Galinsoga Ciliata Research Articles

Ultraviolet A protective potential of plant extracts and phytochemicals.

Chronic exposure to solar radiation is related to an increased incidence of various skin disorders, including premature skin aging and melanoma and non-melanoma skin cancers. Ultraviolet (UV) photons in particular are responsible for skin damage. Solar UV photons mainly belong to UVA wavebands, however UVA radiation has been mostly ignored for a long time. At the cellular level, UVA photons mainly provoke indirect oxidative damage to biomolecules via the massive generation of unstable and highly reactive compounds. Human skin has several effective mechanisms that forestall, repair and eliminate damage caused by solar radiation. Regardless, some damage persists and can accumulate with chronic exposure. Therefore, conscious protection against solar radiation (UVB+UVA) is necessary. Besides traditional types of photoprotection such as sunscreen use, new strategies are being searched for and developed. One very popular protective strategy is the application of phytochemicals as active ingredients of photoprotection preparations instead of synthetic chemicals. Phytochemicals usually possess additional biological activities besides absorbing the energy of photons, and those properties (e.g. antioxidant, anti-inflammatory) magnify the protective potential of phytochemicals and extracts. Therefore, compounds of natural origin are in the interest of researchers as well as developers. In this review, only studies on UVA protection with well-documented experimental conditions are summarized. This article includes 17 well standardized plant extracts (Camellia sinensis (L.) Kuntze, Silybum marianum L. Gaertn., Punica granatum L., Polypodium aureum L., Vaccinium myrtillus L., Lonicera caerulea L., Thymus vulgaris L., Opuntia ficus-indica (L.) Mill., Morinda citrifolia L., Aloe vera (L.) Burm.f., Oenothera paradoxa Hudziok, Galinsoga parviflora Cav., Galinsoga quadriradiata Ruiz et Pavón, Hippophae rhamnoides L., Cola acuminata Schott & Endl., Theobroma cacao L. and Amaranthus cruentus L.) and 26 phytochemicals.

Weed diversity in tomato crops in the mountainous region of South Kivu, DR Congo

Description of the subject. Despite the importance of tomato in Central Africa, little is known about the weed flora occurring in tomato crops in this part of the world. Objectives. We aimed to provide a comprehensive description of the weed flora found in tomato crops in the mountainous region of South Kivu, DR Congo. Method. Floristic inventories were made in four cultivation zones of the Kabare territory, South Kivu. Results. In total, 79 species (belonging to 64 genera and 31 families) were recorded. The most species-rich families were Asteraceae and Poaceae. Therophytes and geophytes were the dominant life forms. Weed diversity was not significantly different between sites but species composition varied considerably, likely in relation to soil type. Based on the frequency and the abundance, the most problematic weeds were Commelina benghalensis, Galinsoga quadriradiata, Commelina diffusa, Galinsoga parviflora, Bidens pilosa, Oxalis debilis and Digitaria velutina. Conclusions. The weed flora in tomato fields of the mountainous regions of DR Congo is diversified, but only a few cosmopolitan species are problematic.

Invasive and potentially invasive plant species in State Nature Biosphere Reserves of the Altai Republic (Russia)

In the Altaiskiy and Katunskiy State Nature Biosphere Reserves we registered 44 alien plant species, which were considered in Siberia as invasive and potentially invasive. Among them, there were 30 xenophytes and 14 ergasiophytes species. Rumex acetosella L., Impatiens glandulifera Royle, Galinsoga ciliata (Rafin.) Blake, and Strophiostoma sparsiflorum (Mikan ex Pohl) Turcz. are considered invasive in the Altaiskiy Reserve because they actively spread there in natural and seminatural plant communities and habitats. Most of the species had appeared in the territories of the reserves before their establishment as a result of agricultural activity or appeared after their establishment because of activity of the reserves themselves. Despite of a big amount of tourists in the reserves, the invasive and potentially invasive plants are absent on the ecological paths at present.

Characterization of the complete chloroplast genome sequence of Galinsoga parviflora and its phylogenetic implications

Galinsoga parviflora is an invasive weed in southwest of Chinese agricultural systems and commonly used as medicine and food. In this study, the complete chloroplast genome of the G. parviflora was assembled from the whole genome Illumina sequencing data. The circular genome is 151,811 bp in size, which composed of one large single-copy (LSC) and one small single-copy (SSC) regions of 83,594 bp and 18,141 bp, respectively, and separated by a pair of inverted repeat (IR) regions of 25,038 bp each. It encodes a total of 113 gene species (80 protein-coding, 29 tRNA, and four rRNA species), in which 19 of them with double copies. The overall GC content is 37.7% while the GC content of the LSC, SSC, and IR regions are 35.8%, 31.3%, and 43.1%, separately. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that Galinsoga parviflora was closely related to Galinsoga quadriradiata.

Alien invasive as well as rare and endangered species in the agrocenoses of the Ułęż commune

The paper analyses the presence of invasive alien species and rare taxons among crop weeds in the Ułęż commune. The study is based on phytosociological relevés taken according to the Braun-Blanquet method. In total, 99 phytosociological relevés were taken. The research was conducted in 2016 and 2017. Ten rare regional and cross-regional species were found among weeds in cultivated crops. These were: Agrostemma githago, Arnoseris minima, Avena strigosa, Chenopodium polyspermum, Consolida regalis, Veronica opaca, Veronica polita, Veronica agrestis, Bromus secalinus, and Centaurea cyanus. Some of the most common species in that area included Centaurea cyanus and Bromus secalinus, while Avena strigosa also belonged to frequent components of the local flora. Other species were recorded rarely or very rarely. Additionally, in the crops, there was a group of 16 invasive alien species. Setaria pumila had the largest vegetal cover and the largest number of positions. There were some more frequently recorded species like Echinochloa crus-galli, Galinsoga parviflora and Conyza canadensis, with Avena fatua being quite common as well. Other species quite often found were: Amaranthus retroflexus, Galinsoga ciliata, Veronica persica and Oxalis fontana. However, species such as Setaria viridis, Solidago canadensis, Bidens frondosa, Epilobium ciliatum, Alopecurus myosuroides, Bromus sterilis and Parthenocissus inserta were rarely or very rarely found in the crops.

Reduction in field emergence and seedbank density of Galinsoga quadriradiata and other weeds after contrasting false seedbed strategies in organic vegetable fields

SummaryMechanical weed control in low competitive, organic vegetable production systems is challenging, particularly in fields with large populations of Galinsoga spp. (Asteraceae). Various false seedbed techniques are used prior to crop planting or sowing to prevent weed emergence, albeit with variable success. This study investigated the impact of machinery type (flamer, hoe and harrow), number of passes (2 and 4), tillage depth (1–4 cm) and intensity (double and single hoeing, and hoeing with or without additional harrowing) on weed emergence and seedbank density in 0–5 cm topsoil of organic vegetable fields. False seedbed machinery that did not or minimally disturb the soil was most appropriate for preventive control of Galinsoga quadriradiata (Hairy galinsoga) and total weed seeds, with reductions in seedling emergence up to 99% and 73%, respectively, for flaming, and 74% and 67%, respectively, for 1 cm deep hoeing, 1 month after false seedbed creation. Compared with 1 cm deep hoeing, 1 cm deep harrowing was 16% less effective in the control of emerged seedlings, while flaming was highly effective in preventing weed seedling emergence, even after a low number of passes. Tillage intensity was less important than tillage depth for the reduction in weed emergence and seedbank density. Overall, tillage was more effective for seedbank reduction than flaming.

Impact of effective microorganisms on weed infestation and yield of peppermint cultivated on muck-peat soil

Peppermint (<em>Mentha ×piperita</em> L.) rootstock cuttings with 9–11 internodes were planted on April 10, 2014 in rows 50 cm apart and with 25-cm distance in the row, on well fertilized muck-peat soil containing 82.1% of organic matter with a pH of 5.9. Peppermint plants were sprayed once with an activated EM-1 preparation, then on two or three further occasions as follows: at 10 cm height (May 10), at branching stage (May 29), and during rapid growth (June 19). EM did not affect peppermint growth or yield. Yields of the fresh and dry herb were high (means: 15,563 and 2,661 kg ha<sup>−1</sup>, respectively) and characterized by a medium (1.85–1.90%) essential oil content in the dry herb. Twenty-nine compounds were identified in the oil and its main components were menthol (53.1–58.5%), menthone (14.6–16.8%), isomenthone (6.3–6.7%), menthyl acetate (4.0–5.0%), germacrene D (2.3–3.4%), ß-caryophyllene (1.8–2.4%), viridiflorol (1.5–2.3%), and 1,8-cyneole (0.3–3.7%). EM did not affect the content of essential oil in the dry herb or the oil composition (except for 1,8-cyneole). Thirty-four days after planting, 22 weed species grew in the experimental plots and the dominant were common meadow grass (<em>Poa pratensis</em> L.) accounting for 20% of total weed population, annual meadow grass (<em>Poa annua</em> L.) 17%, common chickweed [<em>Stellaria media</em> (L.) Vill.] 20%, creeping yellowcress [<em>Rorippa sylvestris</em> (L.) Besser] 8%, hairy galinsoga [<em>Galinsoga ciliata</em> (Raf.) S. F. Blake] 7%, gallant soldiers (<em>Galinsoga parviflora</em> Cav.) 6%, Canadian horseweed [<em>Conyza canadensis</em> (L.) Cronq.] 6%, common groundsel (<em>Senecio vulgaris</em> L.) 5%, and annual nettle (<em>Urtica urens</em> L.) 5%. Other species occurred sporadically. The total number and fresh weight of weeds growing on 1 m<sup>2</sup> were 412 and 246 g on plots treated with EM and 389 and 227 g on control plots, respectively, but the differences were not statistically significant.

Where will Invasive Plants Colonize in Response to Climate Change: Predicting the Invasion of Galinsoga quadriradiata in China

Galinsoga quadriradiata, an annual herbaceous plant originating in Central and South America, has caused great harm to agriculture and natural communities in China recently. However, the distribution and influence of this invader are poorly documented. It is also unclear how climate change will affect the expansion of G. quadriradiata. In this study, we built a series of maximum entropy (Maxent) models to predict the potential distribution areas of G. quadriradiata under current and future (2030s, 2050s, and 2080s) climatic scenarios using six uncorrelated bioclimatic variables (obtained from the fifth report of the IPCC) and 274 occurrences. The Maxent model obtained high AUC value of 0.960, and the prediction showed that highly suitable areas for G. quadriradiata mainly locate in central, eastern, southwestern, and southern China. In the context of climate change, its suitable area will tend to contract in the future and disappear in southern and eastern China, but will expand in northeastern China. Overall, by the end of the century, its suitable area will be reduced by 12.1% and move northward in China. Our study suggests that G. quadriradiata has high invasive potential currently; however, to some extent, ongoing climate change will inhibit its expansion in China. In addition, the invasion risk of G. quadriradiata in northeastern China will continuously increase, keeping pace with global climate change in the coming decades, while the invasion risk in central, southwestern, and eastern China will stay continuously. Urgent preventative measures against G. quadriradiata invasion are necessary in these areas.

English

Retained placenta is the abnormal condition in animal reproduction in which fetal membrane failed to detach from maternal uterine wall after postpartum. The retention of placenta can create some disorders within reproductive organ of animals by allowing microorganisms to grow inside the uterus causing inflammation of uterus, fever, weight loss, decreasing milk yield, longer calving intervals and if the case is severe animals may die. The pathogenesis pathway of retained placenta development commences with an imbalance of antioxidant or oxidant capacity, decrease in estrogen production, decreased prostaglandin F2 alpha, and accumulation of arachidonic and linoleic acids in the placental tissue. Retained placenta can be treated with different methods such as manual removal, administration of intrauterine antibiotics, administration of hormonal therapy, and the use of plant medicine. The most common parts of plants used for drugs preparation are the leave, bark, root, stem and seed of the specific plant. The route of drug administration to animal is oral and vagina infusion. The herbal or plant prescriptions for treatment of placenta retention are characterized as antibiosis, antiphlogosis, immune enhancement and fertility improvement without endometrial injuries. The plants which have been used as treatment of retained placenta in Ethiopia are Flax seed, Vernonia amygdalia, Dodonea angustifolia, Solanum acaule, Solanum acuminatum, Dovyalis spp., Galinsoga quadriradiata, Plumbago zeylanica, Momordica spp., Colocasia esculenta, Bryophyllum pinnatu and Urera hypselodendron. The main objective of this paper is to illustrate the mechanism of retained placenta and its treatment using plant medicine in current status which helps the pastoral and clinician at remote areas and also to give enough information on the plant species that are sources of different chemical ingredient for future production of modern drug treatment for retained placenta. Key words: Antibiosis, antiphlogosis, ethinoveterinarian, retained of placenta, treatment.

Elevated nitrogen allows the weak invasive plant Galinsoga quadriradiata to become more vigorous with respect to inter-specific competition

Elevated nitrogen associated with global change is believed to promote the invasion of many vigorous exotic plants. However, it is unclear how a weak exotic plant will respond to elevated nitrogen in the future. In this study, the competitive outcome of a weak invasive plant (Galinsoga quadriradiata) and two non-invasive plants was detected. The plants were subjected to 3 types of culture (mixed, monoculture or one-plant), 2 levels of nitrogen (ambient or elevated at a rate of 2 g m−2 yr−1) and 2 levels of light (65% shade or full sunlight). The results showed that elevated nitrogen significantly promoted the growth of both the weak invader and the non-invasive plants in one-plant pots; however, growth promotion was not observed for the non-invasive species in the mixed culture pots. The presence of G. quadriradiata significantly inhibited the growth of the non-invasive plants, and a decreased negative species interaction was detected as a result of elevated nitrogen. Our results suggest that competitive interactions between G. quadriradiata and the non-invasive plants were altered by elevated nitrogen. It provides exceptional evidence that an initially weak invasive plant can become an aggressive invader through elevated nitrogen deposition.

Weeds as the potential inoculum source of Colletotrichum fructicola responsible for strawberry anthracnose in Nara, Japan

Colletotrichum fructicola is a major causal agent among anthracnose pathogens of strawberry in Nara, Japan. We hypothesized that a wide range of weeds growing in and around strawberry fields are inoculum sources of the disease and investigated their potential as hosts of C. fructicola. We also examined the influence of herbicide treatment on C. fructicola sporulation on weeds. The fungus was detected on 31 of 541 (5.7%) leaves sampled from 13 weed species from 2005 to 2008. The fungus was most frequently isolated from leaves of Amaranthus blitum with an isolation frequency of 17.9%; inoculation of A. blitum with the pathogen caused brown leaf spots. Other weeds such as Digitaria ciliaris, Galinsoga ciliata, Solidago altissima, Erigeron annuus, and Sonchus oleraceus were found to harbor the fungus at lower rates (4.3–8.1%) without symptoms. C. fructicola formed acervuli on leaves of A. blitum, D. ciliaris, and S. oleraceus after plants were killed by a herbicide (glyphosate). These results demonstrated that infected weeds associated with strawberry cultivation are potential inoculum sources of C. fructicola, especially after herbicide treatment.

Zbiorowiska roślinne upraw okopowych Wigierskiego Parku Narodowego

Two associations were identified in the agrocenoses of the WNP tuber crops: one community, characterised by the occurrence of characteristic species from the alliance Panico-Setarion, and two associations: Veronico-Fumarietum officinalis and Galinsogo-Setarietum. The syntaxons identified were internally diverse and divided into lower phytosociological units classified as variants. Patches of the community with species of the alliance Panico-Setarion usually established on light soils. Their appearance was mainly affected by acidophilous species, such as Setaria viridis, Setaria pumila, Spergula arvensis and Anthemis arvensis. In some patches more nitrophilous weeds were found with a high cover, including Matricaria maritima subsp. inodora, Chenopodium album, Viola arvensis and Stellaria media. Patches of Veronico-Fumarietum officinalis with a high share of characteristic species and indicators of this association, that is Fumaria officinalis, Lamium amplexicaule, Veronica agrestis, Veronica persica and Anchusa arvensis, were established in tuber crops cultivated on fertile soils, mainly proper brown or grey brown podzolic soils. Patches of the association Galinsogo-Setarietum were established in habitats in the proximity of buildings. They were characterised by a mass occurrence of Galinsoga parviflora and Galinsoga ciliata, the latter one being less frequent. Nitrophilous species also had a high cover in these patches. They included Chenopodium album, Stellaria media and Polygonum lapathifolium subsp. lapathifolium. Higrophilous species, e.g. Mentha arvensis and Bidens tripartite, were found is some patches, too.

Pollinator Habitat Establishment after Organic and No-till Seedbed Preparation Methods

Establishing on-farm pollinator habitat can mitigate native pollinator and pollination ecosystem service declines, and federal programs are available to provide technical and financial assistance to farmers interested in habitat installation. Although sufficient seedbed preparation to limit weed competition is thought to be the most important step toward achieving good pollinator habitat establishment, preparation recommendations vary and studies have not investigated seedbed preparation techniques in the context of the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) Farm Bill programs for pollinator conservation. To address this, we assessed the effects of two seedbed preparation methods, conventional inversion tillage and no-till with herbicide, on wildflower establishment and weed competition during the first year after planting. Experiments were conducted in Blacksburg, VA, and were replicated in 2015 and 2016. In addition, we tracked seedbed preparation methods and pollinator habitat establishment on seven farms located on the Eastern Shore of Virginia and Maryland in 2016. The wildflower mix consisted of nine species of forbs and two species of grasses: the forbs were black-eyed Susan (Rudbeckia hirta L.), partridge pea [Chamaecrista fasciculata (Michx.) Greene], plains coreopsis (Coreopsis tinctoria Nutt.), lanceleaf coreopsis (Coreopsis lanceolata L.), purple coneflower [Echinacea purpurea (L.) Moench], narrowleaf mountain mint (Pycnanthemum tenuifolium Schrad.), wild bergamot (Monarda fistulosa L.), Maximilian sunflower (Helianthus maximiliani Schrad.), and showy tickseed [Bidens aristosa (Michx.) Britton] or Indian blanket (Gaillardia pulchella Foug.); the grasses were splitbeard bluestem (Andropogon ternarius Michx.) and little bluestem [Schizachyrium scoparium (Michx.) Nash]. In the experiments, wildflower establishment was greater after no-till with herbicide than after tillage preparation (2015: P = 0.09; 2016: P = 0.002). Predominating weed species varied by study, with more common lambsquarters (Chenopodium album L.) and hairy galinsoga [Galinsoga ciliata (Raf.) S.F. Blake] growth after tillage treatments, and more hairy vetch (Vicia villosa Roth) growth after no-till preparation. On-farm pollinator habitat establishment on the Eastern Shore was highly variable, but more wildflower forbs established after tillage-plus-herbicide than tillage-only seedbed preparations (P = 0.01). Across sites, we found a large degree of site-specific variation in wildflower establishment and predominant weed species.

A survey of ontogeny cypsela characters contributing to the infrafamilial characterization of Asteraceae

Structural features of cypsela are important to certain tribes of Asteraceae; thus, the ontogeny of the fruit (only the pericarp) of 10 weedy Asteraceae species was determined concerning the contribution to increase the knowledge of the fruit development in Asteraceae. The species analyzed are Conyza bonariensis L. (Cronquist.), Cosmos sulphureus Cav., Eclipta alba L. Hassk., Elephantopus mollis Kunth., Emilia sonchifolia L. DC., Galinsoga quadriradiata Ruiz & Pav., Erechtites valerianifolius (Wolf) DC., Parthenium hysterophorus L., Praxelis clematidea (Griseb) R.M. King & H. Rob and Sigesbeckia orientalis L. The mesocarp in the cypsela structure shows variation in the number of layers, the cell layer arrangement of the sclerenchyma and parenchyma, and the presence of phytomelanin that is especially striking. The mesocarp traits of Heliantheae alliance species are homogeneous, and it has been suggested that the derived character phytomelanin may not have the same evolutionary history in species belonging to the same tribe. It is noteworthy that Cichorioideae cypsela has the same general structure as that of Asteroideae.

Characterization of the complete chloroplast genome of the invasive weed Galinsoga quadriradiata (Asterales: Asteraceae)

Galinsoga quadriradiata is an invasive weed in many parts of the world, and are causing serious damages to local biodiversity and agriculture. In this study, its complete chloroplast genome was assembled from the whole-genome Illumina sequencing data. The circular genome is 151,917 bp long, and comprises a pair of inverted repeat regions (IRs, 25,041 bp each), a large single-copy region (LSC, 83,620 bp) and a small single-copy region (SSC, 18,215 bp). It encodes a total of 111 gene species (80 protein-coding, 27 tRNA and four rRNA species), with 21 of them occurring in double copies. Introns were detected in ten PCG and six tRNA species. The nucleotide composition is asymmetric (31.07% A, 18.58% C, 19.08% G & 31.27% T) with an overall A + T content of 62.34%. Phylogenetic analysis challenged the traditional taxonomic framework of the family Asteraceae, and indicated that G. quadriradiata was relatively close to Guizotia abyssinica in phylogeny.

Флористические находки адвентивных и аборигенных видов в Новосибирской области

New locations of some adventive and rare native plant species in Novosibirskaya oblast are reported. The adventive species Tanacetum balsamita L. was found in Siberia for the first time. The new plant species for Novo­sibirskaya oblast are adventive ones: Alcea rosea L., Antirrhinum majus L., Miscanthus sinensis Anderss., Galinsoga ciliata (Rafin.) Blake and aboriginal ones: Plantago uliginosa F. W. Schmidt. The new locations of rare adventive species – Aster novi-belgii L., Eragrostis minor Host, Papaver dubium L. – and rare native species – Betula fruticosa Pall., Hypericum ascyron L., Inula helenium L., Myosotis krylovii Serg., Spiraea salicifolia L. were found.

English

Weeds are the most common pests, which interfere with turfgrass establishment and uniformity lowering functional and aesthetic quality of lawns. Killing weed seeds or suppressing their germination is necessary before establishing new lawn to prevent weeds from gaining a foothold hence, giving turfgrass a competitive advantage. A field study was conducted at Bukura Agricultural College, Kenya, to explore the potential of biofumigation with African spider plant (Cleome gynandra) as an environmentally friendly alternative to use of synthetic herbicides for establishment of weed-free Paspalum notatum turfgrass. Biofumigation with chopped C. gynandra plants at flowering stage, incorporated into the soil at the rates of 4, 6 and 8 kg m-2, respectively, and was compared with Basamid® (97% Dazomet) at 0.029 kg m-2 and untreated negative control in a randomized complete block design experiment. C. gynandra at rates of 6 or 8 kg m-2 was as effective as Basamid® at 0.029 kg m-2 in significantly suppressing Galinsoga parviflora, Galinsoga ciliata and Bidens pilosa weed populations and reducing weed infestation. Other weed species occurred in the experimental plots in insignificant populations. The results of this study demonstrated that C. gynandra has potential for use as a biofumigant against weeds during lawn establishment. Key words: Cleome gynandra, biofumigation, environmentally friendly, weeds, herbicides, lawn.

Flower structure in ten Asteraceae species: considerations about the importance of morpho-anatomical features at species and tribal level

Flowers of Asteraceae have conspicuous features that are important at the tribal level, such as the branches of the style, pappus, shape of the corolla, and anthers. The floral ontogeny of ten Brazilian weed species of Asteraceae was performed for Conyza bonariensis L., Cosmos sulphureus Cav., Eclipta alba L., Elephantopus mollis Kunth, Emilia sonchifolia L. DC., Galinsoga quadriradiata Ruiz and Pav., Erechtites valerianifolius (Link ex Spreng) DC., Parthenium hysterophorus L. Praxelis clematidea R. M. King and H. Rob, and Sigesbeckia orientalis L. in order to describe the morpho-anatomy, ontogenetic steps, and identify features that may support the tribeal classification. Flowers and buds were fixed in glutaraldehyde, embedded in historesin, and sectioned with a rotary microtome. Sections were stained with Toluidine Blue. The inflorescence can be heterogamous or homogamous; the pappus is absent or persistent; the corolla is tubular or ligulate; anthers have an apical appendage which is obtuse or acute; and some anatomical features are the ovary usually trapezoidal-shaped; the pappus either vascularized or not; the corolla with possible secretory structures, only two species do not show twin hair on the outer ovary epidermis;and ovarian mesophyll usually composed of two or three regions. In general, the species analyzed show several similar features, such as the anther structure, pappus, and stigma. A distinct feature was observed among the species: the absence of pappus, and twin hairs in three species: E. alba (Heliantheae tribe), P. hysterophorus (Heliantheae tribe), and S. orientalis (Millerieae tribe), all belonging to “Helliantheae Alliance” clade.

소면적 재배작물인 당귀밭에 발생하는 잡초현황과 잡초에 의한 피해

Investigation on weed flora in Angelica gigas upland fields was conducted to understand the current status of the weed flora and establish the control measures. Investigation was conducted twice, July and October in 2015. From this investigation, 105 species of 37 families including 27 exotics were identified and classified into 53 species of annuals, 24 species of biennials and 28 species of perennials. Dominance was the highest with Digitaria ciliaris, followed by Portulaca loeracea, Chenopodium album, Cyperus iria, Conyza canadensis, Galinsoga ciliata etc. in order. Chenopodium album was the highest in importance analysis and the followings were in order of Conyza canadensis, Galinsoga ciliata, Amaranthus lividus, Taraxacum offcinale etc. The yield of A. gigas was reduced 49.6% in no weeding plots comparing in weed managed plots.

In Vitro and In Vivo Anti-Helicobacter Activities of Eryngium foetidum (Apiaceae), Bidens pilosa (Asteraceae), and Galinsoga ciliata (Asteraceae) against Helicobacter pylori.

This study was performed to evaluate the antimicrobial activities of extracts of Bidens pilosa, Galinsoga ciliata, and Eryngium foetidum against 6 clinical strains of Helicobacter pylori in vitro and in vivo. Broth microdilution method was used in vitro. In vivo, Swiss mice were inoculated with H. pylori and divided into 5 groups; the control group received the vehicle and the four others received 125, 250, and 500 mg/kg of methanol extract of Eryngium foetidum and ciprofloxacin (500 mg/kg) for 7 days, respectively. Helicobacter pylori colonization and number of colonies in gastric biopsies culture were assessed on days 1 and 7 after treatment. The lowest MIC value (64 μg/mL) and the best spectrum of bactericidal effect (MBC/MIC = 1) were obtained with the methanol extract of Eryngium foetidum. The number of H. pylori infected animals was 17% (plant-extract) and 0% (ciprofloxacin) compared to 100% for the infected untreated group. Plant-extract (381.9 ± 239.5 CFU) and ciprofloxacin (248 ± 153.2 CFU) significantly reduced bacterial load in gastric mucosa compared to untreated, inoculated mice (14350 ± 690 CFU). Conclusion. The present data provided evidence that methanol extract of Eryngium foetidum could be a rich source of metabolites with antimicrobial activity to fight Helicobacter pylori infections.