Gall Rust Disease Research Articles

Genetic diversity of Falcataria moluccana and its relationship to the resistance of gall rust disease

Lelana Ne, Wiyono S, Giyanto, Siregar IZ. 2018. Genetic diversity of Falcataria moluccana and its relationship to the resistance of gall rust disease. Biodiversitas 19: 12-17. The use of cultivars that are resistant to a particular disease is one strategy that could mitigate the incidence of gall rust disease on Falcataria moluccana. Previous studies on the genetic diversity of F. moluccana did not attempt to link that genetic diversity to gall rust disease resistance. This research was carried out using RAPD analysis to determine the preliminary information on the association between different markers and the resistance to gall rust disease. The analysis evaluated a total of 20 pairs of healthy and infected F. moluccana trees that were classified based on their disease severity level. The RAPD primers used in this study were as follows: OPA-05, OPA-08, OPA-10, OPA-13, OPA-18, OPB-07, OPD-13, OPF-02, and OPG-05. The results showed that each RAPD primer produced a varying number of polymorphic bands, ranging from 3 to 12 bands, with a total of 80 polymorphic bands. Despite the number of loci analyzed, however, no specific polymorphic bands were found that could distinguish between healthy and diseased trees. This was supported by principal component analysis, which showed that healthy and diseased populations were not distributed separately. The structure analysis also showed that the healthy and diseased populations were not different.

The Control of Fungus Uromycladium tepperianum on Seedling of Sengon (Falcataria moluccana (Miq.) Barneby & J.W.Grimes) in a nursery

Sengon (Falcataria moluccana (Miq. Barneby & J.W.Grimes) is one of timber producing species of high economic value. Recently, sengon productivity decreases due to pests and diseases, attack is caused by the fungus Uromycladium tepperianum (SACE.) McAlp. The control of gall rust disease at seedling level is important, because the stadia nursery are the most vulnerable. The aim of this research was to determine the effectiveness of the type of control in supressing the fungus of U. tepperianum and the growth of sengon in a nursery. The research design used a completely randomized design (CRD) with five treatments of gall rust disease control types i.e. control ; biological fertilizer of Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR) (5 g -L of water), biofungicide (5 g-L of water); chemical fungicide (2 g-L of water); and boron (300 ppm). Each treatment consisted of 20 seedlings repeated 4 times. The observed response were the number of fungal spores, diameter and height of seedlings. In addition, calculation of the effectiveness of the type of controller was counted. The results showed that after two weeks of fungal infections, the highest seedling growth was the seedling treated with fungicide (0.53 cm), while the lowest was the seedling treated with biological fungicide (0.32 cm). PGPR, fungicide biological, chemical fungicides and boron did not effective to the attack of fungus and to increase the growth of height and diameter of sengon seedling after the 4th week of the fungus infection.

KARAKTERISASI MORFOLOGI SENGON (Paraserianthes falcataria L. Nielsen) HASIL MUTASI RADIASI SINAR GAMMA Morphological Characterization of Sengon (Paraserianthes falcataria L. Nielsen) Gamma Radiation Mutation Results

Mutation is a process of change in genetic structure of particular organisme. Genetic changes due to mutation can produce new characteristic and increase genetic diversity, which will be utilized for improvement program. Several artificial mutation programs have proved to produce new superior individual. One common artificial mutation used is gamma radiation. This study aimed to characterize 9 years old gamma irradiated sengon trees, with doses 0, 5, 10, and 15 krad based on its morphological characters, wood density, resistant to diseases. The observed parameters were tree diameter, height, volume, clear bole height, stem straightness, permanent branch, number of branches, canopy length, wood density and resistance to gall rust disease. Average values of all parameters of mutant lines does not differ significantly from control trees, however some individuals have better morphological characters than others. Mutant lines with 5 krad dose have close association with permanent branch and stem straightness, 15 krad dose with volume, diameter, height and crown length, while 10 krad with number of branches. Average wood density of mutant lines did not differ significantly from control either, with highest value belonged to 10 krad dose. Selected superior tree candidates were individuals with number 5.07, K1, 15.27, and 15 NN.Key word: breeding, characterization, mutation, sengon.

Induction of Somatic Embryogenesis in Sengon (Falcataria moluccana) With Thidiazuron and Light Treatments

Falcataria moluccana is important for reforestation and afforestation in Indonesia. However, epidemic of gall rust disease in F. moluccana plantations decreases its productivity. Genetic engineering is an alternative solution to against gall rust disease. Somatic embryogenesis is an efficient in vitro plant regeneration for successful plant improvement through genetic engineering. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of thidiazuron and light treatments on the induction of somatic embryogenesis of F. moluccana. The effects of thidiazuron concentration (5, 10 or 15 μM) and light (continuous light, 7 days of dark followed by light, or continuous dark) on the induction of somatic embryogenesis in leaf explants were assessed. The highest production of somatic embryos was obtained in 5 μM thidiazuron and dark treatments for 7 days followed by light in Murashige and Skoog medium supplemented with 1.2 g/L proline. Histological analysis in globular and cotyledon stages confirmed that cells had progressed to secondary somatic embryogenesis. This research needs more improvements to become a successful and efficient somatic embryogenesis method and as a potential method for successful plant improvement through genetic engineering in F. moluccana.

PERTUMBUHAN SENGON SOLOMON DAN RESPONNYA TERHADAP PENYAKIT KARAT TUMOR DI BONDOWOSO, JAWA TIMUR

A provenance stands of sengon Solomon (Falcataria moluccana (Miq.) Barneby & JW Grimes was establishhed in Bondowoso, East Java in 2011. One provenance seed consisting of 25 families originated from Solomon Island were used in this trial. Provenance stands was designed by rows column design (incomplete block) involving 8 blocks, 4 trees per plot (plot tree) with a spacing of 3 m x 2 m. Several characters were observed i.e: survival rate, height, diameter and the presence of gall rust diseases; the observations were undertaken every 6 months from 6 months old up to the age of 18 months. The results showed that the mean of survival rates ranging from 75% to 90%; with the average survival rate of 84.83% (6 months), 83.26% (12 months) and 81.05% (18 months). The mean height and diameter of 6 months old (2.42 m, 2.97 cm), 12 months old (4.74 m, 5.56 cm), and 18 months old (7.35 m, 7.39 cm). Varian analysis of height, diameter, disease severity and intensity showed that there were no significant differences between families. All of families attacked by gall rust disease, however family number 2, 8 and 23 showed the lowest respond of attack compared to other families. Therefore, those families can be recommended for future development in terms of toleration to the gall rust disease.

PERTUMBUHAN SENGON SOLOMON DAN RESPONNYA TERHADAP PENYAKIT KARAT TUMOR DI BONDOWOSO, JAWA TIMUR

A provenance stands of sengon Solomon (Falcataria moluccana (Miq.) Barneby & JW Grimes was establishhed in Bondowoso, East Java in 2011. One provenance seed consisting of 25 families originated from Solomon Island were used in this trial. Provenance stands was designed by rows column design (incomplete block) involving 8 blocks, 4 trees per plot (plot tree) with a spacing of 3 m x 2 m. Several characters were observed i.e: survival rate, height, diameter and the presence of gall rust diseases; the observations were undertaken every 6 months from 6 months old up to the age of 18 months. The results showed that the mean of survival rates ranging from 75% to 90%; with the average survival rate of 84.83% (6 months), 83.26% (12 months) and 81.05% (18 months). The mean height and diameter of 6 months old (2.42 m, 2.97 cm), 12 months old (4.74 m, 5.56 cm), and 18 months old (7.35 m, 7.39 cm). Varian analysis of height, diameter, disease severity and intensity showed that there were no significant differences between families. All of families attacked by gall rust disease, however family number 2, 8 and 23 showed the lowest respond of attack compared to other families. Therefore, those families can be recommended for future development in terms of toleration to the gall rust disease.

PENGARUH ABU VULKANIK PADA PERTUMBUHAN, LUAS SERANGAN DAN INTENSITAS SERANGAN KARAT TUMOR PADA SEMAI SENGON

The study aimed to examine the effect of volcanic ash on growth, disease incidence and severity of gall rust on sengon seedlings. Treaments were used compound af volcanic ash and planting medium with the comparison of 0:4 (M1), 1:3 (M2), 1:1 (M3), 3:1 (M4) and 4:0 (M5). Growth parameters including height, number of leaves, and the level of chlorophyll were measured. Artificial inoculation using fresh spore of Uromycladium tepperianum were applied 3 times: at the first, fourth and seven days after the second leaves of seedlings emerged, then the gall rust disease symptom were scored weekly for a month. The results showed that seedlings exhibited treatment M1 and M2 more optimal growth than the others. However, sengon with higher concentration volcanic ash performed the slowest growth compared to other treatments. Disease incidence and severity were ranged of 0-80% and 0-24%. Seedling sengon with treatment M2, M3 and M5 emerged the symptoms of gall rust however, seedlings with treatments of M1 and M4 did not show the symptomps.

PENGARUH ABU VULKANIK PADA PERTUMBUHAN, LUAS SERANGAN DAN INTENSITAS SERANGAN KARAT TUMOR PADA SEMAI SENGON

The study aimed to examine the effect of volcanic ash on growth, disease incidence and severity of gall rust on sengon seedlings. Treaments were used compound af volcanic ash and planting medium with the comparison of 0:4 (M1), 1:3 (M2), 1:1 (M3), 3:1 (M4) and 4:0 (M5). Growth parameters including height, number of leaves, and the level of chlorophyll were measured. Artificial inoculation using fresh spore of Uromycladium tepperianum were applied 3 times: at the first, fourth and seven days after the second leaves of seedlings emerged, then the gall rust disease symptom were scored weekly for a month. The results showed that seedlings exhibited treatment M1 and M2 more optimal growth than the others. However, sengon with higher concentration volcanic ash performed the slowest growth compared to other treatments. Disease incidence and severity were ranged of 0-80% and 0-24%. Seedling sengon with treatment M2, M3 and M5 emerged the symptoms of gall rust however, seedlings with treatments of M1 and M4 did not show the symptomps.

KETAHANAN SERANGAN PENYAKIT KARAT TUMOR PADA UJI KETURUNAAN SENGON (Falcataria moluccana) DI BONDOWOSO, JAWA TIMUR

As a part of tree improvement project of sengon (Falcataria moluccana L. Nielsen) several progeny test were established in December 2011. One of those progeny test was established in Bondowoso, East Java. Row Column Desgin (Incomplete Block Design) was used as experimental design involving 70 families (9 Papua provenance and 1 provenance Solomon), 4 replications (blocks), 4 trees per plot and a spacing of 3 x 2 m. Observations were made at the age of 6 and 12 months, including recorded the percent of survival plants, height, diameter and the gall rust incidence. Results showed that in general, the early growth of individual plant in this plot demonstrated a fairly good performance with the survival rate of 98.5% (6 months old), and 96.9% (1 year old). The early growth of sengon varied significantly between provenances. The best growth demonstrated by provenances from Meagama, Holima and Hobikosi. Early estimation of individual heritability of plant height categorised in low (h 2 i = 0.07 to 0.11, h 2 = 0.16 to 0,21) , whereas individual heritability of diameter were catagorised in medium (h 2 i = 0.08 to 0.11, h 2 f = 0.15 to 0,43). Moreover, the positive value of the genetic correlation revealed between height and diameter (0.88 and 0.85). Several individual trees originated from Holima, Meagama and Elagaima exhibited 0% of gall rust disease incidence.

Initial Infection of Falcataria moluccana Leaves and Acacia mangium Phyllodes by Uromycladium tepperianum Fungi in a Laboratory Trial

Sengon is a fast growing species that is cultivated widely in Indonesia. Lately, sengon is severely attacked by fungus Uromycladium tepperianum that causing gall rust disease. It is also known to attack various types of acacia. This study aims to determine the fungal infection process U. Tepperianum on sengon leaves and the possibility of infection on Acacia mangium in the laboratory trial. Leave samples and fungal pathogen teliospores obtained from Cangkringan, Sleman, Yogyakarta. Several approach procedures conducted to achieve these objectives were: (1) identification of diseased trees, (2) collecting samples of diseased leaves, branches, twigs, and stems, and (3) artificial inoculation and investigating the infection process of U. tepperianum teliospores in the laboratory. The results showed that the process of infection in sengon started by teliospores germination and germ tube formation. Successive germ tube forming penetration pegs. In the plant tissue, the penetration peg formed hypha and further developed into intracellular and intercellular hyphae. The artificial inoculation on A. mangium leaf surface showed few spores can germinate. However, none of them managed to penetrate.

Dynamics of Gall Rust Disease on Sengon (Falcataria Moluccana) in various Agroforestry Patterns

Sengon (Falcataria moluccana) has a high economical value in the community forest. It was planted by agroforestry system that has various pattern. However, gall rust disease has caused severe damage to all growth stages. Each agroforestry pattern has a different contribution on the development of gall rust disease. This research was aimed to evaluate development of gall rust disease in various agroforestry pattern. Field study was made in various agroforestry pattern that are PA I (sengon with coffee, papaya, and ginger), PA II (cassava planted between sengon with 1, 5 m spacing) and PA III (cassava planted in the edge of sengon plantation with 0, 5 m spacing) to observe Disease Incidence (DI) and Disease Severity (DS). The result showed that development of gall rust disease for 5 months at agroforestry patterns were observed is low (PA I has DI = 47,22%, DS = 15,74% while PA II has DI = 27,16%, DS = 10,29 and PA III has DI = 20,99%, DS = 7,41%).

Effect of Pyroclastic Cloud from Merapi Volcano to the Survival of Uromycladium Tepperianum on Falcataria Moluccana in Yogyakarta, Indonesia

Abstract Group of rust fungi have strong mechanism for adaptation and changed their pathogenecity under critical condition, includ characteristics, survival and pathogenecity of U. tepperianum in Falcataria moluccana. Inoculums of U. tepperianum were taken from sengon trees in the Southern hill of Merapi volcano which showed symptoms of gall on 3 different distance of area affected by pyroclastic cloud, i.e. danger (3-7 km), alert (>7-11 km) and warning (>11-15 km) from the top of Merapi. Three locations from each distance were randomly chosen, namely fire (directly affected), border (indirectly affected) and green (completely uninfluenced) by pyroclastic cloud. Based on artificial inoculation test, pathogenecity of each inoculum was observed. The color, size and shape of teliospore as well as texture and color of gall were observed using qualitative and quantitative assessment. Survival and aggressiveness of U. tepperianum in the fire were lower than in the border or green location in all distances. However, in the border location itself, the spores of U. tepperianum is more pathogenic, represent by higher percentage of germination, penetration, and infection than in the both locations. This result was also supported by the characteristic of teliospores that were bigger, brighter, had better integrity shape (round) in the border location. One of obvious case due to local environmental changing caused by Merapi eruption was the increasing of aggressiveness of the gall rust disease caused by U. tepperianum on F. moluccana.

Variasi Ketahanan Terhadap Penyakit karat Tumor pada Sengon Tingkat Semai

The most seriouse affecting Sengon (Sengon (Falcataria moluccana) plantation is Gall rust is coused by the fungus Uromycladium tepperianum (Sacc.) McAlp. This disease reduced the yield due to mortality and stems brakage (fllowing the formation of stem-girdling galls) reduced marketability and decreased of ghrowth rates. This research aimed to select seedlings sengon which is tolerant to gall rust disease at provenence level, Five seed sources were used for this study i.e. from Papua (Elaigama Hubikosi and Siba Hubikosi) and Java (Candiroto, Kediri and Wonosobo). Inoculation was carried using fresh spora of Uromycladium tepperianum, There times when the seedlingreaches two weeks old. Then obsevation has been done for height and symptom scoring for evaluating disease incidence and severity. The result showed there were variations for height, disease incidence and disease severity. Seedlings sengon from Papua exhibited growth (height) about 6,5-12,2 cm, and seedlings from Java. It recorded that seedlings from Papua exhibited 0% of disease incidence ansd disease severity, meanwhile seedling from java is more susceptible to the gall rust, by which exhibited hight value of disease incidence (86-94 %0 and disease severity (53-60%).

Uromycladium tepperianum, the gall rust fungus from Falcataria moluccana in Malaysia and Indonesia

Batai (Falcataria moluccana) is a valuable tree species for forest plantations in Malaysia and Indonesia. Since 1993, a gall rust disease has caused severe damage to all growth stages, from seedlings in the nursery to mature trees in the field. To identify the fungus causing gall rust disease on F. moluccana in Malaysia and Indonesia, study of the mode of infection and changes in the anatomy of infected cells were carried out in the anatomy laboratory. The disease in Malaysia and Indonesia is caused by Uromycladium tepperianum. The fungus produces three longitudinally ridged teliospores on each head, with spores measuring 13-20μm wide and 17-28μm long. The fungus is microcyclic, completing its entire life cycle on F. moluccana. This study confirmed that the teliospores themselves cannot infect the host. Under favorable conditions, about 10 h after inoculation, teliospores germinate to produce basidiospores that form penetration pegs about 6 h later, and it is this peg which penetrates the host cells directly through the epidermis. Pycnia, recognized as small brown pustules, break through the epidermis about 7 days after inoculation.

<i>Uromycladium tepperianum</i>, the gall rust fungus from <i>Falcataria moluccana</i> in Malaysia and Indonesia

Batai (Falcataria moluccana) is a valuable tree species for forest plantations in Malaysia and Indonesia. Since 1993, a gall rust disease has caused severe damage to all growth stages, from seedlings in the nursery to mature trees in the field. To identify the fungus causing gall rust disease on F. moluccana in Malaysia and Indonesia, study of the mode of infection and changes in the anatomy of infected cells were carried out in the anatomy laboratory. The disease in Malaysia and Indonesia is caused by Uromycladium tepperianum. The fungus produces three longitudinally ridged teliospores on each head, with spores measuring 13-20μm wide and 17-28μm long. The fungus is microcyclic, completing its entire life cycle on F. moluccana. This study confirmed that the teliospores themselves cannot infect the host. Under favorable conditions, about 10 h after inoculation, teliospores germinate to produce basidiospores that form penetration pegs about 6 h later, and it is this peg which penetrates the host cells directly through the epidermis. Pycnia, recognized as small brown pustules, break through the epidermis about 7 days after inoculation.

A DNA-based method for detection ofPeridermium harknessii, the causal agent of western gall rust

Peridermium harknessii is not present in the southern hemisphere yet it poses a serious threat to Pinus radiata cultivation in exotic forest plantations there. If a suspected incursion were to occur, it would be necessary to rapidly confirm the presence of P. harknessii within non-sporulating galls. With this in mind, we have developed a DNA-based identification system, using the first intergenic spacer region (IGS-1), that is able to detect the presence of the pathogen within galled tissue. The PCR primers are highly specific and with the exception of the closest relative, Cronartium quercuum f. sp. banksianae, they did not cross react with any of the 11 species within the closely related genera Cronartium and Peridermium that were tested. Phylogenetic analysis of the IGS-1 region confirmed that C. quercuum f. sp. banksianae is the closest relative to P. harknessii. The PCR primers and protocol reported here should prove useful in the event of a suspected western gall rust disease outbreak in exotic P. radiata plantations.

Responses of Falcataria moluccana seedlings of Different Seed Sources to Inoculation With Uromycladium tepperianum

Abstract Falcataria moluccana (batai) is one of the valuable multipurpose tree species for forest plantations, particularly in Malaysia and Indonesia. Gall rust disease caused by Uromycladium tepperianum (Sacc.) is one of the most destructive diseases in Batai plantations. The disease causes severe damage at all developmental stages of the plant from the nursery stage to mature trees in the field and includes the development of chocolate brown, cauliflower-like or whip-like galls on the stem, branch, petiole, shoot and pod. Different seed sources may respond differently to gall rust fungus. Thus, the responses of F. moluccana seedlings from 6 selected seed sources to gall rust disease caused by U. tepperianum, were evaluated, at the Brumas Estate, Malaysia, in terms of gall rust disease severity, mortality, and disease infection rate of the seedlings. Based on disease severity, infection rate and cumulative mortality due to gall rust disease, the wamena was found to be the best seed source in relation to gall rust disease resistance.

INDIKASI AWAL KETAHANAN SENGON (Falcataria moluccana) PROVENAN PAPUA TERHADAP JAMUR Uromycladium tepperianum PENYEBAB PENYAKIT KARAT TUMOR (Gall Rust)

Gall rust disease infected Falcataria moluccana plantations, in several locations in East and Central Java. Effort to eradicate the disease using fungicidal treatment not effective at operational scale. One of the techniques to solve the problem is to develop rust resistant genotypes by selecting tolerant individuals in the field. Kediri is the area where the gall rust disease was found with high level invasion therefore the selection was conducted. The research area is a provenance and progeny trial which was established using 6 replications or blocks, each block contained 77 families, (37 families are collected from Candiroto, 20 from Kediri, 15 from Lombok and 5 from Papua). Result from the data analysis found that individuals from several provenances of Waga-waga, Kuaulu; Muai, Wamena; Hubikosi; Muliama Bawah, Asologoima of Papua, Irian Jaya appeared to be more tolerant to the gall rust diseases than others.

Epidemi Penyakit Tumor pada Sengon (Paraserianthes falcataria) di Jawa Timur, Indonesia

Gall Rust Disease Epidemic on sengon (Paraserianthes falcataria) in East java, IndonesiaIn the early of 2005 at one of the coffee and cocoa estates in the district of Banyuwangi, East Java, an epidemic outbreak of gall disease on albizia (Paraserianthes falcataria) with heavy infestation level occurred. Arthropod pest initially was suspected as the causing agent of the gall. However, intensive observations in the field and laboratory revealed that the gall was caused by the rust fungus of Uromycladium tepperianum. It was a new outbreak of the disease reported in Indonesia.Observation at one division of the estate showed that the extent of albizia trees infected by the pathogen reached to more than 50%. There was an indication that environmental factors especially rainfall and humidity strongly increased the disease intensity and sporulation of the fungus. Results on the fungicide trial conducted in the field indicated that spraying of the mixed solution of Carbendazim (Delsene MX 80 WP) and Flusilazol (Nustar 400 EC) at the concentration of 1 g and 0.3 ml formulation per liter of water respectively was very effective in suppressing the infestation. These mixed fungicides could suppress the disease infestation to 60.1% compared with untreated trees.