Galaxies Of Different Hubble Types Research Articles

Local variations of the Stellar Velocity Ellipsoid-I: the disc of galaxies in the Auriga simulations

ABSTRACT The connection between the Stellar Velocity Ellipsoid (SVE) and the dynamical evolution of galaxies has been a matter of debate in the last years and there is no clear consensus whether different heating agents (e.g. spiral arms, giant molecular clouds, bars and mergers) leave clear detectable signatures in the present day kinematics. Most of these results are based on a single and global SVE and have not taken into account that these agents do not necessarily equally affect all regions of the stellar disc. We study the two-dimensional (2D) spatial distribution of the SVE across the stellar discs of Auriga galaxies, a set of high resolution magnetohydrodynamical cosmological zoom-in simulations, to unveil the connection between local and global kinematic properties in the disc region. We find very similar, global, σz/σr = 0.80 ± 0.08 values for galaxies of different Hubble types. This shows that the global properties of the SVE at z = 0 are not a good indicator of the heating and cooling events experienced by galaxies. We also find that similar σz/σr radial profiles are obtained through different combinations of σz and σr trends: at a local level, the vertical and radial components can evolve differently, leading to similar σz/σr profiles at z = 0. By contrast, the 2D spatial distribution of the SVE varies a lot more from galaxy to galaxy. Present day features in the SVE spatial distribution may be associated with specific interactions such as fly-by encounters or the accretion of low mass satellites even in the cases when the global SVE is not affected. The stellar populations decomposition reveals that young stellar populations present colder and less isotropic SVEs and more complex 2D distributions than their older and hotter counterparts.

The universal rotation curve of low surface brightness galaxies – IV. The interrelation between dark and luminous matter

ABSTRACT We investigate the properties of the baryonic and the dark matter components in low surface brightness (LSB) disc galaxies, with central surface brightness in the B band $\mu _0 \ge 23 \, \mathrm{mag \, arcsec}^{-2}$. The sample is composed of 72 objects, whose rotation curves show an orderly trend reflecting the idea of a universal rotation curve (URC) similar to that found in the local high surface brightness (HSB) spirals in previous works. This curve relies on the mass modelling of the co-added rotation curves, involving the contribution from an exponential stellar disc and a Burkert cored dark matter halo. We find that the dark matter is dominant especially within the smallest and less luminous LSB galaxies. Dark matter haloes have a central surface density $\Sigma _0 \sim 100 \, \mathrm{M}_{\odot } \, \mathrm{pc}^{-2}$, similar to galaxies of different Hubble types and luminosities. We find various scaling relations among the LSBs structural properties which turn out to be similar but not identical to what has been found in HSB spirals. In addition, the investigation of these objects calls for the introduction of a new luminous parameter, the stellar compactness C* (analogously to a recent work by Karukes & Salucci), alongside the optical radius and the optical velocity in order to reproduce the URC. Furthermore, a mysterious entanglement between the properties of the luminous and the dark matter emerges.

Diffuse ionized gas in galaxies across the Hubble sequence at the CALIFA resolution

We use spatially resolved spectroscopy from the Calar Alto Legacy Field Area (CALIFA) survey to study the nature of the line emitting gas in galaxies of different Hubble types, focusing on the separation of star-forming (SF) regions from those better characterized as diffuse ionized gas (DIG). The diagnosis is carried out in terms of the equivalent width of ${\rm H}\alpha$ ($W_{{\rm H}\alpha}$). Three nebular regimes are identified. Regions where $W_{{\rm H}\alpha} < 3\ \AA$ define what we call the hDIG, the component of the DIG where photoionization is dominated by hot, low-mass, evolved stars. Regions where $W_{{\rm H}\alpha} > 14\ \AA$ trace SF complexes. $W_{{\rm H}\alpha}$ values in the intermediate 3--14 $\AA$ range reflect a mixed regime (mDIG) where more than one process contributes. This three-tier scheme is inspired both by theoretical and empirical considerations. Its application to CALIFA galaxies of different types and inclinations leads to the following results: $\textit{(i)}$ the hDIG component is prevalent throughout ellipticals and S0's as well as in bulges, and explains the strongly bimodal distribution of $W_{{\rm H}\alpha}$ both among and within galaxies. $\textit{(ii)}$ Early-type spirals have some hDIG in their discs, but this component becomes progressively less relevant for later Hubble types. $\textit{(iii)}$ hDIG emission is also present above and below galactic discs, as seen in several edge-on spirals in our sample. $\textit{(iv)}$ The SF/mDIG proportion grows steadily from early- to late-type spirals, and from inner to outer radii. $\textit{(v)}$ Besides circumventing basic inconsistencies in conventional DIG/SF separation criteria based on the ${\rm H}\alpha$ surface brightness, our $W_{{\rm H}\alpha}$-based method produces results in agreement with a classical excitation diagram analysis.

The universal rotation curve of dwarf disc galaxies

We use the concept of the spiral rotation curves universality to investigate the luminous and dark matter properties of the dwarf disc galaxies in the local volume (size $\sim11$ Mpc). Our sample includes 36 objects with rotation curves carefully selected from the literature. We find that, despite the large variations of our sample in luminosities ($\sim$ 2 of dex), the rotation curves in specifically normalized units, look all alike and lead to the lower-mass version of the universal rotation curve of spiral galaxies found in Persic et al. We mass model the double normalized universal rotation curve $V(R/R_{opt})/V_{opt}$ of dwarf disc galaxies: the results show that these systems are totally dominated by dark matter whose density shows a core size between 2 and 3 stellar disc scale lengths. Similar to galaxies of different Hubble types and luminosities, the core radius $r_0$ and the central density $\rho_0$ of the dark matter halo of these objects are related by $ \rho_0 r_0 \sim 100\hspace{0.1cm} \mathrm{M_\odot pc^{-2}}$. The structural properties of the dark and luminous matter emerge very well correlated. In addition, to describe these relations, we need to introduce a new parameter, measuring the compactness of light distribution of a (dwarf) disc galaxy. These structural properties also indicate that there is no evidence of abrupt decline at the faint end of the baryonic to halo mass relation. Finally, we find that the distributions of the stellar disc and its dark matter halo are closely related.

IMPROVED AND QUALITY-ASSESSED EMISSION AND ABSORPTION LINE MEASUREMENTS IN SLOAN DIGITAL SKY SURVEY GALAXIES

We present a new database of absorption and emission-line measurements based on the entire spectral atlas from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) 7th data release of galaxies within a redshift of 0.2. Our work makes use of the publicly available penalized pixel-fitting(pPXF) and gas and absorption line fitting (gandalf) IDL codes, aiming to improve the existing measurements for stellar kinematics, the strength of various absorption-line features, and the flux and width of the emissions from different species of ionised gas. Our fit to the stellar continuum uses both standard stellar population models and empirical templates obtained by combining a large number of stellar spectra in order to fit a subsample of high-quality SDSS spectra for quiescent galaxies. Furthermore, our fit to the nebular spectrum includes an exhaustive list of both recombination and forbidden lines. Foreground Galactic extinction is implicitly treated in our models, whereas reddening in the SDSS galaxies is included in the form of a simple dust screen component affecting the entire spectrum that is accompanied by a second reddening component affecting only the ionised gas emission. In order to check for systematic departures, we provide a quality assessment for our fit to the SDSS spectra in our sample. This quality assessment also allows the identification of objects with either problematic data or peculiar features. For example, based on the quality assessment, approximately 1% of the SDSS spectra classified as "galaxies" by the SDSS pipeline do in fact require additional broad lines to be matched, even though they do not show a strong continuum from an active nucleus, as do the SDSS objects classified as "quasars". Finally, we provide new spectral templates for galaxies of different Hubble types, obtained by combining the results of our spectral fit for a subsample of 452 morphologically selected objects.

Nearby supernova rates from the Lick Observatory Supernova Search - II. The observed luminosity functions and fractions of supernovae in a complete sample

This is the second paper of a series in which we present new measurements of the observed rates of supernovae (SNe) in the local Universe, determined from the Lick Observatory Supernova Search (LOSS). In this paper, a complete SN sample is constructed, and the observed (uncorrected for host-galaxy extinction) luminosity functions (LFs) of SNe are derived. These LFs solve two issues that have plagued previous rate calculations for nearby SNe: the luminosity distribution of SNe and the host-galaxy extinction. We select a volume-limited sample of 175 SNe, collect photometry for every object, and fit a family of light curves to constrain the peak magnitudes and light-curve shapes. The volume-limited LFs show that they are not well represented by a Gaussian distribution. There are notable differences in the LFs for galaxies of different Hubble types (especially for SNe Ia). We derive the observed fractions for the different subclasses in a complete SN sample, and find significant fractions of SNe II-L (10%), IIb (12%), and IIn (9%) in the SN II sample. Furthermore, we derive the LFs and the observed fractions of different SN subclasses in a magnitude-limited survey with different observation intervals, and find that the LFs are enhanced at the high-luminosity end and appear more "standard" with smaller scatter, and that the LFs and fractions of SNe do not change significantly when the observation interval is shorter than 10 days. We also discuss the LFs in different galaxy sizes and inclinations, and for different SN subclasses. Some notable results are ... (abridged).

Nearby supernova rates from the Lick Observatory Supernova Search - III. The rate-size relation, and the rates as a function of galaxy Hubble type and colour

This is the third paper of a series in which we present new measurements of the observed rates of supernovae (SNe) in the local Universe, determined from the Lick Observatory Supernova Search (LOSS). We have considered a sample of about 1000 SNe and used an optimal subsample of 726 SNe (274 SNe Ia, 116 SNe Ibc, and 324 SNe II) to determine our rates. We study the trend of the rates as a function of a few quantities available for our galaxy sample, such as luminosity in the B and K bands, stellar mass, and morphological class. We discuss different choices (SN samples, input SN luminosity functions, inclination correction factors) and their effect on the rates and their uncertainties. A comparison between our SN rates and the published measurements shows that they are consistent with each other to within uncertainties when the rate calculations are done in the same manner. Nevertheless, our data demonstrate that the rates cannot be adequately described by a single parameter using either galaxy Hubble types or B - K colours. A secondary parameter in galaxy "size", expressed by luminosity or stellar mass, is needed to adequately describe the rates in the rate-size relation: the galaxies of smaller sizes have higher SN rates per unit mass or per unit luminosity. The trends of the SN rates in galaxies of different Hubble types and colours are discussed. We examine possible causes for the rate-size relation. Physically, such a relation for the core-collapse SNe is probably linked to the correlation between the specific star-formation rate and the galaxy sizes, but it is not clear whether the same link can be established for SNe Ia. We discuss the two-component ("tardy" and "prompt") model for SN Ia rates, and find that the SN Ia rates in young stellar populations might have a strong correlation with the core-collapse SN rates. We derive volumetric and Milky Way rates ... (abridged)

Molecular gas in SAURON early-type galaxies: detection of 13CO and HCN emission★

In a pilot project to study the relationship between star formation and molecular gas properties in nearby normal early-type galaxies, we used the IRAM 30m telescope to observe the 13CO(J=1-0), 13CO(J=2-1), HCN(J=1-0) and HCO+(J=1-0) line emission in the four galaxies of the SAURON sample with the strongest 12CO emission. We report the detection of 13CO emission in all four SAURON sources and HCN emission in three sources, while no HCO+ emission was found to our detection limits in any of the four galaxies. We find that the 13CO/12CO ratios of three SAURON galaxies are somewhat higher than those in galaxies of different Hubble types. The HCN/12CO and HCN/13CO ratios of all four SAURON galaxies resemble those of nearby Seyfert and dwarf galaxies with normal star formation rates, rather than those of starburst galaxies. The HCN/HCO+ ratio is found to be relatively high (i.e., >1) in the three SAURON galaxies with detected HCN emission, mimicking the behaviour in other star-forming galaxies but being higher than in starburst galaxies. When compared to most galaxies, it thus appears that 13CO is enhanced (relative to 12CO) in three out of four SAURON galaxies and HCO+ is weak (relative to HCN) in three out of three galaxies. All three galaxies detected in HCN follow the standard HCN-infrared luminosity and dense gas fraction-star formation efficiency correlations. As already suggested by 12CO observations, when traced by infrared radiation, star formation in the three SAURON galaxies thus appears to follow the same physical laws as in galaxies of different Hubble types. The star formation rate and fraction of dense molecular gas however do not reach the high values found in nearby starburst galaxies, but rather resemble those of nearby normal star-forming galaxies.

Interplay of CR-driven galactic wind, magnetic field, and galactic dynamo in spiral galaxies

AbstractFrom our radio observations of the magnetic field strength and large-scale pattern of spiral galaxies of different Hubble types and star formation rates (SFR) we conclude that – though a high SFR in the disk increases the total magnetic field strength in the disk and the halo – the SFR does not change the global field configuration nor influence the global scale heights of the radio emission. The similar scale heights indicate that the total magnetic field regulates the galactic wind velocities. The galactic wind itself may be essential for an effective dynamo action.

The origin of globular cluster systems from cosmological simulations

We investigate the structural, kinematical and chemical properties of globular cluster systems (GCSs) in galaxies of different Hubble types in a self-consistent manner based on high-resolution cosmological N-body simulations combined with semi-analytic models of galaxy and globular cluster (GC) formation. We focus on correlations between the physical properties of GCSs and those of their host galaxies for ∼10 5 simulated galaxies located at the centres of dark matter haloes (i.e. we do not consider satellite galaxies in subhaloes). Our principal results, which can be tested against observations, are as follows. The majority (∼90 per cent) of GCs currently in haloes are formed in low-mass galaxies at redshifts greater than 3 with mean formation redshifts of z = 5.7 (12.7Gyr ago) and 4.3 (12.3Gyr ago) for metal-poor GCs (MPCs) and metal-rich GCs (MRCs), respectively. About 52 per cent of galaxies with GCs show clear bimodality in their metallicity distribution functions, though less luminous galaxies with M B fainter than -17 are much less likely to show bimodality owing to little or no MRCs. The number fraction of MRCs does not depend on Hubble type but is generally smaller for less luminous galaxies. The specific frequencies (S N ) of GCSs are typically higher in ellipticals (S N ∼ 4.0) than in spirals (S N ∼ 1.8), and higher again (S N ∼ 5.0) for galaxies located at the centres of clusters of galaxies. The total number of GCs per unit halo mass does not depend strongly on M B or Hubble type of the host galaxy. The mean metallicities of MPCs and MRCs depend on M B such that they are higher in more luminous galaxies, though the dependence is significantly weaker for MPCs. The spatial distributions of MRCs are more compact than those of MPCs and we find that the half-number radii of MPCs (r e,mpc ) correlate with the halo masses (M h ) such that r e,mpc oc M h 0.18 . There is no significant difference in velocity dispersions between MPCs and MRCs. We qualitatively compare our results to observational data where possible. Finally, we discuss these results in the wider context of galaxy formation and evolution.

Photometric scaling relations for bulges of galaxies

We describe the photometric parameters of the bulges of galaxies of different Hubble types including ellipticals, lenticulars, early and late type spirals and early type dwarf galaxies. Analyzing the distributions of various photometric parameters and two- and three-dimensional correlations between them, we find that there is a difference in the correlations exhibited by bright ($M_{\rm K} < -22$) and faint bulges, irrespective of their Hubble type. Importantly, the bright bulges, which include typically E/S0 galaxies and bulges of early type spirals, are tightly distributed around a common photometric plane (PP), while their fainter counterparts, mainly bulges of late type spirals and dwarf galaxies show significant deviation from the planar distribution. We show that the specific entropy, determined from the bulge structural parameters, systematically increases as we move from late to early Hubble types. We interpret this as evidence for hierarchical merging and passive evolution scenarios for bright and faint bulges respectively.

The Tully-Fisher Relation in Coma and Virgo Cluster S0 Galaxies

We use the Tully-Fisher relation (TFR) to compare the behavior of S0 and late-type spiral galaxies. We determine circular velocities based on stellar kinematics derived from stellar absorption line spectroscopy for 10 S0's in the Coma Cluster and eight S0's in the Virgo Cluster. We combine these results with similar measurements of 13 Coma S0 galaxies obtained previously. We find that there is only a small offset, ΔmH ~ 0.2, in the H-band luminosity at a given circular velocity, vc ~ 200 km s-1, between S0 and late-type spirals. This result implies a similar total H-band mass-to-light ratio (within an effective radius) among disk galaxies of different Hubble types. As the older stellar population in S0's is dimmer, this suggests a somewhat larger fraction of stellar mass in these S0's than in late-type spirals. We also find that the relation between (I- and H-band) luminosity and vc for the S0 galaxies is at best poorly defined and has a scatter of ~1 mag, significantly larger than the TFR for late-type spirals, where the observed I- and H-band scatter is σ ~ 0.3–0.5 mag. This substantial scatter confirms the original findings of Dressler & Sandage and is similar to that found in a study by Neistein and coworkers of 18 nearby S0 galaxies in the field where σI ~ 0.7 mag, but differs from the small scatter found by Mathieu and coworkers, σI ~ 0.3 mag, for six nearby S0's. Our results suggest that differing formation histories can lead to S0's with diverse properties and that S0's are more likely to be the outcomes of minor mergers or some preprocessing in groups of galaxies falling into clusters, rather than simply late-type spirals that have been stripped of their gas but are kinematically preserved. We suggest that it is likely that many mechanisms, such as slow encounters, tidal interactions, and gas stripping, may have occurred in the lifetimes of the galaxies and produced the heterogeneous class of S0's that are observed today.

Chemo-Dynamical Models and the Star Formation History of Galaxies

Sandage (1986) showed what the star formation rate (SFR) of galaxies of different Hubble type might look like. His curves are based on the study of Gallagher et al. (1984), who determined the SFR at three different epochs of galactic evolution. Sandage's figure establishes a connection of SFR and Hubble type but, as was already mentioned by Sandage, it “contains no physics”. In order to explore the background of this connection, however, it is necessary either to improve the observations or to model the evolution of galaxies self-consistently. However, the results of modelling the SFR are not reliable, if simplified models are used, which only describe some structural properties of galaxies. It is necessary to apply self-consistent models which take into consideration all relevant interaction processes between the gaseous and stellar components of a galaxy. Such models can be checked by comparison with observations like density and abundance distributions, star-gas content, velocities, velocity dispersions, mass-luminosity relations and age distributions of stars. A detailed model will show, whether the initial conditions, the feedback mechanisms during the evolution or the environment determine the evolution of a galaxy.

Metallicity of Stars and Gas in Galaxies of Different Hubble Types

Many observations point out the great difference in metallicities determined from broad band colors of various wavelength regimes.

The galaxy luminosity function and the morphological type

The morphological luminosity function is obtained assuming that galaxies form only at high-density regions with the matter distribution represented by a filtered Gaussian random field. The results obtained for cold dark matter spectra (adiabatic and isocurvature fluctuations) with Omega = 1 are compared with observations for galaxies of different Hubble types, finding that both scenarios provide distributions that are close to the observations for global thresholds between the values of 2.5 and 3 and standard mass-luminosity ratios for each type. In every case, a bell-shaped luminosity function was found, which looks similar for each morphological type but differing in the mean luminosity. 33 references.

CCD observations of galaxies in clusters at high redshift

view Abstract Citations (10) References (31) Co-Reads Similar Papers Volume Content Graphics Metrics Export Citation NASA/ADS CCD observations of galaxies in clusters at high redshift. Schild, R. Abstract It is demonstrated that a three-color system can remove some of the ambiguities inherent in inferring redshifts from measured colors. Observations of galactic magnitudes obtained by CCD camera and filters approximating the photographic J, F, and I are transformed to the standard color indices (g-r) and (R-I), predicted location of galaxies of different Hubble type in (g-r)(R-I) diagrams as a function of redshift is demonstrated, and agreement is found with measured colors for galaxies in the cluster 1455 + 2232. Magnitudes and colors of galaxies associated with high-redshift radio galaxies are presented, and the existence of foreground clusters is discussed on the basis of the color-color diagram. The observed colors suggest that recent star formation represented by an exponential model gives the best fit. The luminosity evolution implied by the observed amount of color evolution is determined, and the relative importance of luminosity evolution due to evolution of stellar populations as compared with galaxy mergers is discussed. Publication: The Astrophysical Journal Pub Date: November 1984 DOI: 10.1086/162620 Bibcode: 1984ApJ...286..450S Keywords: Astronomical Spectroscopy; Galactic Clusters; Galactic Structure; Red Shift; Charge Coupled Devices; Color Photography; Color-Color Diagram; Galactic Evolution; Radio Sources (Astronomy); Astrophysics full text sources ADS | data products SIMBAD (4)

Star Formation in Disks

The basic characteristics of the stellar populations in galaxies are determined by the history of star formation and by the initial mass spectrum with which the stars are formed. Many attempts have been made to model the history of star formation in galaxies using various quasi-theoretical descriptions of star formation, but star formation remains a very poorly understood process and no theoretical understanding with any real predictive power has yet been attained. However, recent work suggests the importance for star formation of some mechanisms that have so far not been very extensively studied, and I shall mention some of these possible processes here, undeveloped though these ideas still are at present.First, I shall review briefly the observational evidence concerning the history of star formation in galaxies of different Hubble type. Most of the information we have for galaxies other than our own comes from their colors, which can be compared with the predictions of models constructed with various assumed histories of star formation. Ever since the work of Tinsley (1968), it has been clear that most of the observed variation of color with Hubble type can be understood in terms of differing time scales for star formation, the reddest galaxies (E and SO) having formed the bulk of their stars at a relatively early stage, while the much bluer Sc galaxies have formed their stars much more gradually and at a rate that has remained nearly constant up to the present time. Recent studies of normal elliptical galaxies, reviewed by Faber in this volume, confirm that they have no detectable present star formation.

The apparent and true ellipticities of galaxies of different Hubble types in the Second Reference Catalogue

The apparent and true ellipticities of galaxies of different Hubble types in the Second Reference Catalogue

On the morphology of galaxies in clusters

Statistical data regarding the occurrence of galaxies of different Hubble types in clusters of galaxies of varying degrees of compactness are presented, which contradict the prediction that Sc galaxies would be more likely to persist to the present epoch in dense clusters than Sa and Sb galaxies. It is noted that disk-to-bulge ratios of (undifferentiated) spirals which decrease with increasing local density of galaxies are consistent with the data presented, and it is concluded that most cluster S0's cannot have evolved from spirals by ram-pressure stripping.

The mode of creation of stars, stellar systems and the hubble system of galaxies

It is confirmed that the creation of stars in spiral (and perhaps also Irri) galaxies requires a physical parameter (X factor) additional to gas density. Consequently theX factor is an essential feature of stellar patterns and perhaps of stellar systems (spiral and other disk and spheroidal systems, globular clusters) and may be the key to the origin of the few, yet remarkably varied Hubble system of galaxies. (i) It is shown that theX factor is organized over the whole galaxy and is a function of azimuth φ as well as radiusr. Only a galaxy-wide force field seems capable of explaining such anX(r, φ) factor either magnetic or gravitational in origin. (ii) If gravitational in origin, theX factor must be a shock wave, but a survey of observations in eight galaxies, including our own, shows no large-scale shocks associated with star creation. This provides further strong evidence against the density-shock theory of twin spiral arms. (iii) It is confirmed that galaxies of different Hubble types did not evolve from one another, so that each protogalaxy must possess a genetic factor which predetermines its evolution, and in particular its stellar systems. Thus the protogalactic genetic factor may be identical with theX factor. (iv) The case for a primordial magnetic field is strengthened, and it is shown that in our Galaxy and some others the field must be generally oblique to the disk. Such a field can explain theX(r, φ) factor in terms of a magneto-gravitational mechanism of gas clumping. (v) An earlier, hydromagnetic theory of the Hubble types and of radio galaxies is extended by including theX factor to explain the various stellar systems observed in spiral, elliptical, lenticular and irregular galaxies.