Galic Acid Research Articles

Comparative studies on the release behaviours of gallic acid and eurycomanone as active ingredients in herbal supplement

Herbal supplements often incorporate herb mixtures to prevent clumping and to control the release of medicinal compounds and mask bitter tastes. Medium solution and time affected the release rate of active components. In this study, active compounds from herbal supplements were examined for their release behavior in different media [0.1 M HCl, 30% EtOH, acetate buffer (pH 4.8) and phosphate buffer pH 6.3] at different times upon exposure to different media using a dissolution equipment. An aliquot was collected every 15 minutes for a total of 120 minutes. Analyses of reverse-phase HPLC were used to determine the amount of gallic acid and eurycomanone present in the samples. Reference standards for the study were Kacip Fatimah (KV) and Tongkat Ali (TS). The results demonstrate that the release behaviour of all samples varied, however samples labelled KA and TA displayed the maximum release rate of galic acid and eurycomanone in an acidic medium (0.1 M HCl) at 30 minutes. Meanwhile, the sample labelled as TC had the lowest rate of Eurycomanone emission. The highest gallic acid concentration was found in sample KA and the highest Eurycomanone level was found in sample TA. For both groups ranging from 20 to 60 minutes, the acidic media demonstrated the best results for assessing the release behavior of active components. Data on correlations showed a monotone relationship.

Hypoglycemic and Antioxidant Properties of Extracts and Fractions from Polygoni Avicularis Herba.

Our research focused on the hypoglycemic capability and the possible mechanisms of extract and fractions from Polygoni Avicularis Herba (PAH) based on α-glucosidase, α-amylase inhibition assays, glucose uptake experiment, HPLC-MS analysis, and molecular docking experiment. In addition, DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP assays were used for determining the antioxidant capability. The results of total flavonoids and phenolics contents showed that ethyl acetate fraction (EAF) possessed the highest flavonoids and phenolics with values of 159.7 ± 2.5 mg rutin equivalents/g and 107.6 ± 2.0 mg galic acid equivalents/g, respectively. The results of in vitro hypoglycemic activity showed that all samples had effective α-glucosidase inhibition capacities, and EAF possessed the best inhibitory effect with IC50 value of 1.58 ± 0.24 μg/mL. In addition, n-butanol fraction (NBF) significantly promoted the glucose uptake rate of 3T3-L1 adipocytes. HPLC-MS analysis and molecular docking results proved the interactions between candidates and α-glucosidase. The results of antioxidation capacities showed that EAF possessed the best antioxidation abilities with DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP. In summary, the hypoglycemic activity of PAH might be related to the inhibition of α-glucosidase (EAF > PEF > NBF) and the promotion of glucose uptake in 3T3-L1 adipocytes (NBF). Simultaneously, the antioxidation capacity of PAH might be related to the abundant contents of flavonoids and other phenolics (EAF > PEF > NBF).

Physicochemical, cooking and sensory properties of Mackerel fish burger fortified with globe artichoke Cynara scolymus L.

The present study aims to characterize the globe artichoke parts, receptacle (AR) and bracts (AB), and to evaluate the quality characteristics of fish burger formulated by partial substitution of Mackerel fish meat with different level of both AR and AB. Physicochemical, cooking measurements and sensory characteristics of fish burgers were analyzed. The study results showed that the used artichoke parts had high protein, crude fiber, inulin and ascorbic acid contents. Total phenolics content of AR and AB was 43.1 and 38.2 (mg galic acid equivalent/g), respectively. The addition of artichoke parts to fish burger showed improvement in the cooking properties for instance increase cooking yield and decrease cooking loss and shrinkage, without noteworthy differences in sensory properties. Moreover, it was concluded that artichoke parts could be a great source of health-promoting phenolic compounds with high antioxidant activity. Therefore, our results could promote the consumption of artichoke parts and their using in di􀵵 erent industrial food applications.

A Review of Medicinal Plants with Anti-Dengue Virus Activity

Dengue virus is an arthropod-borne infectious agent that causes dengue disease. The virus spreads by Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus mosquitos. Due to the neglegent care given to the infection, the vectors as well as the virus have expanded globally and millions have already been affected by dengue infection as regards reports by ECDC, CDC and WHO. Dengue virus infection have been alleviated by erratic treatments since there is no precise formulation against it. However, there are plenteous clinical risks alongside using the drugs, this leaves human with no other choices than to reason for other alternative means of treatment to decrease the deleterious effects to minimal level. To introduce newer candidate anti-dengue pharmaceutical agent with minimal/ or no therapeutic lapses, botanical treatments have highly been recognized. Medicinal plants have been observed to be of health benefit in dengue virus infection through promoting immunocompetence, supplying pharmacological aids such as prophylactic effects, decrease viral amplification and lowering morbid condition. The potential anti-dengue activity of medicinal plants have been exemplified in the literature as the principal interest. We tried to find the existing factors behind virucidal activity of plants in the context of anti-dengue virus and the consulted publications indicated that certain flavonoids (Kaempferol-3-Orutinoside, Rutin, Hyperoside, Epicatechin Resveratrol, Quercetin, Emodin, Emodin-8-beta-D-glucoe and Polydatin), Tannins (Galic acid, Tannic acids), Alkaloids (Artesonic Acid, Homoegonol, Myristicin), Fatty acids (Methyldodecanoic acid, Dodecanoic acid, Tridecanoic acid, 12-methyl-methyl-esters, n-hexadecanoic acid), Terpenoids (Beta-asarone, Acoric acid, Andrographolide, Caryophyllene, Cyclododocane) and many others could be the major antiviral factors. This study will assist in giving better insights on anti-dengue activity of medicinal plants divulging dengue virus reliable combaters eventually. However, it is needful to conduct heightened critical clinical studies in this vein for proper verification.

Comparison of Antioxidant Activities of Silver Nanoparticles and Methanol Extracts of Three Indigenous Nigeria Herbal Seeds

The antioxidant of seeds was carried out using extracts from methanol and Silver Nanoparticles from the spice. The SEM shows the shapes, dispersion and agglomeration of the sample, while the EDX confirms the SEM and the presence of some compounds. The FT-IR reveals the AgNPs capping and reducing the particular biomolecule from the functional group for identification. Compounds found in the FT-IR seeds of Capsicum annum are Ag L (Silver iodide), C K (Cyanogen chloride), P K (Phenol). Monodora myristica are Mo L (Molybdenum), Ag L (Silver iodide), C K (Cyanogen chloride), P K (Phenol), Mg K (Magnesium). Piper guineense are Ag L (Silver iodide), Ci K (Potassium chloride), C K (Cyanogen chloride), P K (Phenol). The seeds show that the AgNPS of CA and MM has a better antioxidant activity than the methanol of CA and MM, while the PG methanol has a better activity than the AgNPS PG. The control (Catechin and Galic acid) has a slight overall better DPPH activity than the AgNPS. It is important to note that there is a concentration dependency in CA, MM AgNPS, PG methanol respectively. Notably, at CA methanol, the conc. at 125 was higher than the conc. at 250. Hence, there is need to create a great part in using plant samples for making tabulated or capsulated drugs for treatment of diseases and using plant silver nanoparticles to develop a healthy food/drug preservative package material “smart packaging” that will enhance shelf-life.

Physicochemical Properties of Virgin Coconut Oil Extracted from Different Coconut (Cocos nucifera L) Varieties

Virgin coconut oil (VCO) is a superior edible oil extracted from fresh coconut (Cocos nucifera L) kernel using mixed coconut varieties without considering the varietal effect. Therefore, this research focuses on the quality evaluation of VCO extracted from four types of coconut varieties, namely Sri lanka Tall×Tall (TT), a tall variety of Gon Thambili (GT), a tall variety of Ran Thambili (RT) and Philippines tall variety of San Ramon (SR). Mature coconuts from each variety were collected from the Bandirippuwa Estate of the Coconut Research Institute, Sri Lanka to extract VCO by cold press oil extraction method. The extractability of VCO from different varieties was investigated. Moisture, free fatty acid (FFA), fatty acid profile (gas chromatography), peroxide value (PV), color (Lovibond scale), total phenolic substances (Galic acid equivalent), antioxidant capacity (α,α-diphenyl-β-picrylhydrazyl, 0.1mM – DPPH method) and sun protection factor (SPF) of VCO extracted from each variety were analyzed. The experiment was conducted as a completely randomized design with three replicates. Data were analyzed using ANOVA using Tukey’s test by MINITAB 17. Oil extractability (58%-59%), FFA (0.04%-0.12%), color (0.43–0.93) and fatty acid profile of VCO did not show variation among varieties. A higher concentration of total phenolic substances was observed in GT (0.24±0.03mg GAE/100g) while antioxidant capacity (857.19±14.99mg/ml) and SPF (8.99±1.26) was rich in RT.

Nutritional Value, Bioactive Components and Antioxidant Activity of Schisandra chinensis (Turcz.) Baill. Leaves

As a part of the ongoing interest in the nutritional and antioxidative properties of a little-known East Asian plant species, the aim of the study was to determine the contents of macronutrients and selected elements, profiles of fatty and amino acids, the content of phenolic compounds, β-carotene, vitamin A and E, and antioxidant activity of Schisandra chinensis (Turcz.) Baill. edible leaves. Schisandra chinensis leaves contained a small amount of lipids – 4.36 % and 12.38 % of proteins. Sugars (fructose, maltose, sucrose, and lactose) were detected only in trace amounts (<0.5 g/kg). The β-carotene content was 17.70 mg/kg. The fatty acid profile of leaves was represented by palmitic C16:0 (44.6 g/100 g of oil), linoleic C18:2 9c12c (17.9 g/100 g of oil), and α-linolenic C18:3 (9c12c15c 10.6 g/100 g of oil) acids. Nine out of 18 amino acids detected in leaves were essential amino acids (68.80 g/kg of dry matter leaves). Glutamic acid was found to be the major component of non-essential amino acids (25 g/kg of dry matter), followed by aspartic acid (16.2 g/kg of dry matter) and leucine (14.2 g/kg of dry matter). The element composition of leaves demonstrated the presence of: macroelements (K, P, S, Ca, Mg, Na), microelements (Zn, Fe, Cu, Mn, Cr, Se), and metals (Al, As, Cd, Ni, Hg, Pb). Potassium was the most abundant element in Schisandra chinensis leaves (10209 mg/kg of dry matter of leaves), followed by Ca, P, and Mg. The spectrophotometric assays enabled detecting phenolic compounds from three categories: polyphenols (44.32 mg galic acid equivalents/g of dry matter of leaves), total flavonoids (29.16 mg quercetin equivalents/g of dry matter of leaves) and phenolic acids (6.12 mg caffeic acid equivalents/g of dry matter of leaves) in Schisandra chinensis leaves. The antioxidant activity of S. chinensis leaves, as determined by DPPH•, was at the level of 9.19 mg TEAC/g of dry matter of leaves, and 214 mg TEAC/g of dry matter of leaves (as determined by molybdenum reducing antioxidant power). The composition of Schisandra chinensis leaves suggest it to become an inexpensive novel plant source of functional foods, supplements, and as new ingredient in human diet.

Optimization of microwave assisted extraction of Artocarpus Heterophyllus leaf polyphenols with inhibitory action against Alternaria sp. and antioxidant capacity.

The Artocarpus heterophyllus extracts are receiving attention due to their agro-food applications. Then, the simultaneous optimization of microwave-assisted extraction of polyphenols from jackfruit leaf with growth inhibitory action against Alternaria sp. was studied. The effects of power and time on total soluble polyphenols and total flavonoids contents, and antifungal activity were investigated using response surface methodology. Temperature behavior was considered also. Models showed good prediction and successfully validation. Treatment at 840W and 2min allowed the responses maximization (148.75mg galic acid equivalent /g dried weight of total soluble polyphenols, 13.28mg rutin equivalent /g dried weight of total flavonoids, and 39.9% of antifungal activity). Furthermore, high ABTS+ (97%) and DPPH (92%) inhibition was exhibited, as a function of the polyphenol's concentration and composition. Mainly flavonoids with potential antioxidant and antifungal properties were detected. These findings suggest the potentialities of these extracts for Alternaria sp. control during tomato postharvest.

ENHANCEMENT OF NUTRITIONAL AND FUNCTIONAL CHARACTERISTCS OF NOODLES FORMULATED WITH SPINACH LEAVES AND SUGAR BEET

Abstract The current work assesses the potential of incorporating spinach leaves (SL) and sugar beet powder (SBP) as functional ingredients at 5% in preparing nutrients dense noodles. The chemical composition, antioxidants activity, total phenolic contents (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC) cooking quality and acceptability by a consumer sensory panel (n = 10) were evaluated. Results showed that noodles formulated with SL and SBP exhibited significant increase in moisture, ash crude fiber and minerals in correlation to the control. Meanwhile, minor change was observed in fat and protein content compared with control noodle. Results revealed that SL and SBP noodles were significantly superior in antioxidants activity than those of the control noodle (p < 0.05). SL-noodles exhibited the highest total phenolic content (381.66) mg Galic acid /100g, whereas SBP-noodles showed the highest antioxidants activity (18.20%) as well as the highest total flavonoid content was46.19) mg Rutin/100 g. Incorporation of SL and SBP modified the functional quality of noodles i.e. cooking time, cooking loss, water absorption, swelling index and noodles' color. SBP-noodles cooking quality showed increased cooking time as well as water uptake. Greenness as well as redness increased significantly for SL and SBP noodles respectively. The sensory studies recommended the incorporation of SL and SBP to the noodles to attain desired sensory quality without affecting the overall acceptability compared with control noodles. SL and SBP-noodles could therefore be used to produce high-quality noodles with nutritional-promoting properties

Effect of extraction solvent on total phenolic content, total flavonoid content, and antioxidant activity of Bulung Sangu (Gracilaria sp.) Seaweed

Bulung sangu (Gracilaria sp.) is commonly consumed as vegetable in Bali. Bulung sangu as other red macroalgae (Rhodophyta) is a source of beneficial nutrient for health. In this study, water and various concentrations (50%, 75% and 100%) of methanol, ethanol, and acetone in water were used as solvent in extraction of bulung sangu. The antioxidant activity, total phenolic content, and total flavonoid content of crude extract of bulung sangu were investigated using various in vitro assay. The extract obtained by 75% of aqueous methanol produced higher extraction yield (27.390 ± 0.414 %). Highest total phenolic content was obtained by the using 100% of acetone (36.738 ± 1.062 mg galic acid equivalent/g ). The extract obtained by 100% of ethanol showed highest total flavonoid content (45.933 ± 0.563 mg quercetin equivalent/g). The same extract also exhibited the strongest antioxidant activity indicated by lowest half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) (13.603 ± 0.413 µg/ml) evaluated by using DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) radical scavenging activity. This IC50 was lower than IC50 of ascorbic acid (18.593 ± 0.135 µg/ml). These results produce the suitable solvent in obtaining optimum phenolic and flavonoid content of bulung sangu. Likewise, the antioxidant activity results indicate that bulung sangu is useful in dietary application with a potential to reduce oxidative stress.

PENENTUAN KADAR POLIFENOL EKSTRAK TEH KEMASAN DENGAN METODE REMASERASI MENGGUNAKAN SPEKTROFOTOMETRI UV-VIS

The purpose of this research is determine the polyphenol content of various brand of packaged tea. Sample were used five sample. Polyphenol compounds of packaged tea were extracted using remaseration method with ethanol 70%. Qualitative test were used using FeCl3 reagent and quantitative test polyphenol content were determined using UV-Vis spectrophotometry method with Folin Ciocalteau reagent. Galic acid was used as comparator in this research. The result of qualitative test is all sample of brewed tea containing polyphenol. Polyphenol content sample A, B, C, D, and E with remaseration method were respectively 0,541; 0,557; 0,474; 0,557; and 0,428%(b/b).Keyword: packaged tea, polyphenol, remaseration, UV-Vis spectrophotometryThe purpose of this research is determine the polyphenol content of various brand of packaged tea. Sample were used five sample. Polyphenol compounds of packaged tea were extracted using remaseration method with ethanol 70%. Qualitative test were used using FeCl3 reagent and quantitative test polyphenol content were determined using UV-Vis spectrophotometry method with Folin Ciocalteau reagent. Galic acid was used as comparator in this research. The result of qualitative test is all sample of brewed tea containing polyphenol. Polyphenol content sample A, B, C, D, and E with remaseration method were respectively 0,541; 0,557; 0,474; 0,557; and 0,428%(b/b).Keyword: packaged tea, polyphenol, remaseration, UV-Vis spectrophotometryPENDAHULUANTeh merupakan minuman yang dapat diterima oleh

ANALISIS POLIFENOL EKSTRAK TEH TUBRUK KEMASAN MENGGUNAKAN SPEKTROFOTOMETRI UV-VIS

The purpose of this research is determine the polyphenol content of brewed tea. Sample were used three sample. Polyphenol compounds of packaged tea were extracted using percolation method with ethanol 70%. Qualitative test were used using FeCl3 reagent and quantitative test polyphenol content were determined using UV-Vis spectrophotometry method with Folin Ciocalteau reagent. Galic acid was used as comparator in this research. The result of qualitative test is all sample of packaged tea containing polyphenol. Polyphenol content sample A, B, and C, with peercolation method were respectively 0,538; 0,554; and 0,470; %b/b.Keyword: packaged tea, polyphenol, percolation, UV-Vis spectrophotometry

EVALUATION OF PHENOLIC CONTENT IN MALDAH CULTIVAR OF MANGO (MANGIFERA INDICA. L.) OF DIGHA (PATNA, BIHAR)

Some ripe mangoes were collected from the mango orchard located at Digha in Patna district, in Patna of Bihar. The pulp and peels of these mangoes were separated and they were lyophilized and stored at 20°C and thereafter they were analyzed separately for total phenolics in the pulp and the peels of these mangoes of Maldah Cultivar (principle). The total content of phenolics in the pulp and peels of the ripe Maldah mangoes were estimated using folin-ciocatten reagent at 75 nm in an UV-Vis Spectrophotometer using galic acid for expressing the standard curve and subsequently the total result was expressed as mg GAE (Galic Acid Equivalent/100g of fresh weight). Surprisingly the result shows the greater content of phenolics in peels in respect of the pulps.

Evaluation of Phenolic Content in Maldah Cultivar of Mango (Mangifera indica. L.) of Digha (Patna, Bihar)

Some ripe mangoes were collected from the mango orchard located at Digha in Patna district, in Patna of Bihar. The pulp and peels of these mangoes were separated and they were lyophilized and stored at 20°C and thereafter they were analyzed separately for total phenolics in the pulp and the peels of these mangoes of Maldah Cultivar (principle). The total content of phenolics in the pulp and peels of the ripe Maldah mangoes were estimated using folin-ciocatten reagent at 75 nm in an UV-Vis Spectrophotometer using galic acid for expressing the standard curve and subsequently the total result was expressed as mg GAE (Galic Acid Equivalent/100g of fresh weight). Surprisingly the result shows the greater content of phenolics in peels in respect of the pulps.

Immediate one-step lime precipitation process for the valorization of winery wastewater to agricultural purposes.

The winery wastewater (WW) of the Village of Vidigueira, in south of Portugal, presented an acid pH (4.26 ± 0.029), a high content of chemical oxygen demand (COD = 3236 ± 30.43 mg L-1), turbidity (160.0 ± 7.68 NTU), total P (155.5 ± 6.36 mg L-1) K (100.5 mg L-1), and low level of metals: Pb, Cd, Cu, Ni, Mn, Fe, Zn. The K and the total P content could make them attractive from an agricultural point of view. However, the high turbidity biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5 = 1266.7 ± 208.7 mg O2 L-1)fecal coliforms (45 ± 29.8 ufc/100 mL) and toxicological total phenols 13.239 ± 3.007 mg galic acid L-1 is the main limiting parameters. By using 5 g L-1 oflime solution, the best reactional conditions are achieved: pH = 12 with a minimum volume of the produced sludge's, 33.5 ± 4.92 mL L-1. These reactional conditions allow reaching high removal levels of BOD5, turbidity, total P, and total phenols: 77.9, 98.7%, 87.1%, and 99.9%, respectively. Simultaneously, the fecal coliforms and Enterococcus are 100% eliminated. The precipitate obtained is rich in calcium (2.7891 ± 0.4350 mg Ca kg-1) organic matter (10.05 ± 0.11%), P (895.0 ± 35.4 mg P2O5 kg-1), and K (990.0 ± 84.9 mg K2O kg-1). During carbonatation reactions, the pH (7.46) and electrical conductivity (EC) (1.805 dS m-1) decreased spontaneously while the Ca2+, K+, and F- kept high: 426.53 mg L-1, 240.53 mg L-1, 176.03 mg L-1, respectively.

Novel utilization of coffee processing by-products: kombucha cascara originated from ‘Gayo-Arabica’

One of the current significant environmental challenges that have to be dealt with the majority of farmer in Indonesia, especially those on Gayo highlands - is the absence of an optimal utilization of coffee by-products or waste, which is deliberately produced in a great amount during the coffee processing. The Gayo highlands are located in the middle regions of Aceh province and widely known as the most extensive arabica coffee plantation all over Indonesia, with a total area 101,473 hectares. The aim of this research was to optimally utilize the by-products or the exfoliated cherry-pulp into the so called kombucha cascara bearing great economical potential. However, further information in terms of its optimum processing condition (the length of fermentation duration, concentration of kombucha starter) from the cherry pulp into kombucha cascara has been much unexplored. In order to reveal that, we were trying to apply the effects of wo determinants, namely: i) fermentation duration (8,12 days); ii) starter concentration applied (3%, 5%, and 7%) on kombucha cascara’s chemical parameters [pH, total phenolic amount, antioxidant activity] and sensory in the form of hedonic test. Such test enabled us in describing consumers’ preference based on its ‘pronounced’ the taste. Results showed that pH was ranged from 2.63 until 3.10, meanwhile, a relatively high antioxidant activity ranging from 25.78 and 51.69% noted with a total phenolic compound between 64.00 - 105.20 mg GAE (Galic Acid Equivalent)/ml were measured. This can be inferred that quality was shown to be deliberately affected both by the length of fermentation and starter’s concentration, albeit the first one was to be more affecting. The longer the fermentation period, the lower the acidity value, and interestingly, significant decreases by total phenolic compound and antioxidant activity were also measured. It is also concluded that 12-days fermentation process added with 5% started received the highest score for sensory test.

Characterization of Curcuminoid from Curcuma xanthorrhiza and Its Activity Test as Antioxidant and Antibacterial

Curcuminoids are the main component found in many Zingiberaceae family plants. The aim of this study was to characterize curcuminoid and its activity test as an antioxidant and antibacterial. Dryed powder of C. xanthorrhiza (1 kg) was macerated with ethanol for 24 hours at room temperature. Ethanol extract of C. xanthorrhiza was subsequently fractionated with n-hexane and chloroform to take the yellow or orange indicated contain of curcuminoids. Analysis of total phenolic levels was carried out by the Follin-Ciaocalteau method. The isolation of curcuminoid componens from this fraction was carried out by chromatographic method and the structure elucidation was performed by interpretation of spectroscopic data, including UV, IR, 1H and 13C NMR 1D and 2D. The antioxidant activity test used the DPPH (2,2-diphenylpicrylhydrazyl) method, while the antibacterial activity test used Kirby Bauer test diffusion method. The results showed that the curcuminoid fraction yield was 10.06% from ethanol extract C. xanthorrhiza. The total phenolic content of curcuminoids fraction was 745.45 ± 18.5 mg galic acid (GA)/g extract. Curcuminoids fraction was isolated a known compound desmethoxycurcumin (1). The content of demethoxycurcumin (1) in curcuminoid fraction is 20.97 %.The antioxidant activity of curcuminoids fraction showed strongest activity with IC50 24.98 µg/ml. Antibacterial activity against of the four pathogenic bacteria showed medium activity. The study suggests that curcuminoids extract from C. xanthorrhiza rhizome have potential compounds could be suitable for antioxidant and the treatment of various infections caused of microbial.

Chemical characterization and in vitro antimicrobial activity of honeybee propolis and Scaptotrigona jujuyensis geopropolis against tomato pathogenic bacteria

The antimicrobial activity of four concentrations of hydroalcoholic extracts from honeybee propolis and Scaptotrigona jujuyensis geopropolis was screened in vitro against five tomato pathogenic bacteria. The agar-well diffusion method was used and the tested bacteria were Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis, Xanthomonas gardneri, Xanthomonas vesicatoria, Pseudomonas corrugata, and Pseudomonas mediterranea. The main chemical characteristics of propolis and geopropolis, including the polyphenol profile through HPLC-DAD, were also determined. Geopropolis raw sample presented higher values of moisture (7.78%), waxes (50.79%) and ashes (3.69%) than propolis (4.59%, 31.16% and 2.42% respectively). The total polyphenol content and the dry extract were higher in propolis hydroalcoholic extract (3.83 mg eq galic acid mL-1 and 7.87%, respectively) than in the extract of geopropolis (0.16 mg eq galic acid mL-1 and 0.15%, respectively). Chromatographic analysis confirmed the presence of caffeic acid, quercetin, 1,5,7-trihydroxy-flavanone, apigenin, pinobanksin, chrysin, pinocembrin, and galangin in both extracts. The antimicrobial assay showed significant differences between the hydroalcoholic extract activities, as well as between the sensitivity of the tested bacteria. Propolis hydroalcoholic extract dilutions had an inhibitory effect over four of the five tested bacteria, while geopropolis hydroalcoholic extract dilutions were only effective against C. michiganensis subsp. michiganensis, and to a lesser extent. The sequence of bacteria sensitivity to propolis treatments was: C. michiganensis subsp. michiganensis > X. gardneri > X. vesicatoria > P. corrugata. Pseudomonas mediterranea was not sensitive to any of the hydroalcoholic extracts. The antimicrobial activity of both extracts was dose-dependent where the most concentrated treatments were the most effective (15.0 mg mL?1 of geopropolis and 78.7 mg mL?1 of propolis dry extract, respectively). The polyphenol content and the HPLC-DAD profile of the hydroalcoholic extracts disclosed differences in chemical composition that helped to explain the outcomes of the in vitro assay. These results are a contribution to the characterization of bee bioactive products, specifically to propolis and geopropolis. This study indicates the likelihood of using propolis as a non-conventional strategy to control tomato bacterial diseases.

STUDY OF PHENOLIC COMPOUNDS IN THE ABOVE-GROUND PART OF CERTAIN SPECIES OF THE GENUS INULA BY HPLC

Studied the cоmpоsitiоn оf phenоlic cоmpоunds cоntained in the aerial part оf wild plants оf the genus Inula, cоllected in different areas оf the Nоrthern Caucasus (Inula оrientalis, Inula salicina, Inula germanica). The HPLC methоd identified 20 phenоlic cоmpоunds in the aerial part оf the Inula оrientalis, identified 17 cоmpоunds (tannin, galic acid, chlоrоgenic acid, chicоreic acid, ferulic acid and оther cоmpоunds), in the aerial part оf the Inula aspera, 19 cоmpоunds оf phenоlic nature were fоund, 12 cоmpоunds were identified (dihydrоcоumarin, hyperоside, galic acid, chlоrоgenic acid, and оther cоmpоunds), in the aerial part оf the Inula germanica, 22 phenоlic cоmpоunds were fоund, 14 cоmpоunds were identified (dihydrоcоumarin, hyperоside, rutin, chlоrоgenic acid, and оther cоmpоunds). The study оf the qualitative cоmpоsitiоn оf phenоlic cоmpоunds was carried оut оn a high-perfоrmance liquid chrоmatоgraph оf the firm "GILSTОN", mоdel 305, FRANCE; manual injectоr, mоdel RHEОDYNE 7125 USA, fоllоwed by cоmputer prоcessing оf the research results using the Multichrоm prоgram fоr Windоws. The system - methanol - water - concentrated phosphoric acid - tetrahydrofuran, in the ratio 370: 570: 5: 60 was chosen as the mobile phase. The stationary phase was a 4.6 x 250 mm KROMASIL C18 metal column with a particle size of 5 microns. According to the method, the analysis was carried out at room temperature. The flow rate of the eluent is 0.8 ml / min. Analysis duration 60 min. Detectiоn was carried оut using a GILSTОN UV/VIS mоdel 151 UV detectоr at a wavelength оf 254 nm. Fоr research, crushed plant material tо a particle size passing thrоugh a sieve with a hоle diameter оf 2 mm was placed in a flask with a capacity оf 100 ml, 20 ml оf 70% ethyl alcоhоl was added, attached tо a reflux cоndenser and heated in a bоiling water bath fоr 1 hоur frоm the mоment the alcоhоl-water mixture bоiled in the flask. After cооling, the mixture was filtered thrоugh a paper filter intо a 25 ml vоlumetric flask and diluted with ethyl alcоhоl 70% up tо the mark. In parallel, a series оf 0.05% reference sоlutiоns in 70% ethyl alcоhоl was prepared: cinnamic acid, chicoric acid, ferulic acid, tannin, epicatechin, catechin, naringenin, dicoumarin, dihydroquercetin, rutin, quercetin, luteolin, luteolin-7-glycoside, kaempferol, coumarin, hyperoside, hesperidin, apigenin, gallic acid acid, neochlorogenic acid.

Chemical composition, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antiproliferative activities of the essential oil of Cymbopogon nardus, a plant used in traditional medicine.

Objectives Natural products commonly used in traditional medicine, such as essential oils (EOs), are attractive sources for the development of molecules with anti-proliferative activities for future treatment of human cancers, e.g., prostate and cervical cancer. In this study, the chemical composition of the EO from Cymbopogon nardus was characterized, as well as its antioxidativeproperties and anti-inflammatory and antiproliferative activities on LNCaP cells derived from prostate cancer. Methods The chemical composition of the EO was determined by GC/FID and GC/MS analyses. The antioxidative properties were assessed using DPPH radical scavenging assay and ABTS+• radical cation decolorization assay, and the anti-inflammatory capacity was determined by the inhibition of the lipoxygenase activity. Antiproliferative activity was evaluated by MTT assay. Results Collectively, our data show that the major constituents of C. nardus EO are citronellal (33.06 %), geraniol (28.40 %), nerol (10.94 %), elemol (5.25 %) and delta-elemene (4.09 %). C. nardus EO shows modest antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity compared to the standard galic acid. C. nardus EO exhibits the best antiproliferative activity on the prostate cancer cell line LNCaP with an IC50 of 58.0 ± 7.9 μg/mL, acting through the induction of the cell cycle arrest. Conclusions This study has determined that C. nardus EO efficiently triggers cytotoxicity and pens a new field of investigation regarding the putative use of this EO in vivo.