Gallbladder Volume Research Articles

An evaluation of the gallbladder in adult sickle cell anemia patients in Zaria North-West Nigeria

Background: Sickle cell anemia (SCA) is characterized by a constant state of hemolysis which leads to hyperbilirubinemia. Hyperbilirubinemia may predispose to development of pigment gallstones in these patients. Gallstones in SCA patients increase morbidity and mortality and poses diagnostic dilemma as most patients are asymptomatic. The objective of this study was to evaluate the gallbladder using ultrasonography, biochemical, and hematological parameters among adult SCA patients in steady state at the Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital (ABUTH), Zaria. Patients and Method: We conducted a case-control cross-sectional study of adult SCA patients attending the hematology clinic of ABUTH, Zaria, Nigeria and HbAA controls. Sixty-seven consenting adult SCA patients in steady state and twenty HbAA controls had abdominal ultrasonography, biochemical, and hematological tests on blood samples. Information obtained was entered and analyzed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) 17.0. Statistical evaluation consisted of descriptive analysis and comparison of means using student's t-test. Level of significance was set at P Results: Of the 67 SCA patients, 19 (28.4%) had gallstones, and the prevalence increased with increasing age of the patients. There were significant differences in all laboratory parameters between SCA patients and the HbAA controls except alkaline phosphatase levels. While there were no significant differences in these parameters between SCA patients with gallstone and those without gallstone except the gallbladder volume. All the SCA patients with gallbladder stones were asymptomatic. Conclusion: There is a high prevalence of gallbladder stone in SCA patients, especially after the age of 20 years. Thus, abdominal ultrasonography should be part of the routine care of SCA patients, especially after the second decade of life.

Study of Gall bladder contractility in patients of asymptomatic Gall stone

Introduction: The prevalence of gall bladder stone varies widely in different parts of world. Worldwide gall stone disease is increasing. A knowledge of the predictive factors of the development and persistence of symptoms in gall stone patients play a key role in clinical decision making. The aim of this study is to evaluate the presence of predictive factors for biliary pain development in gall stone, stressing the role of gall bladder motility. Aims and objective: To study gall bladder contractility in patients of asymptomatic gall stone by ultrasound and to correlate with normal individuals. Material and methods: A hospital based observational study was conducted from January 2012 to march 2013. A total of 25 patients with asymptomatic gall stones (group 1) and 25 controls (group 2) were included in the study. Results: Ultrasonography volume was found to be significantly more in group 1, both during fasting and after fatty meals, suggesting decreased gall bladder motility in asymptomatic patient. Inter group comparison of gall bladder thickness was statistically significant both during fasting and after fatty meal in group. Conclusion: Gall bladder volume was found to be significantly more in asymptomatic cases, both during fasting and after fatty meal. Mean gall bladder wall thickness and mean alkaline phosphatase level was significantly more in patients with gall stones.

Sonographic evaluation of gallbladder motility in children with chronic functional constipation.

Background/AimsStudies in adults suggest that constipation may not be a purely colonic pathology and may be a component of a generalized gastrointestinal (GI) motor disorder in which proximal GI motility can be impaired. Pediatric data are scarce, and the natural history of the disorder remains undefined. We aimed to evaluate gallbladder motility in a subset of Asian children with chronic functional constipation.MethodsAbdominal ultrasound was performed on 105 children, including 55 patients (aged 3 to 13 years) with chronic functional constipation who met the inclusion criteria and 50 age- and gender-matched controls. The gallbladder contractility index was calculated based on the preprandial and postprandial gallbladder areas. Preprandial and postprandial values for gallbladder volume and wall thickness were evaluated.ResultsThe mean value of the contractility index for the patients (15.77±24.68) was significantly lower than the mean value for the controls (43.66±11.58) (p=0.001). The mean postprandial gallbladder volumes and areas were larger in children with gallbladder hypomotility (p<0.05). The mean duration of constipation (4.8 months) was significantly higher (p=0.004) in the children with gall-bladder hypomotility.ConclusionsGallbladder motility is significantly impaired in children with chronic functional constipation. This study contributes to the understanding of the underlying pathophysiology, which will enable advancement in and improved management of children with chronic constipation and associated gallbladder hypomotility.

Angioarchitecture of gallbladder in pig: LM and SEM study on vascular microcorrosion casts.

The study focused on the description of pig gallbladder angioarchitecture, with particular emphasis on the specifics of the course of blood vessels in individual layers of the gallbladder wall. Furthermore, the vascular systems of the pig gallbladder were analyzed in terms of the adaptation of this organ to changes in its volume during cyclical bile storage and discharge. The gallbladder is supplied by the cystic artery, which in the pig represents a mixed pinnate and bipinnate pattern of branching. The light microscopic and scanning electron microscopic observations of three-dimensional vascular corrosion casts showed the presence of two main complex vascular networks in the wall of the gallbladder, one located in the subserosal and the other in the mucosa. The unique features in the pig, connected with the size of the gallbladder, is the well-developed horizontal venous plexus under folds of the mucosa, which is a voluminous reservoir of fluids absorbed from bile and vascular networks around mucous glands. Superficial blood vessels of the gallbladder run in vascular pairs or triads, where a single artery runs between two veins. The structures of blood flow control, that is, venous valves, were observed only in venules of the subserosal plexus. Spatial arrangement of the vascular network in the pig gallbladder shows functional plasticity during changes in gallbladder volume. The course of superficial blood vessels in the well-filled gallbladder is arcuate, while in the empty gallbladder it is undulated or spiral. In the mucosal and intramural vessels the direction of blood vessels may change from perpendicular to oblique.

4-Benzofuranyloxynicotinamide derivatives are novel potent and orally available TGR5 agonists

A series of 4-benzofuranyloxynicotinamide derivatives were identified to be novel, potent, and orally available TGR5 agonists. Among them, compound 9r had the highest potency in vitro (hTGR5 EC50 = 0.28 nM, mTGR5 EC50 = 0.92 nM). Further in vivo studies disclosed that 9r could effectively lower the blood glucose, but meantime caused an increase in the gallbladder volume of mice. Subsequent research toward eliminating the gallbladder toxicity resulted in compound 19 with low permeability. Although the EC50 of mTGR5 of 19 was larger one order than that of 9r, it still had good glucose-lowing activity. Nevertheless, 19 also caused the adverse effects to the gallbladder. The drug levels detection disclosed that the concentration of 19 was only lower than that of 9r in plasma but was higher in bile and gallbladder tissue. This result indicated that low exposure in plasma could not guarantee low exposure in bile and gallbladder tissue, and thus resulting in the gallbladder toxicity of 19.

Mapping glucose-mediated gut-to-brain signalling pathways in humans

ObjectivesPrevious fMRI studies have demonstrated that glucose decreases the hypothalamic BOLD response in humans. However, the mechanisms underlying the CNS response to glucose have not been defined. We recently demonstrated that the slowing of gastric emptying by glucose is dependent on activation of the gut peptide cholecystokinin (CCK1) receptor. Using physiological functional magnetic resonance imaging this study aimed to determine the whole brain response to glucose, and whether CCK plays a central role. Experimental designChanges in blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) signal were monitored using fMRI in 12 healthy subjects following intragastric infusion (250ml) of: 1M glucose+predosing with dexloxiglumide (CCK1 receptor antagonist), 1M glucose+placebo, or 0.9% saline (control)+placebo, in a single-blind, randomised fashion. Gallbladder volume, blood glucose, insulin, and GLP-1 and CCK concentrations were determined. Hunger, fullness and nausea scores were also recorded. Principal observationsIntragastric glucose elevated plasma glucose, insulin, and GLP-1, and reduced gall bladder volume (an in vivo assay for CCK secretion). Glucose decreased BOLD signal, relative to saline, in the brainstem and hypothalamus as well as the cerebellum, right occipital cortex, putamen and thalamus. The timing of the BOLD signal decrease was negatively correlated with the rise in blood glucose and insulin levels. The glucose+dex arm highlighted a CCK1-receptor dependent increase in BOLD signal only in the motor cortex. ConclusionsGlucose induces site-specific differences in BOLD response in the human brain; the brainstem and hypothalamus show a CCK1 receptor-independent reduction which is likely to be mediated by a circulatory effect of glucose and insulin, whereas the motor cortex shows an early dexloxiglumide-reversible increase in signal, suggesting a CCK1 receptor-dependent neural pathway.

Ultrasound measurements of the bile ducts and gallbladder: normal ranges and effects of age, sex, cholecystectomy, and pathologic states.

The objectives of this study were to determine the normal values and ranges for bile duct and gallbladder measurements, adjusted for demographic data, and to assess the effects of a variety of pathologic states on these values. Four thousand one hundred nineteen abdominal ultrasounds were retrospectively analyzed. The values for the extrahepatic bile duct (EHD), left (LIHD) and right (RIHD) intrahepatic ducts, gallbladder wall thickness, and gallbladder volume in "normal" patients were evaluated with respect to age, sex, ethnicity, and cholecystectomy status. These values were compared using multivariate analysis to those in a variety of diseased states, including cirrhosis, fatty liver, gallstones, sludge, cholecystitis, and biliary obstruction. One thousand four hundred eighty-four of the 4119 examinations were classified as normal. The mean EHD, RIHD, LIHD, and gallbladder wall thickness and volume measurements in normal patients were 3.8 ± 1.6 mm, 1.9 ± 1.9 mm, 1.9 ± 1.1 mm, 2.6 ± 1.6 mm, and 242 ± 234 mL, respectively.There were small increases in EHD diameter with age (+0.02 ± 0.11 mm/y, P < 0.001), female sex (+0.3 ± 1.6 mm, P < 0.0001), and cholecystectomy (+1.0 ± 1.6 mm, P < 0.0001) and a small decrease with fatty liver (-0.4 ± 1.6 mm, P = 0.0003). The gallbladder wall was thicker in patients with gallstones (+0.4 ± 1.4 mm, P = 0.0049), sludge (+0.5 ± 1.4 mm, P = 0.0019), and acute cholecystitis (+3.1 ± 1.6 mm, P < 0.0001). With biliary obstruction, the mean EHD, RIHD, LIHD, and gallbladder volume measurements were 6.0 ± 2.1 mm, 4.2 ± 1.4 mm, 4.1 ± 1.4 mm, and 171 ± 207 mL, respectively (P < 0.0001 for all values). This study clarifies normal values and ranges for bile duct and gallbladder measurements, adjusted for demographic data, and evaluates these measurements in a variety of common pathologic states.

Determinaton of eligibility for laparoscopic cholecystectomy of elective patients

We defined possible complications and difficulty grade of surgery at frequent symptomatic cholelithiasis cases and laparoscopic cholesistectomy surgeries which is accepted exclusive cure technique with evaluating a number of preoperative parameters. Fifty patients who applied to Ataturk University Medical Faculty Department of General Surgery with cholelithiasis diagnosis and planned to undergo laparoscopic cholesistectomy were included in this study. These patient’s volume of gallbladder, the extreme dimensions, thickness of wall, count of gallstone and dimensions of the biggest stone, length of cystic canal, measured by magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography; preoperative ages, genders and preoperative endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography story were recorded.To detect difficulty of patients’ surgery, a grading system was established based on surgery time, count surgery port, difficulty of Callot dissection, difficulty of bad dissection, intraoperative injury of bile duct, intraoperative gallbladder perforation, applying drainage and passing to open procedure parameters. The statical relationship of preoperative data and surgery points were analysed. The difficulty of surgery was not statically related with age, gender, thickness of wall of gallbladder, count of gallstone and dimensions of the biggest stone, length of cystic canal, and preoperative endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography story (p>0.05). A meaningful relationship was found between surgery difficulty and gallbladder volume over 30 cm³ or extreme dimension over 40 mm (p<0.05). In conclusion, it is discovered that surgery difficulty degree increases when gallbladder volume is over 30 cm³ or it’s extreme dimension is over 40 mm. We suggest that surgeans must be careful at laparoscopic surgeries on gallbladders which have high volume or extreme dimention to decrease possible complications. J. Exp. Clin. Med., 2013; 30:331-334

Volume Changes in Gallbladder in Association with Intravenous Use of Nonionic Contrast Agents

Background To determine whether use of intravenous (IV) nonionic contrast agent affects the gallbladder (GB) volume in the preceding sonographic imaging. Materials and methods The GB volume was measured sonographically before and 15 minutes after the IV contrast agent injection in 200 patients referred to the teaching hospitals of Mashhad University of Medical Sciences (Mashhad, Iran). Results There was a statistically significant difference between GB volumes after the injection of contrast media (19.59 ± 4.49 compared with 16.06 ± 3.89 m 3 , respectively; p Conclusion The GB volume reduces 15 minutes after IV use of the contrast agent. This reduction should be taken into consideration when ordering an imaging modality with IV contrast injection accompanied by ultrasound evaluation of GB.

Effects of various food ingredients on gall bladder emptying

Background/objectives:The emptying of the gall bladder in response to feeding is pivotal for the digestion of fat, but the role of various food ingredients in contracting the gall bladder postprandially is not well understood. We hypothesized that different food ingredients, when consumed, will have a different effect on stimulating gall bladder emptying. To investigate this we designed two randomized, investigator-blind, cross-over studies in healthy subjects using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to measure gall bladder volumes serially and non-invasively.Subjects/methods:Study 1: exploratory study evaluating the effects of 10 different food ingredients on gall bladder emptying in eight healthy subjects. The choice of ingredients varied from common items like coffee, tea and milk to actives like curcumin and potato protease inhibitor. Study 2: mechanistic study investigating the cholecystokinin (CCK) dose response to the best performer ingredient from Study 1 in 21 healthy subjects four ways.Results:The largest gall bladder volume change in Study 1 was observed with fat, which therefore became the dose-response ingredient in Study 2, where the maximum % gall bladder volume change correlated well with CCK.Conclusions:These serial test-retest studies showed that the fasted gall bladder volume varied remarkably between individuals and that individual day-to-day variability had wide coefficients of variation. Improved knowledge of how to stimulate bile release using food ingredients will be useful to improve in vitro–in vivo correlation of bioavailability testing of hydrophobic drugs. It could improve performance of cholesterol-lowering plant stanol and sterol products and possibly aid understanding of some cholesterol gallstone disease.

Ultrasonography analysis of gallbladder motility in patients with functional dyspepsia

BackgroundGallbladder motility has been studied in patients with functional gastrointestinal disorders, such as functional dyspepsia, irritable bowel syndrome and biliary disorders without gallstones and results of these observations are often inconclusive and conflicting. MethodsThe investigation was performed on 180 therapy-naïve newly diagnosed patients with functional dyspepsia (97 females and 83 males), aged 20–79 in which we have investigate ultrasonographically parameters of gallbladder motility. ResultsBonferroni post hoc correction stressed that fasting gallbladder volume and ejection fraction were significantly distorted in individuals with postprandial distress syndrome, although, the residual gallbladder volume was significantly lower in patients with epigastric pain syndrome comparing with other examinees. Ejection fraction of the gallbladder negatively correlated with body mass index. ConclusionThe impaired contractibility of the gall bladder in patients with functional dyspepsia, based on the results of this study, is illustrated by the changes in the ejection fraction, which was more pronounced in patients with the postprandial distress syndrome.

Abnormal gallbladder volume in pediatric patients with Sclerosing Cholangitis

Background and aims: Abnormal gallbladder volume has been described in adults with Sclerosing Cholangitis (SC) but, gallbladder hydrops has rarely been reported. The purpose of this retrospective study was to evaluate the sonographic features and characteristics of gallbladder in a cohort of patients with SC, followed at Pediatric Gastroenterology Unit of University of Pisa.

Visualization of Bile Movement Using MRI Spin-Labeling Technique: Preliminary Results

The purpose of this article is to noninvasively visualize intrabiliary bile movement using an MRI spin-labeling technique and administration of water, full-fat milk, and negative contrast agent as stimuli for bile excretion. Six healthy volunteers underwent three studies with each of three oral liquid agents (water, full-fat milk, and manganese chloride solution) for a total of 18 MRI studies. Oblique-coronal T2-weighted images of the common bile duct were acquired at an inversion time of 1500 milliseconds after pulse labeling using a spin-labeling technique with an inversion pulse, repeated at intervals of 22 seconds. Bile flow rate was measured before and for 50 minutes after administration of the oral liquid agents, and its correlation with the change in gallbladder volume was assessed. Both anterograde and retrograde intermittent bile movements were successfully visualized in the common bile duct. The summation of excreted bile volume calculated from spin-labeled images correlated significantly with a decrease in gallbladder volume (p = 0.011). Milk stimulated significantly prolonged bile flow; flow was momentary with manganese chloride and mild with water; however, gallbladder volume decreased only in milk studies (p = 0.003). Biliary flow early after oral intake correlated significantly with gallbladder contractility at 50 minutes after oral intake (p = 0.049). A new method for visualizing intrabiliary bile movement in semi-real time (22-second time resolution) using an MRI spin-labeling technique was proposed. Bile was shown to be excreted in a to-and-fro type of movement. Administration of water and negative contrast agent may induce temporary bile excretion.

Intoxicação espontânea por Crotalaria incana em bovinos no norte do estado do Paraná

Plants of genus Crotalaria have been reported as poisonous for many species of domestic animals. The aim of this work is to report, for the first time in Brazil, an outbreak of C. incana poisoning. The outbreak took place in Nova América da Colina County, Northern region of Paraná state, Brazil, causing death of 30 Nelore heifers in a herd of 223 animals, between 3 and 5 years old. The animals were grazing on pasture fully infested with C. incana. The main clinical signs were characteristic of hepatic encephalopathy and consisted of blindness, depression, aggressiveness, recumbency and death in 48 hours. Gama-glutamyltransferase, and alkaline phosphatase activities were increased. The main necropsy findings were liver congestion and evident lobular pattern, increased gall bladder volume and mesentery oedema near gall bladder. Histological exams showed hepatic hemorrhagic centrolobular necrosis, megalocitosis and spongiform degeneration in thalamus. Morbidity and lethality rates were, respectively, 13,45% and 100%. Epidemiological, clinical and pathological findings suggest that C. incana poisoning was the cause of illness.

The effect of different dosing regimens of motesanib on the gallbladder: a randomized phase 1b study in patients with advanced solid tumors

BackgroundGallbladder toxicity, including cholecystitis, has been reported with motesanib, an orally administered small-molecule antagonist of VEGFRs 1, 2 and 3; PDGFR; and Kit. We assessed effects of motesanib on gallbladder size and function.MethodsPatients with advanced metastatic solid tumors ineligible for or progressing on standard-of-care therapies with no history of cholecystitis or biliary disease were randomized 2:1:1 to receive motesanib 125 mg once daily (Arm A); 75 mg twice daily (BID), 14-days-on/7-days-off (Arm B); or 75 mg BID, 5-days-on/2-days-off (Arm C). Primary endpoints were mean change from baseline in gallbladder size (volume by ultrasound; independent review) and function (ejection fraction by CCK-HIDA; investigator assessment).ResultsForty-nine patients received ≥1 dose of motesanib (Arms A/B/C, n = 25/12/12). Across all patients, gallbladder volume increased by a mean 22.2 cc (from 38.6 cc at baseline) and ejection fraction decreased by a mean 19.2% (from 61.3% at baseline) during treatment. Changes were similar across arms and appeared reversible after treatment discontinuation. Three patients had cholecystitis (grades 1, 2, 3, n = 1 each) that resolved after treatment discontinuation, one patient developed grade 3 acute cholecystitis requiring cholecystectomy, and two patients had other notable grade 1 gallbladder disorders (gallbladder wall thickening, gallbladder dysfunction) (all in Arm A). Two patients developed de novo gallstones during treatment. Twelve patients had right upper quadrant pain (Arms A/B/C, n = 8/1/3). The incidence of biliary “sludge” in Arms A/B/C was 39%/36%/27%.ConclusionsMotesanib treatment was associated with increased gallbladder volume, decreased ejection fraction, biliary sludge, gallstone formation, and infrequent cholecystitis.Trial registrationClinicalTrials.gov NCT00448786

P.05.23 MUCOSAL DUODENAL TISSUE FROM GLUTEN-SENSITIVE PATIENTS DO NOT HAVE INCREASED EXPRESSION OF IgA B-CELL SWITCH MARKERS

(heterozygous state,10%), R202Q (heterozygous state, 3%) and R202Q + M694V mutations (3%). GI motility was assessed in the asymptomatic phase by functional ultrasonography (changes of gastric antral areas and gallbladder volumes; 5.0 MHz ClarUs©, Telemed device) and H2-breath test (orocecal transit time by Lactofan®, FAN-GmbH, DE and Italchimici, Italy). Measurements were taken at 5-15 min intervals in the fasting state and during 270 min postprandially after a 200ml liquid meal formula (Nutridrink®, Nutricia added with 10g lactulose). A group of 142 agesexBMI-matched healthy subjects served as control (M:F=67:75, age 38±1 yrs). Results. Acute attacks (1 day mean duration), had a frequency of <1 (48%), 2 (22%) and ≥3 (13%) episodes/mo. Symptoms included abdominal pain and fever (44%), joint pain (22%), fever alone (9%), fatigue (4%), erysipelas-like erythema (4%) or none (17%). Although the mean age at symptom onset was 19.2±8.4 yrs, FMF was only diagnosed after 15.4±9.7 yrs. Compared to control, FMF patients had comparable fasting antral areas (3.3±0.2 vs. 3.2±0.1 cm2), but increased max postprandial area (14.1±0.4 vs. 11.6±0.2 cm2, P<0.000001), residual postprandial area (4.3±0.2 vs. 3.5±0.1 cm2, P<0.001) and longer half emptying time (43.2±1.2 vs. 26.6±0.5 min, P<0.000001). Gallbladder vol. in FMF and control was comparable during fasting (19.8±2.1 vs. 22.4±0.5 ml) and postprandially (residual 5.4±0.4 vs. 5.5±0.2 ml), with a trend of increased percent residual volume (28.9±1.6 FMF vs. 24.8±0.7 % in controls, P=0.059). Gallbladder emptying time was comparable in FMF and control (23.2±1.7 FMF vs. 21.0±0.5 min). OCTT was longer in FMF (132.3±10.5 vs. 99.5±1.6 min, P<0.000001). All FMF patients responded to colchicine therapy 1 mg/day p.o. Conclusions. In a novel cluster of FMF patients, the final diagnosis of FMF is consistently delayed. Patients with FMF exhibit impairedmotorfunction in the GI tract but not in the gallbladder. Our study of GI motility provides additional clues on the natural history of this rare disorder before and after therapy.

Effect of Preserving the Hepatic Vagal Nerve During Laparoscopic Nissen Fundoplication on Postoperative Biliary Functions

Cutting the hepatic branch of the anterior vagus nerve (HB-AVn) technically facilitates the laparoscopic Nissen fundoplication. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of preserving or sacrificing this branch on postoperative gallbladder functions. The patients (n = 40) were prospectively randomized into two groups. The HB-AVn was preserved during the dissection of the lesser omentum in the first group. The nerve was cut in the second group. Postoperative fasting gallbladder volumes were calculated by ultrasonography. Postoperative gallbladder ejection fraction (GEF) and gallbladder emptying time (GET) were determined by calculating intestinal transit time scintigraphically. Fasting gallbladder volumes and GEF values were not different between the groups. On the other hand, in patients with HB-AVn preserved, GET measurements were found to be significantly shorter than those with HB-AVn sacrificed. Sacrificing the hepatic branch causes prolongation in the GET. This change in the motor functions of the gallbladder does not cause any symptomatic effect during the early postoperative period. However, the delay in the GET may increase the risk of gallbladder stone formation in the long term.

The expression of ransient receptor potential canonical 1 in the smooth muscle of guinea pig gallbladder and its role in stone formation

Objective To assess the expression of ransient receptor potential canonical 1(TRPC1) in gallbladder smooth muscle during the process of stone formation and its effects on contractile function of gallbladder smooth muscle.Methods:20 male guinea pigs were randomly divided into normal diet group(control group),high-cholesterol diet group(experiment group),each group has 10 guinea pigs.Both groups were fed for 60 days.Killing them and get the gallbladder to calculate the fasting gallbladder volume (FV),and measure the fasting gallbladder bile (FB),and collect some bile to test the content of cholesterol (TC).The biliary sludge or gallstone formation was observed.Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (Real-time PCR) was adopted to detect TRPC1 mRNA in gallbladder smooth muscle.Results 7 guinea pigs in experiment group have formed biliary sludge or gallstone,no sludge or gallstone was formed in controle group.The FV [(1.78 ±0.22) cm3],FB [(1.39 ±0.16) ml],TC [(0.05 ±0.01) mmol/L] levels in gallbladder bile of experiment group were higher than control group (.P ＜ 0.05).The expression of TRPC1 mRNA (0.7057 ±0.0627) in gallbladder tissues of experiment group was lower than control group(P ＜0.05).Conclusion TRPC1 mRNA in gallbladder decreases during the process of gallstone formation by high-cholesterol diet,which might reduce the contractile function of gallbladder smooth muscle and the ability of gallblader emptying.And it may facilitate the formation of gallstone. Key words: Transient receptor potential canonical 1 ; Smooth muscle; Gallstone

Gallbladder Disease in Type-2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients

Background: Diabetes mellitus is a modern epidemic which leads to various complications over a period of time. Autonomic neuropathy is one such complication which may lead on to gallbladder dysmotility and gallbladder stones. Objectives: To determine the incidence of gallbladder disorders in patients of type 2 diabetes mellitus and to find out the incidence of autonomic dysfunction in type 2 diabetes mellitus and correlate it with presence of gall bladder disorders. Material and Methods: The present study was conducted in 50 cases of type 2 diabetes mellitus and 25 healthy age and sex matched normal individuals were taken as controls. The cases as well as the controls underwent ultrasonographic examination for gall bladder volume, wall thickness, intraluminal mass and contraction in response to fatty meal. Data thus collected was compared and analysed statistically by using students ‘t’ test and chi- square test. Results: Mean postprandial gallbladder volume was 20.56±8.87 cm 3 in diabetics with ANP with gallstones, 26.16±1.24 cm 3 in diabetics with ANP with dysmotility 13.0±6.26 cm 3 in diabetics with gallstones without ANP, 12.14±4.88 cm 3 in normal diabetics and 13.60±5.95 cm 3 in controls. The percentage contraction post fatty meal was calculated from these values and found to be 24.73±14.64% in diabetics with ANP with dysmotility, 26.38±17 .04% in diabetics with ANP with dysmotility, 43.48±8.45% in diabetics with gallstones without ANP, 56.84±9.02% in normal diabetics and 57 .64±9.92% in controls. Conclusion: Incidence of gallbladder disease is much higher in type 2 diabetics (40%) as compared to normal healthy adults (4%). It was concluded that diabetics with ANP had significantly impaired gallbladder emptying. Poor control of diabetes, hypercholesterolemia and diabetic autonomic neuropathy are important risk factors for the development of gallbladder disease.

Ultrasonographic Assessment of the Fasting Gallbladder Volume in Healthy Adults in Calabar; Correlation with Body Weight

Ultrasonographic Assessment of the Fasting Gallbladder Volume in Healthy Adults in Calabar; Correlation with Body Weight