Galic Acid Research Articles

Instant green synthesis: obtaining stable nanoparticles and understanding the extract's behavior in the particle formation mechanism

Numerous plant extracts are abundant in biomolecules that can be employed in the biogenic synthesis of metallic nanoparticles owing to their potent reducing capabilities. The mechanism by which biomolecules act as reducers and expedite the reduction of silver ions remains poorly understood. This study presents an instantaneous and environmentally friendly synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using varying concentrations of commercially available green tea and concentrations of a dextrose-reducing solution. The AgNPs formed instantaneously, likely due to the competitive reaction between the polyphenols present in green tea and the dextrose. The best AgNPs produced using a diluted green tea solution at a concentration of 0.05 g of tea/ml and 100 μl of dextrose solution exhibited high stability over a period of 90 days, as confirmed by UV–vis spectroscopy and dynamic light scattering. The results of antioxidant properties from diluited tea showed 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) 0.013 ± (0.1) μmol Trolox Equivalent Anyioxidant Capacity (TEAC) TEAC/g, Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP) 10.3 ± (0.1) μmol TEAC/g and Total Polyphenol Content (TPC) 0.12 ± (.001) μgGAE(Galic Acid Equivalent)/g). The resulting nanoparticles are extremely small, measuring approximately 30 to 50 nm in size, and exhibit a spherical morphology as evidenced by SEM imaging. The plasmon bandwidth is better in more diluted tea and higher proportions of dextrose added than the others condition of synthesis. Probably, the results of 2nd extraction of green tea diluted can be evidence that phenolic compounds, mainly, caffeine and gallic acid, are contributing to forming and stabilizing the silver nanoparticles. This fundamental knowledge showed the method employed is ecologically sound and adheres to green principles.

Mentha Pulegium: A Plant with Several Medicinal Properties.

The species Mentha Pulegium L. (M. pulegium L.) belongs to the family Lamiaceae, native to Europe, North Africa, and the Middle East, and the genus Mentha. It has been traditionally used in food, cosmetics, and medicines. It is a perennial, fragrant, well-liked, herbaceous plant that can grow up to half a meter tall. It is extensively used as a food flavoring, particularly for Moroccan traditional drinks. Chewing mint and M. pulegium, a relaxing and refreshing plant, can be used to treat hiccups and act as an anticonvulsant and nerve relaxant. Pennyroyal leaves that have been crushed have a pungent, spearmint-like scent. Pennyroyal is used to make herbal teas, which, while not proven to be harmful to healthy adults in small doses, are not recommended due to their liver toxicity. Infants and children can die if they consume it. Pennyroyal leaves, both fresh and dried, are particularly effective at repelling insects. Pennyroyal essential oil should never be taken internally because it is highly toxic, even in small doses, it can be fatal. This plant is used in traditional Moroccan medicine to treat a wide range of conditions, including influenza, rheumatism, migraine, infertility, ulcer, pain, gastrointestinal problems, fever, diabetes, obesity, mental and cardiac disorders, constipation, respiratory ailments, and cough. M. pulegium is a great candidate for contemporary therapeutic usage since it contains a wide variety of biologically active compounds, including terpenoids, flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins, and saponins in all its parts. Among the different parts used are the whole plant, the aerial part, the stem, and the leaves. More interestingly, the entire plant contains a variety of compounds including Pulegone, Isomenthone, Carvone, Menthofuran, Menthol, 1,8-Cineole, Piperitone, Piperitenone, Neomenthol, -humulene, and 3-octanol. Eriocitrin, Hesperidin, Narirutin, Luteolin, Isorhoifolin, Galic acid, and Rosmarinic acid are found in the leaves. p-hydroxybenzoic acid, Ferulic acid, Caffeic acid, Vanillic acid, Syringic acid, Protocatechuic acid, Cinnamic acid, Phloretic acid, o-coumaric acid, p-coumaric acid, Catechin, Epicatechin, Chrysin, Quercetin, Naringenin, Carvacrol are all found in the areal part. Alterporriol G, Atropisomer, Alterporriol H, Altersolanol K, Altersolanol L, Stemphypyrone, 6-O-methylalaternin, Macrosporin, Altersolanol A, Alterporriol E, Alterporriol D, Alterporriol A, Alterporriol B, and Altersolanol J are also found in the stem of fungus. Pulegone, Piperitone, p-Menthane-1,2,3- triol, β-elemenene, guanine (cis-), Carvacrol acetate, and Phenyl ethyl alcohol are all components of this plant's essential oils. Moreover, the study also sought to investigate and document all currently available evidence and information on the nutritional composition and therapeutic uses of this plant ornamental. Its pharmacological applications include antimicrobial, antioxidant, antihypertensive, antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, antiproliferative, antifungal, anticancer, burn wound healing, antispasmodic, and hepatotoxicity. Finally, toxicological studies have revealed that while low doses of extracts of the plant M. pulegium are not toxic, however, its essential oils of it are extremely toxic. In order to evaluate future research needs and investigate its pharmacological applications through clinical trials, the current assessment focuses on the distribution, chemical composition, biological activities, and primary uses of the plant.

New Garden Rose (Rosa × hybrida) Genotypes with Intensely Colored Flowers as Rich Sources of Bioactive Compounds

Garden roses, known as Rosa × hybrida, hold a prominent position as one of the most important and economically valuable plants in horticulture. Additionally, their products—essential oil, rose water, concrete, and concentrate—find extensive use in the cosmetic, pharmaceutical, and food industries, due to their specific fragrances and potential health benefits. Rose flowers are rich in biologically active compounds, such as phenolics, flavonoids, anthocyanins, and carotenoids. This study aims to investigate the potential of five new garden rose genotypes with intensely colored flowers to serve as sources of biologically active compounds. Phenolic profile was evaluated by determination of total phenolic (TPC), flavonoid (TFC), and monomeric anthocyanins (TAC) contents and LC-MS/MS analysis of selected compounds. Antioxidant activity was evaluated via DPPH and FRAP assays, neuroprotective potential via acethylcholinesterase inhibition assay, and antidiabetic activity viaα-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibition assays. The flowers of investigated genotypes were rich in phenolics (TPC varied from 148 to 260 mg galic acid eq/g de, TFC from 19.9 to 59.7 mg quercetin eq/g de, and TAC from 2.21 to 13.1 mg cyanidin 3-O-glucoside eq/g de). Four out of five genotypes had higher TPC than extract of R. damascene, the most famous rose cultivar. The dominant flavonoids in all investigated genotypes were glycosides of quercetin and kaempferol. The extracts showed high antioxidant activity comparable to synthetic antioxidant BHT, very high α-glucosidase inhibitory potential, moderate neuroprotective activity, and low potential to inhibit α-amylase.

EFFECT OF TOTAL PHENOLIC AND TOTAL FLAVONOID LEVELS ON THE ANTIOXIDANT POWER OF WATER EXTRACT, ETHANOL AND CHLOROFORM OF GREEN TEA LEAVES (Camellia sinensis L)

Tea (Camellia sinensis L.) was originally used as a refresh drink. Tea has many benefits, especially for health and beauty. The most widely used tea in the market is green tea, because its properties can be used as a daily drink to improve the quality of life in carrying out daily activities. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of the relationship between total phenolic and total flavonoid levels in water extract (EA), ethanol (EE), and chlorophorom (EK) of green tea leaves on antioxidant power. This experimental study used the extraction method, qualitative analysis, quantitative analysis using the colorimetric method, and antioxidant power using the DPPH method. The data obtained were statistically analyzed using SPPS and Microsoft Excel. The results obtained in The extraction process yielded extracts: EA (21.44%), EE (11.20 %), and EK (3.58 %). Qualitative analysis of flavonoid and phenolic compounds in all the extracts revealed the presence of these compounds. In the total phenolic test, the levels were: 229.07 ± 0.99 (EA); 573.70 ± 3.93 (EE); 45.27 ± 0.73 mg/g (EK) GAE (Galic Acid Equivalent). Meanwhile, the flavonoid content was 13.10 ± 0.31 (EA); 40.49 ± 0.67 (EE); 20.94 ± 0.50 mg/g (EK) QE (Quercetin Equivalent). The antioxidant results have an IC50 (Inhibitory Concentration) value of 34.64 ± 0.74 (EA); 7.02 ± 0.15 (EE); 99.11 ± 1.23; positive control 5.94 ± 0.07 µg/mL (vitamin C) ...

Morphological Characters, Phytochemical Profile and Biological Activities of Novel Garden Roses Edible Cultivars

Modern roses (Rosa × hybrida) are among the most important and economically profitable horticultural plants. Besides their beauty and remarkable fragrance, they are also rich sources of biologically active compounds with potential health benefits. The aim of this study was to valorize the prospective of six new genotypes of edible roses to be utilized as functional foods. Rose flowers were subjected to detailed characterization of morphological traits, fragrance analysis, GC-MS analysis of aroma carriers, determination of phenolic profile and vitamin C content, and evaluation of biological activities. The results showed that all the investigated cultivars have a favorable aroma for human consumption (pear-like, strawberry-like or fruity), high contents of phenolics and vitamin C, strong antioxidant content and moderate neuroprotective activity. They are characterized by large amounts of quercetin 3-O-glycosydes and quinic acid. The genotype ‘Marija Frayla’ stands out from others due to facilitated flower morphology, the highest level of total phenolics (217 mg of galic acid equivalents/g of dry extract) and the strongest antioxidant activity (in the DPPH assay, IC50 = 9.24 µg/mL; and antioxidant potential in the FRAP assay was 220 mg ascorbic acid equivalents/g of dry extract), thus represents the most valuable amendment to the development of novel functional food products. The ‘Eveline Wild’ genotype has the highest neuroprotective activity (68.5 ng of eserine equivalents/g of dry extract), thus might be applied in the prevention of dementia. The ‘Pear’ cultivar with the lowest phenolics content and biological activity has a mild, fruity aroma, thus can be used in everyday eating.

UV and Laser Diode as a Source of Flavonoids Stimulation Production in Marigold Calendula officinalis

Calendula officinalis is an important herbal plant as it is a source of value compounds, and it is a convenient model for plant micro propagation. The aim of this study was micro propagation of C. Officinalis and evaluation of the efficiency of Laser diode and UV-C irradiation, in the stimulation of flavonoids biosynthesis and accumulation in vitro culture. BA 1.5mg.L−1 had a significant effect on the number of explants, reached 6.7 shoots.explant−1. While the nodes, BA 1.mg.L−1 had the highest effect on the average shoot length explants, which increased to 2.9 cm. UV exposure resulted in an increase in the shoots and number of leaves of explants treated by BA 1.5 mg/L. After 60 min of UV exposure, the accumulation of flavonoids Rutin in marigold increased to 343.458 ppm /g compared to the control 21.735 ppm/g. Galic acid decreased to 0.122 ppm/ g. The laser diode caused more changes in flavonoids, the Rutin was 4.742ppm /g while Gallic acid reached 50.825 ppm/g, about 5-fold. This stimulation by laser can act as an actor to stimulate one compound and reduce the others, it seems the plant’s secondary compounds compete with each other’s and sometimes with the same type, like Rutin and Galic acid.

Assessment of Antioxidant and Polyphenol Profile of Chrysobalanus icaco from Southern Nigeria

Due to the distinguished medicinal value of Chrysobalanus icaco, it was of great interest to conduct phytochemical and antioxidant investigations on it. In this study, the polyphenol profile and antioxidant activity of C. icaco methanol crude extract and fractions were investigated. The crude extract of C. icaco was subjected to fractionation using methanol, n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and n-butanol as solvents. 2, 2-diphenyl-1picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2’-azino-bis-(3- ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) and ferric ion reducing power (FRAP), ascorbate oxidase, total phenolic content, total flavonoids and polyphenol profile was determined using standard methods. A significant increase was observed in the DPPH radical scavenging activity, total flavonoids, total phenol, FRAP, ABTS, TAC and ascorbate oxidase of the crude extract when compared to methanol, ethyl acetate, n-hexane, n-butanol, and aqueous fractions. Polyphenols such as kaempferol, chlorogenic acid, catechin, quercetin, galic acid, pomolic acid, rutin, epicatechin, stigmasterol, sitosterol and caffeic acid were found in the different fractions. The total polyphenols content of different fractions of C icaco extract were as follows; methanol fraction > n-hexane fraction > ethyl acetate fraction > n-butanol fraction > aqueous fraction. The findings revealed that C icaco kernel could be used as a potent source of molecules with positive health attributes.

Microwave-assisted extraction proof-of-concept for phenolic phytochemical recovery from Allium Sativum L. (Amaryllidaceous): Optimal process condition evaluation, scale-up computer-aided simulation and profitability risk analysis

Allium Sativum L. (ASL) extract is one of the medicinal and aromatic products used in pharmaceutical, food, cosmetic and perfumery industries. The scientific literature bibliography regarding process scale-up simulation and techno-economics of phenolic extract from ASL Microwave-Assisted Extraction (MAE) is seldom reported. This study presented optimization and techno-economics of phenolic recovery from ASL extraction. Box-benken design extraction experiment was conducted at irradiation power (520 W – 1040 W), extraction time (2- 10 min) and solid-liquid ratio (0.4 – 1 g/100 ml). The extraction conditions that optimized experimental extractible yield and Total Phenolic Content (TPC) evaluated in Box-benken desirability of Response Surface Methodology. Bioactive finger printing of the extract was analyzed using High Performance Liquid Chromatograph (HPLC). Aspen Batch Process Developer was used for the process techno-economic analysis; profitability uncertainty was analyzed using Monte-Carlo Simulation (MCS). Optimal extractible yield (28.62%) and TPC (76.8 mgGAE/g dry extract) were obtained at irradiation time 7.62 min, microwave power 826.67 Watt (63.6%) with solid-liquid ratio 0.55g/100 ml. The HPLC fingerprint revealed bentulinic acid, galic acid, chlorogenic acid, ellagic acid and ferulic acid. Cost of Manufacturing (COM) for 5L, 50L and 500L extractors gave US$ 1,480, US$ 220 and US$ 56 respectively. Techno-economic results of 500L extraction capacity with 900 kg/year design gave batch size (0.25 kg), production rate (2 kg/min), cycle time (125 min), discounted net present value (38,133 US$), rate of return (34%) and pay back time (2.94yrs). MCS results show high certainties of achieving base case profitability indices. The study shows that MAE of garlic powder is economically feasible.

Validasi Metode Analisa Kadar Fenolik Ekstrak Etanol Jahe Merah (Zingiber officinale var rubrum rhizoma) dengan Spektroscopy UV-Vis

A validation study of the phenolic content analysis method has been carried out using the Galic acid method for jahe merah. Jahe merah in this study was previously characterized microscopically and macroscopically and a filter phytochemical test was carried out to determine the content of secondary metabolites in jahe merah. Furthermore, extraction is carried out by the maceration method. The resulting extract was then analyzed to determine the phenolic content in the sample. Determination of phenolic content uses a method that has been calibrated first, which includes linearity, LOD and LOQ, precision, accuracy, and sensitivity. The results of the analysis of the analytical parameters are as follows: linearity = 0.9909, Precision = 0.046; 0.06; 0.019 recovery = 98 and 102 %, sensitivity = 1.02. 105 L. Mol-1 cm-1. Analysis of the phenolic sample of the sample showed a concentration value of 180,2 mg GAE/gram jahe extract.

HPLC/UV Analysis and In Vitro, Promising Antioxidant, Antidiabetic, Anti-Alzheimer, and Anti-Tyrosinase Potentials of the Algerian Pistacia atlantica Desf. Methanolic Extract

The main objective of this work is to evaluate the species Pistacia atlantica by analyzing the chemical composition of the methanolic extract of the plant leaves; then by determining its content on phenolic compounds, flavonoids and condensed tannins; and finally by testing its antioxidant and inhibitory activities against some enzymes involved in several diseases. To identify phenolic compounds, a high-performance liquid chromatography analysis with ultraviolet detector was used; Folin–Ciocalteu trichloroaluminum and vanillin methods were carried out for phenolic compounds, flavonoids, and condensed tannins quantification, respectively. The antioxidant effect was tested by five different methods. Acetylcholinesterase, butyrylcholinesterase, α-glucosidase, and tyrosinase were used to evaluate the inhibitory power of the plant against those enzymes. The results indicated the presence of phenolic compounds in the extract, including phenolic acids and flavonoids. The total phenolic compounds, flavonoids, and condensed tannins contents obtained, respectively, were equal to 36.089 ± 0.047 mg equivalent of galic acid per gram, 0.775 ± 0.01 mg equivalent of quercetin per gram, and 5.44 ± 0.5 mg of equivalent catechin per gram of dry plant. High antioxidant activity was observed and it was expressed by IC50 ranging from 3.50 ± 0.05 to 11.11 ± 4.03 μg/ml and concentrations at absorbance 0.5 from 0.84 ± 0.08 to 54.57 ± 0.24 μg/ml values. Strong antidiabetic effect was recorded which far exceeds the effect of acarbose, and interesting anti-Alzheimer and anti-tyrosinase effects were noted.

Evaluation of Phytochemical Screening, Antioxidant and Anti-Diarrheal Activities of Traditional Medicinal Shrub in Albino Mice

The present study aimed to investigate the properties and inhibitory activities of the methanolic extract of the medicinal shrub Cichorium intybus. This plant has traditionally been used for its analgesic, anti-inflammatory, anti-microbial, anti-pyretic, antioxidant, anti-hyperglycemic and anticancer properties. The research included a phytochemical screening, antioxidant capacity measurement and anti-diarrheal activity assessment. The phytochemical study revealed the presence of saponins, gums and carbohydrates, alkaloids, terpenoids, steroids and reducing sugars. The antioxidant capacity was measured by the DPPH method with an IC50 value of 157.7±0.6 µg/ml, which was compared to the IC50 Value of ascorbic acid (8.84±0.05 µg/ml). The doses used in the experiment were 3.125 µg/ml, 6.25 µg/ml, 12.5 µg/ml, 25 µg/ml and 50 µg/ml. The total phenolic content was determined using the Galic Acid Equivalent (GAE) method, with a total phenolic content of 64±60686 observed at a dose of 1mg/ml. These results indicated the presence of antioxidant properties in C. intybus. In addition, the anti-diarrheal activity was tested in mice using doses of 20 mg/ml, 40 mg/ml and 80 mg/ml by the Castor oil induced method. The results showed a significant reduction in diarrhea in mice with a reduction in stool weight (P<0.05). In conclusion, the results of this study provide evidence of the properties and inhibitory activities of C. intybus, confirming its potential as a medicinal plant.

PENENTUAN KADAR POLIFENOL EKSTRAK TEH KEMASAN DENGAN METODE REMASERASI MENGGUNAKAN SPEKTROFOTOMETRI UV-VIS

The purpose of this research is determine the polyphenol content of various brand of packaged tea. Sample were used five sample. Polyphenol compounds of packaged tea were extracted using remaseration method with ethanol 70%. Qualitative test were used using FeCl3 reagent and quantitative test polyphenol content were determined using UV-Vis spectrophotometry method with Folin Ciocalteau reagent. Galic acid was used as comparator in this research. The result of qualitative test is all sample of brewed tea containing polyphenol. Polyphenol content sample A, B, C, D, and E with remaseration method were respectively 0,541; 0,557; 0,474; 0,557; and 0,428%(b/b).

ANALISIS POLIFENOL EKSTRAK TEH TUBRUK KEMASAN MENGGUNAKAN SPEKTROFOTOMETRI UV-VIS

The purpose of this research is determine the polyphenol content of brewed tea. Sample were used three sample. Polyphenol compounds of packaged tea were extracted using percolation method with ethanol 70%. Qualitative test were used using FeCl3 reagent and quantitative test polyphenol content were determined using UV-Vis spectrophotometry method with Folin Ciocalteau reagent. Galic acid was used as comparator in this research. The result of qualitative test is all sample of packaged tea containing polyphenol. Polyphenol content sample A, B, and C, with peercolation method were respectively 0,538; 0,554; and 0,470; %b/b.

Isolation and Identification of Phenolic Compounds from the Plant Residues of Hordeum sp. and Brassica sp.by Using High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)

The current study included qualitative diagnosis and quantitative estimation of some active compounds in two types of weeds, namely wild mustard Hordeum sp. and wild barley Brassica sp. The results showed that these plants contained several chemical compounds that were diagnosed as phenolic acids. Wild mustard contained three chemical compounds, namely: Galic acid, Resorsenol, Vanillin While wild barley contained four compounds, namely: Galic acid, Resorsenol, Vanillin benzoic acid. The results of quantitative estimation also showed variation in the concentration of these compounds in the extracts of these weed residues.

Synthesis of PMMA Nanoparticles Loaded with Geopropolis Extract from the Brazilian Stingless Bee Melipona quadrifasciata Lepeletier, 1836 by Miniemulsion Polymerization

AbstractThe present work aims to encapsulate the concentrated geopropolis extract from the Brazilian stingless bee Melipona quadrifasciata quadrifasciata Lepeletier, 1836 in poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) nanoparticles produced by miniemulsion polymerization. The concentrated geopropolis extract is obtained by hydroalcoholic maceration and characterized by ultraviolet–visible spectrophotometry (UV–Vis) to quantify flavonoids and polyphenols in terms of quercetin (Q) and galic acid (GA), respectively. The PMMA‐Propolis nanoparticles is characterized by size exclusion chromatography (SEC), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), UV–Vis and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR1H). UV–Vis results of the geopropolis extract revealed an average flavonoid content of 22.51 mg Q g–1 and an average polyphenol content of 10.15 mg GA g–1. TEM images showed that the produced PMMA nanoparticles are spherical, and their average diameter reduced from 72.62 to 44.60 nm by increasing the propolis concentration from 0% to 40%. Additionally, the kinetic data reveal a reduction of the polymerization reaction rate as well as the average molecular weight when raising the propolis extract concentration in the reaction media. These results suggest that propolis extract may be used as a biocompatible and biodegradable co‐stabilizer and chain transfer agent in miniemulsion polymerization reactions of vinyl monomers.

Galic acid as a non-specific regulator of phenol synthesis and growth of regenerate plants of Corylus avellana (L.) H. Karst. and Salix alba L. in vitro

Gallic acid is found in plant tissues in free form, as well as in the composition of complex esters and hydrolysed tannins. These phenolic compounds have significant antioxidant activity and protect plant cells from damage by free radicals. In the conditions of stress that occurs during the introduction of plants into in vitro culture, the vast majority of explants are characterised by an intensive synthesis of phenols, which quickly oxidise, polymerise, block the explants’ nutrition pathways, and cause tissue necrosis. The addition of gallic acid in millimolar concentrations to the nutrient medium reduces the risk of autointoxication of tissues by secondary metabolic products. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of exogenous gallic acid on organogenesis and phenolic synthesis of Salix alba and Corylus avellana plants in vitro. For this purpose, the study used methods of tissue and organ culture in vitro, spectrophotometric determination of total phenols and flavonoids in leaves, methods of dispersion and nonparametric analysis. It was established that gallic acid at a concentration of 1 mmol·l-1 in the composition of the DKW nutrient medium caused the awakening of dormant buds, stimulated the growth of shoots, and also promoted the branching of stems, the development and growth of lateral roots of Salix alba in vitro. It also inhibited the synthesis of phenols in Corylus avellana plants of the varieties ‘Tonda Romana’, ‘Tonda Gentile Dele Lange’, ‘Barcelona’, while contributing to an increase in the content of phenolic compounds in the leaves of the varieties ‘Tonda Di Giffoni’, ‘Mortarella’, and ‘Epsilon’. It was established that the varieties recommended for fruiting have a higher content of phenolic compounds (‘Tonda Gentile Dele Lange’ and ‘Tonda Di Giffoni’) compared to pollinator varieties (‘Mortarella’). Therefore, exogenous gallic acid at a concentration of 1 mmol·l-1 has the properties of a non-specific regulator of phenol synthesis in regenerating plants of hazel (Corylus avellana), which is relevant for plants with a high content of phenols, especially at the stage of their introduction into in vitro culture

Qualitative and quantitative phytochemicals of leaves, bark and roots of Antiaris toxicaria Lesch., a promising natural medicinal plant and source of pesticides

Antiaris toxicaria Lesch. of the Moraceae family is a tree that grows endemic to Indonesia and has a height of about 20-30 m. This study aimed to screen the phytochemical constituents of leaf, bark and its root. The plant materials were collected from the Samarinda Botanical Garden. Latex of this species in Indonesia is known as a source of blowpipe poison. In other countries Antiaris sp. plant parts (leaves, bark and seeds) are used in ethnobotany practice as raw material for traditional medicine. The leaves, bark and seeds of this plant are used in the treatment of syphilis, leprosy, cancer and used as laxatives for sore throats. Screening of the phytochemical constituents of the samples began by tracing the macromolecules of alkaloids, steroids, tannins, phenolic compounds, flavonoids and saponins with various tests. Alkaloids, saponins, tannins, phlobatnins, flavonoids and terpenoids were detected in the chemical analysis. High performance liquid chromatography diode array detection (HPLC-DAD) was conducted. HPLC screening of A. toxicaria extracts revealed the presence of galic acid, catechins, chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, ellagic acid, epigallocatechin, routine, isoquercitrin, quercitrin, quercetin and kaempferol. The study revealed the array of secondary metabolites present in the plant that can be used in medicinal preparations and will be candidate species for developing a natural insecticide.

Effect of Crataegus aronia on the Biochemical Parameters in Induced Diabetic Rats

Crataegus aronia is widely known for its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and hypolipidemic properties, and it has traditionally been used to treat cardiovascular disorders. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of Crataegus aronia extract on the liver enzyme markers, blood glucose levels, lipid profiles, and kidney function biomarkers as well as hematological parameters in induced diabetic rats. Male Wistar rats were divided into seven groups: normal Control; Diabetic; and Diabetic animals treated with two doses of Crataegus aronia extract (5 and 10mg/kg) (DM + extract), Control treated with the extract ( 5 and 10mg/ kg) and induced diabetic treated with insulin. Streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats (50 mg/kg, ip)and normal were orally administrated with Crataegus aronia extract once a day for 4 weeks. At the end of the experiment, the biochemical and hematological parameters were measured in all groups. Also, the phytochemicals and antioxidant activity of the Crataegus aronia extract were evaluated. According to findings, the total phenols, total flavonoid, and flavonol contents were 538.3 mg Galic acid equivalent /g extract, 149.3 mg Rutin equivalent / g extract, and 79.3 mg Rutin equivalent / g extract), respectively. The antioxidant activity according to 2,2-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) IC50 and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assays were 28.02 μg/ml and in the range of 0.273 – 0.960 μmol Fe+2/g dw, respectively. Crataegus aronia extract significantly (p <0.05) affects red blood cells, hemoglobin, hematocrit, white blood cells, lymphocytes, and platelets values. Also, Crataegus aronia had a significant (P < 0.05) effect on serum biochemical parameters, including glucose, total proteins, albumins, triglycerides, creatinine, bilirubin, and serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST). However, Crataegus aronia treatment had no significant effects (p < 0.05) on serum alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, and cholesterol levels. Crataegus aronia exerts antioxidant activity and significantly improves the biochemical and hematological biomarkers in induced diabetic rats.

Preparation of HNTs‐d‐GO hybrid nanoparticles for gallic acid epoxy composites with improved thermal and mechanical properties

AbstractKH550 modified halloysite nanotubes (m‐HNTs) were hybridized with sulfoxide chloride acylated graphene oxide (m‐GO) to prepare hybrid nanoparticles (HNTs‐d‐GO). The microstructure and morphology analysis of HNTs‐d‐GO hybrid nanoparticles showed that the ordered lamellar structure of GO after acyl chlorination was stripped, and the organic groups on the surface of the lamellar increased. HNTs‐d‐GO hybrid nanoparticles were formed through the amidation of m‐HNTs and m‐GO. Then HNTs‐d‐GO hybrid nanoparticles were incorporated in galic acid epoxy resin to improve the thermal and mechanical properties. HNTs‐d‐GO/galic acid epoxy resin (HNTs‐d‐GO/GAER) bio‐based nanocomposites were prepared with methyl tetrahydrophthalic anhydride as curing agent. The galic acid epoxy composites with the addition of HNTs‐d‐GO exhibited significant enhancements of impact strength, tensile strength, storage modulus, and glass transition temperature. The initial thermal decomposition temperature (T5%) decreased, and the mass retention at 800°C increased, thermal stability of HNTs‐d‐GO/GAER composites were enhanced. At an optimum concentration of 0.75 wt% HNTs‐d‐GO, a simultaneous increase in strength and toughness was observed in comparison to the unfilled cured resin, the impact strength is 2.87 kJ/m2, which is 30.4% higher than pure GAER, and the tensile strength is 42.62 MPa, which is 29.2% higher than pure GAER. Compared with pure gallic acid epoxy resin, the content of HNTs‐d‐GO is 0.25 wt%, Tg increased by 28.9°C.

Pigments constituents, phenolic content and antioxidant activity of brown seaweed Sargassum sp

Seaweed contains many biofunctional compounds such as pigment and antioxidants that have the utility to inhibit degenerative diseases that are caused by reactive species oxygen (ROS). This research aimed to measure the constituents of photosynthetic pigment and antioxidant activity of brown seaweed Sargassum sp. from North Sulawesi. Sargassum sp. was extracted using n-hexane, acetone, and ethanol by the maceration method. The research consisted of chlorophyll (a, b, and C1+C2), fucoxanthin, carotenoid, phycocyanin and phycoerythrin, total phenol content (TPC), scavenging radical activity of 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP). The result exhibited that the hexane extract contained higher chlorophyll a and fucoxanthin than ethanol extract. The TPC values of acetone and ethanol extract of sargassum sp extract were 45.382 ± 3.023 and 44.885 ± 2.834 μg GAE (Galic Acid Equivalent) g-1 extract, respectively. Acetone extract of Sargassum sp. had a lower antioxidant activity of DPPH radical scavenger (IC50 2.966±0.178 mg mL-1) than ethanol extract IC50 2.684±0.256 mg mL-1 extract). The FRAP value of acetone and ethanolic extract of S.olygocystum were respectively 14.45±1.425 and 9.09±0.876 μM Fe2+ mg-1. The Sargassum extract is a potential natural source of natural pigment and antioxidant.