in the Helmeted Manakin Antilophia galeata in a Gallery Forest from Southeastern Brazil

Studies on nest-site selection can reveal aspects of habitat requirements of the target species, and can be useful to infer about how habitat changes can affect local populations. The Helmeted Manakin, Antilophia galeata, is a piprid that inhabits mainly the humid gallery forests that occur along watercourses of the savanna-like Cerrado biome from central South America, and like most tropical forest understory passerines, it is poorly known under a nest-site selection perspective. Here we provide nest-site selection assessment based on nine variables for a population of the Helmeted Manakin from southeast Brazil. We found that females strongly selected Miconia nervosa (Melastomataceae) as a nesting plant species. Further, we demonstrated that the presence of nests was positively associated with canopy cover and with the occurrence of the endangered jussara palm trees, Euterpe edulis. These results suggest that the Helmeted Manakin is specialized in reproducing in mature and well-preserved gallery forest tracts. Gallery forests are narrow stripes of riparian vegetation from the endangered Cerrado domain, and here we showed that even in these linear habitats, the Helmeted Manakin can seek for specific portions for nesting. This is one of the few studies reporting nest-site specialization in a Neotropical forest-dwelling passerine.

A new species of Afromelittia Gorbunov &amp; Arita, 1997 (Lepidoptera: Sesiidae: Melittiini) from The Gambia

A new species of Afrotropical Melittiini, Afromelittia gruschwitzi sp. n., is described. Attracted by synthetic pheromones, a single male was trapped 1992 in Abuko Nature Reserve, a gallery forest in The Gambia, West Africa. The female and the biology of the new species are unknown.

Variation in soil seed bank and relationship with aboveground vegetation across microhabitats in a savanna‐woodland of West Africa

Soil seed bank (SSB) characteristics may vary with habitat heterogeneity. We investigated the SSB density in three microhabitats (under canopy, eroded soil and bare soil) in five vegetation types (abandoned farm, dense woodland, gallery forest, grassland and open woodland) at varying soil depths (0–5, 5–10 and 10–15 cm) in a savanna‐woodland in Burkina Faso, West Africa. Total germinable SSB densities varied between 4 and 308 seeds per dm3 of soil. Herbaceous taxa were the major constituent of the germinable SSB across the microhabitats, regardless of vegetation type. Seedlings of 30 species emerged from the SSB, of which 24 were annual species and only 4 woody species, indicating that natural regeneration of woody species via seed dispersal is limited. Both microhabitat and vegetation type contributed to the variation in taxa richness, and germinable seed density and diversity. There was a significant difference in SSB density and richness between microhabitats in the different vegetation types (p &lt; 0.05). The SSB densities were higher under tree canopies than outside tree canopies (eroded soil and bare soil) and highest in the upper soil layers in all vegetation types. The aboveground vegetation (AGV) and flora within the SSB shared many herbaceous species but many woody species present in the AGV were absent in the SSB. Under tree canopies are the ecological niches that favor accumulation of a diversity of seeds, suggesting the preservation and conservation of adult trees in savanna‐woodland ecosystems is critical to facilitating the restoration of these ecosystems.

Holocene Paleoecology in the Neotropical Savannas of Northern South America (Llanos of the Orinoquia Ecoregion, Colombia and Venezuela): What Do We Know and on What Should We Focus in the Future?

We provide an overview of the Holocene paleoecology of the Llanos ecoregion. A region that captured the attention of researchers for more than 200 years, as it exhibits a high heterogeneity in landscapes and vegetation, where savanna and forest mosaics exist. Located in an area influenced by the seasonal migration of the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ), it provides a unique area for understanding long-term dynamics of climate, vegetation and human history. Twelve locations have been paleoecologically studied, showing general vegetation and climate changes trends since the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM). During LGM savanna herbs were dominant, indicating dry climatic conditions. The transition of the Holocene was characterized by a slight increase in forest taxa, suggesting a transition to a wetter climate. Between ∼10,000 and 7,000 cal yr BP, grasslands were abundant, and few forest taxa, including Mauritia were also common but rare, pointing to a warm and humid climate. After ∼7,000 cal yr BP, the gallery forest started to expand, suggesting a change to a wetter climate. Mauritia palms increased markedly after 4,000–3,000 cal yr BP, possibly driven by higher mean annual precipitation and/or longer wet season. The start of human occupation remains unclear, but it has been linked to the time of expansion of Mauritia, a period in which fires, possibly of anthropogenic origin, were more frequent. To understand patterns of change in these ecosystems, it is necessary to improve the chronological control of the sediments in future studies and increase the resolution and proxies used to reconstruct their history.

Climate‐induced plasticity in leaf traits of riparian plants

AbstractAimLeaf litter inputs from riparian vegetation and its decomposition play a key role in energy and nutrient transfer in many stream ecosystems. Instream leaf litter decomposition is driven by both leaf traits and environmental conditions. Therefore, understanding and predicting leaf trait variation under current environmental changes and their putative interactive effects on stream food webs is a critical challenge. Most studies have focussed on the assumed higher interspecific leaf trait variability, with little research addressing an intraspecific perspective.LocationAndalusia, Spain.MethodsWe assessed the relative effects of climate and soil conditions on the plasticity of leaf traits of four common woody riparian species in permanent low‐order Mediterranean streams across a wide aridity gradient. We used a space‐for‐time substitution approach to predict leaf trait changes and consequences for stream food webs in a future climate change scenario.ResultsOverall, we found that aridity had a major influence on leaf trait plasticity but with opposite patterns depending on plant functional type, although soil was the strongest predictor in some cases. Results indicated that leaf quality—linked to palatability and decomposability—of Alnus glutinosa, Salix atrocinerea and Rubus ulmifolius (deciduous/semi‐deciduous) will decrease with forecasted aridification, whereas the palatability of the evergreen Nerium oleander will increase. We observed higher trait plasticity than interspecific variation for leaf P, Ca and Mg concentrations and C:P ratio.Main conclusionsOur findings suggest a decrease of intraspecific leaf quality in riparian deciduous species with global warming in a relatively short term. In a longer term, this may merge with the forecasted dieback of deciduous species in riparian corridors of temperate climate zones. These changes have the potential to significantly impair ecosystem functioning of Mediterranean mountain streams currently under deciduous gallery forests.

Distribution limits, natural history and conservation status of the poorly known Peruvian gracile mouse opossum (Didelphimorphia: Didelphidae)

ABSTRACT The Peruvian gracile mouse opossum (Gracilinanus peruanus) is known from scattered localities. Very little information is available on its natural history, habitat requirements and geographic distribution. Also, its conservation status has never been evaluated. We provide a new hypothesis on its distribution limits using species distribution models (SDM), and evaluate for the first time the conservation status of the species. The SDM suggested high suitability for G. peruanus in the Brazilian Shield, indicating continuous suitable areas for the species between the disjunct areas of western Brazil and Bolivia/Peru. Voucher records show that Teles Pires River is not a geographic barrier and the eastern limits still need to be delimited. To the south, the species appears to be limited by the Pantanal wetlands and the Chaco biome, and to the west by the Andes mountains. We suggest that G. peruanus should be globally classified as ‘Least Concern.’ Nevertheless, the species may be considered as Near Threatened in a near future in Brazil, mainly because it occurs in an area with high rates of deforestation and habitat loss in the Cerrado of western Brazil, thus reinforcing the importance of protecting gallery forests to forest dweller species.