Live Weight Gain Research Articles

Отечественный ферментный препарат в комбикормах для молодняка свиней на откорме

Abstract. Rational organization of feeding is always one of the decisive factors for achieving high productivity of animals. An important task of modern pig breeding is to reduce costs by increasing the digestibility of digested feed nutrients by the animal's body. One of the significant ways that are necessary to solve the task can be considered the additional inclusion of biologically active substances in the composition of animal feed for farm animals, namely modern enzyme preparations of a new generation. The animal body needs them to increase the digestibility of nutrients coming from the feed. The purpose is to study the effect of “Feedbest P5000 GT” enzyme preparation as part of compound feeds on the growth, development and feed costs of fattened young pigs. Methods. In order to achieve this goal, a scientific and economic experiment was conducted on young pigs of large white breed aged from 60 to 210 days. For the experiment, 4 groups of young pigs of 12 heads each were formed according to the principle of analog groups, taking into account breed, gender, age, and live weight. The animals are kept in groups. To determine the effectiveness of “Feedbest P5000 GT” for the growth and development of fattened young pigs, weighings were carried out every thirty days and animal measurements were taken, in addition, the consumption of feed and residues for the next day was taken into account. The composition of compound feeds enriched with “Feedbest P5000 GT” enzyme preparation during the experiment allowed to increase the growth, development and reduce the cost of compound feed per unit of production of fattened young pigs. Results. The use of “Feedbest P5000 GT” enzyme preparation in compound feeds made it possible to increase the average daily live weight gain of young pigs by 4.8 %, 9.3 % and 6.8 %, to obtain a reduction in feed costs by 4.7 %, 8.6 % and 6.5 % compared with the young pigs of the control group. The best indicators were found in animals of the second experimental group, where the studied enzyme preparation in the amount of 90 g/t was additionally introduced into the compound feed. Scientific novelty. For the first time, studies have been conducted to determine the optimal dose of the enzyme preparation “Feedbest P5000 GT” in compound feeds for young pigs. The effect of the drug on growth, development and feed costs has been studied.

Assessment of the inclusion of a feed additive of sodium humate derived from freshwater sapropel in diets for broiler chickens.

Poultry production is the fastest growing livestock industry in the world, as the rapid growth of and efficient absorption of feed by poultry ensure the production of poultry meat with a relatively low carbon footprint. Seeking new ways to increase livestock productivity as well as poultry product quality, the number of research studies on the use of humic substances of various origins in livestock farming has increased significantly, emphasizing the role of feed additives derived from local resources. The unique capability of humic substances to improve metabolic processes allows the immune protection of the bird body to be strengthened and production efficiency to be increased. This study aimed to identify the effects of sodium humate (NaHum) on the growth performance of broiler chickens and selected blood and ileum microbiota parameters. Dietary research was conducted 2 times under production conditions in a poultry facility of a commercial company, with 210 1-day-old, unsorted broiler chickens of both sexes (Ross 308). The broiler chickens were fed with standard commercial feed, the rearing period of 35 days, and slaughtered on day 36. Sodium humate additive was added to drinking water for the research groups of broilers in period from 8th to 35th day of life, 25 mL (Group 1, n = 2 × 35) and 50 mL (Group 2, n = 2 × 35) per liter of drinking water. Sodium humate contained an average of 4.48% dry matter, a kilogram of dry matter containing 104.3 g of crude protein, 3.6 g of crude fiber and 0.9 g of crude fat, 14.3 MJ of metabolic energy, and 5.8 MJ of energy for live weight gain, as well as a very high content of crude ash -759.8 g, including 4.2 g Ca, 4.2 g Na, and 4.81 g Fe, the dry matter digestibility of NaHum was 87.0%, and the absorption capacity of dry matter was 113.2%., the pH level was 13.0, i.e., alkaline. At the end of the dietary research, the productivity and economic efficiency of the research groups of broilers were calculated by live weight gain, carcass weight, feed conversation ratio, and blood and intestinal samples of broilers were analyzed to identify the effects of NaHum on the growth performance and health status of broilers. Dietary research found that adding 25 mL/L and 50 mL/L of NaHum to drinking water for the broiler chickens increased their live weights at the selling age, average live weight gains by 3.06-3.93%, and carcass weights by 5.07-6.06%, while feed conversion increased in terms of both live weight (1.5 and 1.51) and carcass weight (1.84 and 1.86) compared with the control group. The best economic performance in terms of the economic efficiency index and the cost index (CI) was found in Group 1, which was fed with the NaHum additive at an intake rate of 25 mL/L. The NaHum additive modulated the ileal microbiota and metabolic processes in the broiler body. At the same time, a significant decrease in the levels of total protein, alkaline phosphatase and phosphorus (P) in blood was found in the research groups. Considering the positive effects of NaHum derived from freshwater sapropel on the productivity and economic efficiency of broiler chickens, the NaHum feed additive should be further investigated on a larger scale to obtain results that could reasonably be used in practice. This study concluded that a decrease in P levels in the blood was observed when NaHum was added to the drinking water; therefore, it is important to continue the research to draw reasonable conclusions on the effects of NaHum in liquid form on the health performance of farm animals.

Dietary Nε-(carboxymethyl)lysine is a trigger of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease under high-fat consumption.

The irreversible glycation of proteins produces advanced glycation end products (AGEs) which are triggered to bind the receptor for AGE (RAGE), thereby activating mitogen-activated protein kinase/nuclear factor-κB signaling pathway and stimulating proinflammatory cytokines, ultimately leading to chronic disorders. In this study, we focus the promoting effect of Nε-carboxymethyl-lysine (CML), one of the most dietary AGEs, on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and evaluated NAFLD-related biomarkers. Oxidative stress and hepatic steatosis were assessed in oleic acid (OA)-induced HepG2 cells. Using OA-induced HepG2 cells, we show that CML results in oxidative stress and steatosis and drives major changes in hepatic lipid metabolism. Administration of CML exacerbated NAFLD-related symptoms by increasing body and liver weight gain, serum alanine aminotransferase and lipid levels, and insulin resistance in mild high-fat diet-induced mice. Moreover, hepatic histological analysis data, such as staining, western blotting, and RNA-seq, indicate that CML aggravates NAFLD in association with activation of the de novo lipogenesis pathway, consistent with the in vitro assays. Our findings could contribute to model studies related to the prevention and treatment of NAFLD progression due to excessive consumption of dietary AGEs.

EFFECT OF DIFFERENT FEEDING LEVELS AND RATION STRUCTURE ON INCREASING SHEEP PRODUCTIVITY

The article considers the process of identifying different amounts of cleavable and non-cleavable basic food in the scars of protein fractions of protein in the south-east of Kazakhstan. The main factors influencing feed intake during fattening are the physical form of the feed, the energy concentration in the dry matter of the diet and the live weight of the sheep. When feeding granulated feed mixtures, feed losses in the form of scraps are reduced by 20-25%, dry matter consumption increases by 10-15% and amounts to 45-50 g per 1 kg of live weight, which allows increasing the total consumption of nutrients by 25-30%, obtaining more meat production by 26.20%, lamb wool by 15.65%, reducing feed costs per 1 kg of gain by 2 feed units or 30%. The proteins most intensively broken down in the rumen of sheep are those of clover and alfalfa grass (83.5-84.6%), grass from foothill and mountain pastures (70.0-71.7%), alfalfa hay and haylage (76.6-81.3%), corn silage (78.6%), and oat and barley grain (84.0-85.3%). Intensive fattening of fat-tailed meat-and-fat sheep using our detailed feeding standards, feed mixtures, and compound feeds ensures an average daily gain of 200-230 g, a carcass weight at slaughter of 23-26 kg, a meat-pulp yield of 76-78% with an expenditure of 6.0-7.0 feed units, 78-80 MJ of exchange energy per 1 kg of live weight gain.

Sazer-Fredin index – an effective method of assessing young pigs for feeding and meat qualities

The purpose of the work was to investigate the fattening and meat quality of young pigs of different intrabreeddifferentiation according to the Sazer-Fredin index and, based on the obtained data, to calculate the economic efficiencyof the results of the experiment. The research was carried out in the Dnipropetrovsk region and the animalhusbandry laboratory of the State Institution “Institute of Grain Crops of the National Academy of Sciences”. Theassessment of young pigs of the large white breed in terms of fattening and meat qualities was carried out consideringthe following indicators: average daily gain in live weight during the period of control fattening, g; the age of reaching100 kg live weight, days; thickness of fat at the level of 6–7 thoracic vertebrae, mm; length of the cooled carcass,cm; the length of the bacon half of the chilled half-carcass, see. Control fattening of young pigs was carried out infarm conditions, according to M. D. Berezovsky and I. V. Khatka's method (2005). It was established that the youngpigs of the large white breed of the controlled population belong to the elite class by the age of reaching a live weightof 100 kg, the Thickness of the lard at the level of 6–7 thoracic vertebrae, and the length of the chilled carcass.Taking into account the intrabreed differentiation according to the Suzer-Fredin index, it was established that theyoung pigs of experimental group I prevailed over peers of II in terms of the average daily gain of live weight duringthe period of control fattening by 4.23 %, the age of reaching a live weight of 100 kg – 1.83 %, the Thickness of lardby the level of 6–7 thoracic vertebrae – 14.47 mm and the length of the chilled carcass – 0.31 %. The leading indicatorsof the average daily increase in live weight during the period of control fattening and the length of the chilledcarcass and the minimum values of the age of reaching the live weight of 100 kg and the Thickness of lard at thelevel of 6–7 thoracic vertebrae were found in young pigs of group I-b. The criterion for selecting highly productiveanimals according to the Sazer-Fredin index is young pigs with a variability of the specified mathematical modelfrom +0.089 to +0.591 points. The pairwise correlation coefficient between young pigs' fattening and meat qualitiesand the Sazer-Fredin index ranges from -0.413 (tr=2.93) to +0.248 (tr=1.66). The maximum increase in additionalproduction was obtained from young pigs of the first experimental group according to the Sazer-Fredin index(+1.47 %). The value of additional products obtained from young pigs of the specified group provided that the salesprice for 1 kg of live weight of young pigs at the time of the study was UAH 67.4. is + UAH 101.93/head.

Influence of succinic acid Acidum succinicum on chinchilla growth in postembryonic period

In animal husbandry, special attention is paid to biological additives and natural metabolites used in the development of feeds that ensure productivity of animals and increase resistance to adverse environmental factors. Such additives actively influence energy metabolism and do not harm even in case of an overdose, due to the absence of xenobiotic effects inherent in a large number of synthetic drugs. The purpose of the research was to study growth dynamics of chinchillas against the background of drug Succinic acid forte. The experiments were carried out on chinchillas 55-61 days old. At the same time, succinic acid (Acidum succinicum) was given to the chinchillas of the experimental group for 30 days in addition to the main diet - 20 mg/kg of live weight, pre-mixed with a small amount of water, then chinchillas were fed individually from the syringe. Determination of the dynamics of live weight was carried out using individual weighing of animals at the beginning of the experiment when forming groups, and then every ten days before feeding. When analyzing the main productive indicators, a direct pattern was noted - use of succinic acid in the diet of young chinchillas led to an increase in growth rate. So, 20 days after the start of the experiment, indicators of absolute gain in live weight of experimental animals were 32.07 % (p = 0.001), and after 30 days - 45.34 % (p = 0.001) more than in the control, where in the feeding of chinchillas, only the main diet was used without additional introduction of succinic acid.

Growth Pattern and Physiological Response of Japanese Quails to Administered Aqueous Solution of Egg Lime Molasses Mixture

Background: Japanese quails have the potentials of being cheap source of animal protein. This study was conducted to determine the growth pattern and physiological response of Japanese quails to administration of aqueous solution of egg lime molasses mixture (ELM). Methods: ELM was prepared by placing fresh eggs in a bowl after which 1 liter of lime juice and 500 g of molasses were added and left for 10 days at temperature of 27°C and relative humidity of 61%. The entire solution was then blended together. Two hundred day old Japanese quails were assigned to five treatments (4 replicates/treatment) with forty birds in a completely randomized design (CRD). The control (T1) having no administration of ELM, T2 had an inclusion level of 10 ml, T3: 20 ml, T4: 30 ml and T5: 40 ml ELM all into 500 ml of water. Feed and water were offered ad libitum. The study was carried out for 49 days. Data were collected on growth, morphometrics and key physiology parameters. Data were subjected to descriptive statistics and Analysis of Variance using SPSS Version 22. Result: Significant difference (p less than 0.05) was observed only for feed conversion ratio at the starter phase, however, birds administered 20 ml ELM/500 ml of water had the best FCR. Significant differences (p less than 0.05) were observed for live weight and weight gain at the finisher phase. Significant differences (p less than 0.05) were observed in body morphometrics with birds administered 20 ml/500 ml of water having the highest values. There were significant differences (p less than 0.05) in rectal temperature and respiratory rate at the starter phase while at the finisher phase, significant difference (p less than 0.05) was only observed in rectal temperature. It can be concluded from this study that aqueous administration of egg lime molasses solution in the diet of Japanese quails has no detrimental effect on the growth pattern and physiological response.

Uso de Plectranthus amboinicus en pollos y su efecto en parámetros productivos y económicos

This research was carried out at the Santa Inés Farm of the Faculty of Agricultural Sciences of the Universidad Técnica de Machala, El Oro Province, Ecuador. The aim was to evaluate the effect of Plectranthus amboinicus, commonly called oreganon, on the productive and economic parameters of Cobb 500 broilers. For the well–being of the birds, the management established for open house systems in the area was used. A Completely randomized design was applied, where 6 treatments were used, each with 4 Experimental Units of 10 birds, for a total of 240 chickens evaluated. The treatments arrangement was: T1 or control which was based on a commercial type basal diet, while, to the balanced diets of treatments T2, T3, T4 and T5, the dehydrated–ground leaf of P. amboinicus was added at 0.25, 0.50, 0.75 and 1.00%, respectively, in replacement of the Growth Promoter Antibiotic (GPA); the T6 or blank, which did not contain GPA and dehydrated P. amboinicus in the balanced mixture. The variables evaluated were live weight gain (LWG), feed consumption (FC), accumulated water consumption (AWC), feed conversion ratio (FCR), mortality (M), productive efficiency factor (PEF), kg of standing meat per m2, economic expenses and cost per kg of standing meat. For all the variables, an ANOVA was used, previous assumptions of normality and homogeneity, and to discriminate between the means, Tukey's honest significant difference (HSD) procedure was used, with a confidence level of 95%. All data were analyzed using the PROC GLM (General Linear Model) procedure of the SAS statistical package. The results showed that oreganón could works as a replacement alternative to the GPA in broilers, without harming the productive and economic parameters.

Efficiency of the use of compound foodstuffs with different levels of formulated fermented soya meal EP500 when growing African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) to market weight

The article highlights the influence of feeding Clarias gariepinus with mixed fodders with different levels of replacement of fish meal with fermented soybean meal EP500 on the live weight and average daily weight gain of Clarias gariepinus reared to marketable weight. Experimental studies were conducted at the Pshenychnyi Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology of the National University of Life and Environmental Sciences of Ukraine. A scientific and economic experiment was conducted using the method of analogue groups lasting 84 days, which was divided into 6 subperiods lasting 14 days each. For the experiment, 300 heads of African sharptooth catfish with an average weight of 351–352 grams were selected and formed by the method of analogues into three groups of 100 heads each — control and 2 experimental. The fish were fed with compound feed, which differed in different levels of fermented soybean meal. Thus, in the feed of the control group, the amount of fish meal was 36% without the addition of fermented soybean meal EP500, while in the feed of group 2, the content of fish meal was reduced to 11% and 25% of fermented soybean meal EP500 was added. In the preparation of feed for group 3, efforts were made to replace 100% of fish meal with fermented soybean meal EP500, while the content of fermented soybean meal EP500 was 36%. On the 56th day of the experiment, changes in live weight became significant. Thus, the third group, which contained 36% of fermented soybean meal EP500, was 5.22 g (p≤0.05) ahead of the control in live weight. The second group was heavier than the control by 3.68 g, but there was no significant difference between them. When weighed on day 70 of the experiment, the live weight in the second experimental group was 9.34 g higher than in the control group (p≤0.05) and became significant. At the same time, the third group was 10.9 g higher in live weight compared to the control group (p≤0.05) and continued to be significant. At the end of the experiment on day 84, this pattern continued. Thus, the live weight of African sharptooth catfish in the second and third experimental groups was higher compared to the control by 9.77 g (p≤0.05) in the second experimental group and 12.07 g (p≤0.01) in the third experimental group, although there was no statistical significance between the experimental (second and third) groups. The analysis of the average daily weight gain for the entire period showed a significant difference in this indicator in the second and third groups, which exceeded the control by 1.34% (p≤0.01) and 1.57% (p≤0.001), respectively.

Improved representation of cattle herd dynamics for bio-physical modelling of pathways to a climate neutral land sector

CONTEXTLivestock production contributes to food security and livelihood improvement globally but places a significant burden on the environment. In Ireland, an ongoing transition towards highly profitable dairy production after the phasing out of EU milk quotas has changed the composition of the national cattle herd with more dairy and fewer beef cows. This shift impacts greenhouse gas (GHG) accounting across different cattle cohorts, e.g. increasing the proportion of calves from the dairy herd. Dairy x beef crossbreeds (DxB) increasingly contribute to national beef output, leveraging larger average daily liveweight gain (ADG) traits from beef breeding bulls. OBJECTIVEProspective modelling of climate and land consequences arising from alternative cattle production strategies requires more accurate simulation of cohort-specific ADG and associated feed requirements and GHG emissions. METHODSA new COHORTS model was developed to improve national climate scenario mitigation modelling. COHORTS is capable of simulating 21 genetics-gender-age cohorts calibrated to Irish performance, using just a few basic input parameters (at minimum dairy- and beef-cow numbers). A cohort specific ADG and average standing liveweight is estimated for each genetic (pure dairy calves, DxB and pure beef calves), gender and age combination, enabling more accurate calculation of energy requirements and enteric fermentation emissions based on IPCC Tier 2 calculations. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONSNational simulation of cattle numbers, enteric fermentation emissions and beef outputs were validated against relevant Irish inventories. For the period between 2006 and 2020, simulations resulted in total cattle numbers, emissions and beef production within 4%, 1.8% and 0.5%, respectively, of officially reported data. Our results indicate that climate projections based on average emission factors for pre-adult cattle cohorts may overestimate emissions in scenarios with projected growing dairy calf numbers and declining beef calf numbers. SIGNIFICANCEValidation using a 15-year data time series provides a high degree of confidence that COHORTS can be used to represent future herd dynamics in a wide range of scenarios, supporting robust policy regarding GHG mitigation, livestock production and land use – distinguishing between different levels of dairy or beef specialisation and across different levels of performance to predict forage (land) requirements and GHG emissions more accurately. COHORTS can be easily adapted for other countries, even when limited data are available.

Efficacy of concentrates containing tropical weed Chromolaena odorata, methionine hydroxy analog and palm oils in fattening male Bali cattle: A physiological study

Chromolaena odorata is a potential feed source but is low in methionine, which might affect the rumen function. Therefore providing efficient nutrient/s might improve rumen function. The study aimed to assess the efficacy of a concentrate containing Chromolaena odorata meal, hydroxy methionine analog (HMA), and palm oil on blood metabolites of fattened cattle. Sixteen Bali cattle (Bos sondaicus) with an average body weight of 130.5kg ± 32.5 were allotted into four dietary treatments (and four replicates) using a Completely Randomized Block Design with 4 cattle in each Group. The treatments were concentrates with no addition of palm oil and/or HMA as the control diet (Group I) , added with 3 g HMA (CMA) (Group II), added with 0.5% palm oil (Group III) and (CPO) added with a combination of 3 g HMA and 0.5% palm oil (CMO) Group IV). The concentrate was offered to the animals at a rate of 2% liveweight, whilst rice straws were provided ad libitum as the source of fiber. The concentrate contained 18% crude protein and 12 MJ ME/kg DM to target a live weight gain of at least 0.6 kg/day. Blood metabolites measured were total cholesterol levels, plasma glucose, plasma proteins, and plasma urea. Collected data were subjected to analysis of variance with the significance level set at an alpha value of ≤ 0.05. The results showed that providing concentrate-containing. C. odorata with or without HMA and/or palm oil (Group IV) only significantly affected blood plasma proteins, whereas other blood metabolites were unaffected. It might be concluded that there is no benefit of adding palm oil or methionine analog to chromolaena-based concentrate for fattened cattle since it will not affect the concentration of blood metabolites.

Protein Replacers in Poultry Diets

The experiment was conducted in a private poultry farm from 20/9/2021 to 24/10/2021. Four hundred eighty chickens of the Ross 308 strain were used; the chicks were randomly divided into 5 experimental groups. Several plant protein sources in Iraq were used as the major protein source instead of soya bean meal to cover the diet requirement for protein and calories. The following characteristics were studied: average live body weight gain, feed and CP utilization efficacy, and chemical and calculated physiological fuel value for boneless meat at 6 weeks of age. Keywords: Protein, poultry diets, poultry industry

Growth, development and meat productivity of steers when using a biostimulator of plant origin

Many scientists note that there are plants that can stimulate not only feed intake, but also endogenous secretion, may have antimicrobial activity, many herbs are valuable in the prevention of the body. Of course, the use of herbal supplements in various forms requires constant monitoring, taking into account the accuracy of dosages, this is especially important when regular intake is considered. Currently, a new feed additive has been developed – a biostimulator of plant origin. The biostimulator includes: yarrow – 20 %, dioecious nettle – 20 %, blueberry leaves – 20 %, medicinal sage -18 %, St. John’s wort – 17 %, common tansy – 3 % and spruce resin – 2 %. The purpose of the work was to study the growth, development and meat productivity of steers when using a biostimulator of plant origin. Experimental studies were carried out in the breeding farm of the agricultural complex “Zarya” in the Mozhginsky district of the Udmurt Republic. The objects of research were steers of Black-and-White breed. The control group of steers received the main farm ration and the steers of the 1st and 2nd experimental groups in addition to the main ration received a daily biostimulator of plant origin in the amount of 0,15 and 0,30 g per 1 kg of live weight. It was found as a result of research that when using the biostimulator of plant origin in the amount of 0,30 g per 1 kg of live weight during the preweaning period in the ration of fattening steer, the prime-cost of live weight gain for the entire rearing period decreases, while the profitability of beef production increases by 8,2 abs.% in relation to the control group of steers.

Effects of Enzyme and Vinegar (Acetic Acid) on Growth Performance and Hematological Parameters in Broiler

The experiment was conducted on “Cobb 500” broiler chicks to investigate the effects of enzymes and vinegar on live weight and hematological parameters (TEC, Hb concentration, PCV, ESR, TLC, AST and ALT). A total of 250-day-old broiler chicks were allowed to take rest for 13 days for the adaptation and supplied with normal diet and water. After day 13 they were randomly divided into four equal groups (N=50) and marked them as group T0, T1, T2 and T3. Broiler chicks of group T0 were kept as control and fed with only the commercial broiler ration and fresh drinking water for 21 days but the group T1, T2 and T3 were treated with enzymes (Alquerzim®) @ 1gm/L, vinegar @ 1gm/L, enzymes (Alquerzim®) plus vinegar @ 1ml/L drinking water with normal diet for 21 days respectively. Live weight as gm of broiler chicks were measured on the day 14 of age (1st day of experiment) and sequentially at 7 days interval up to the end of the experiment (day 35 of age i.e 21st day of experiment). For the hematological examinations, blood samples were collected from the randomly selected 10 (i.e. n = 10) birds from each and every group at the end of experiment on day 35 of age (21st day of experiment). It was observed that live weight was increased significantly (p<0.01) in the treatment groups (T1, T2 and T3) as compared to control group T0. TEC, Hb concentration and PCV were increased significantly (p<0.01) but the ESR and TLC significantly (p<0.01) decreased in all the treatment groups as compared to control group T0. Serum biochemical parameters like AST and ALT values were also decreased significantly (p<0.05) in the treatment groups as compared to control group T0. Therefore, it may be concluded that additional enzymes and vinegar had better performance in terms of live weight gain and hematological parameters without any detrimental effects in broilers

Effects of Different Rearing Systems on Growth and Fattening Performance of American Bronze Turkeys

Aim: This study was carried out to investigate the effect of different rearing conditions on the growth and fattening performance of American bronze turkeys Materials and Methods: In the study, data from a total of 123 American bronze turkeys were analyzed. The hatchlings, whose hatching weight was measured, were reared together for the first 10 weeks, and then divided into the experimental groups. The intensive rearing system group (control group) was fed only with concentrated ad libitum. Pasture groups are semi-intensive and extensive rearing systems. The semi-intensive group was subjected to 75% restricted feeding of the concentrate that the intensive group should consume. The turkey flock in the extensive rearing system was fed 50% of the feed that the turkeys in the intensive rearing system group should consume. Pasture groups benefited from the pasture between 09:00-17:00. The growth and fattening performances of the turkeys were examined by regular weighing and measurements every two weeks as they were being reared in these growing conditions between the ages of 10-32 weeks. Results: The 32-week live weights of turkeys were found to be 4.60-4.70 and 4.52 kg in females and 7.58-7.79 and 6.71 kg in males, in intensive, semi-intensive, and extensive systems, respectively. The effect of the rearing system was significant in males at 12-32 weeks, moreover, a difference was determined among groups in females at 14-28 weeks. Conclusion: As a result of, American bronze turkeys can be suitable breed for pasture conditions. Based on the live weight gain and feed efficiency values of the study groups, this breed can continue to grow for longer than 32 weeks when quality pastures are provided.

Effects of yard weaning and human contact compared to paddock weaning on the liveweight gain and stress reactivity of beef cattle

ABSTRACT In New Zealand beef herds, calves undergo ‘paddock weaning’ by separating calves and cows into different paddocks. Anecdotal evidence indicates ‘yard weaning’ whereby calves are yarded and receive regular human contact during weaning may improve long-term stress reactivity and growth rates. Calves were allocated to one of three treatments for seven days post-separation from dams: paddock weaned with minimal human interaction (PN), paddock weaned with daily human interaction (PV), yard weaned with daily human interaction (YV). Calf liveweight, behavioural and physiological measures of stress reactivity and faecal corticosterone concentration were measured. Until day seven, YV calves lost less liveweight than PV or PN calves (0.5 kg vs. 3.5 and 4.8 kg P < 0.05). On day seven, PN calves had a 23% greater heart rate compared to YV calves and a greater faecal corticosterone concentration than PV and YV calves (in cohort 2 only) (P < 0.05). This indicates, regular non-aversive human contact during weaning may reduce stress associated with the weaning process itself and reduced stress reactivity to subsequent handling and restraint. However, this effect was transient with no consistent longer-term benefits over traditional paddock weaning, in terms of growth or stress reactivity to human handling.

Signs of individual development of young pigs and their relationship with fattening and meat qualities under the condition of industrial technology of their cultivation

The purpose of this work was to investigate the indicators of individual development of young pigs and their relationship with fattening and meat qualities under the condition of industrial technology of their cultivation, as well as to calculate the economic efficiency of the research results. The experimental part of the work was carried out at Agroprime Holding LLC of the Odesa region, the laboratory of innovative technologies, and experimental livestock facilities of the Institute of Pig Breeding and APV of the National Academy of Sciences. The assessment of animals according to indicators of individual development, fattening, and meat qualities was carried out taking into account the following characteristics: live weight at the time of birth, at 4 and 6 months of age (kg), average daily increase in live weight during the period of control fattening (g); age of reaching live weight of 100 kg, days, length of chilled carcass (cm); length of the bacon half of the cooled carcass (cm); fat thickness at the level of 6–7 thoracic vertebrae (mm). A comprehensive evaluation of young pigs according to individual development indicators was carried out using the index “intensity of formation” and “uniformity of growth”. Biometric processing of research results and calculation of the economic efficiency of research results were carried out according to generally accepted methods. It was established that the young pigs of the 1st experimental group (intrabreed differentiation according to the “formation intensity” index (Δt = 0.9354–1.0871) outperformed the peers of the 3rd experimental group (Δt = 0.5737–0.7077) in terms of average daily live weight gain on 37.6 g (td = 2.87; P &lt; 0.01), age of reaching 100 kg live weight – 5.6 days (td = 3.35; P &lt; 0.01), Tyler B. index – 3.03 points (td = 0.73; P &gt; 0.05). The maximum length of the chilled carcass (97.0 cm) and the minimum thickness of lard at the level of 6–7 thoracic vertebrae (20.5 mm) were found in animals of the III experimental group. The difference between the animals of the experimental groups (intrabreed differentiation according to the “evenness of growth” index) in terms of live weight at birth, at 2 and 4 months of age, average daily live weight gain, age at which live weight is 100 kg, fat thickness at the level of 6–7 thoracic vertebrae and the length of the chilled carcass is 7.20 %. The number of reliable correlations between indicators of live weight at the time of birth, at the age of 2 and 4 months, fattening and meat qualities, the index “intensity of formation” (Δt), “growth intensity” index and Tyler B. index is 71.42 %, which indicates the effectiveness of their use in selection and breeding work. The use of young pigs with the index “intensity of formation” Δt = 0.9354–1.0871 and the index “intensity of growth” Ig = 0.0143–0.0185 provides additional production at the level of +2.65 – +2.20 %, respectively.

Аrginine – biological role, biosynthesis and whey consumption

The article summarizes actual information about L-arginine (Arg), which is the semi-essential amino acid. L-arginine is classified as an essential amino acid for birds, carnivores and young mammals and a conditionally essential amino acid for adults. L-arginine plays very important role in the plant and animal body metabolism. It metabolically interconvertible with the amino acids proline and glutamate and also is the precursor of a large number of crucial metabolites. It is serves as a precursor for synthesis of molecules of great biological importance, including proteins, L-ornithine, polyamines, agmatine, creatine and urea, which is important in the urea cycle. The main importance of L-arginine is attributed to its role as a precursor for the synthesis of nitric oxide (NO), a free radical molecule that is synthesized in all mammalian cells from L-arginine by NO synthase. NO appears to be a major form of the endothelium-derived relaxing factor. So, L−arginine plays a special role in vascular system, where it is a source of endogenous nitric oxide, which is blood vessels dilator. The use of supplements with L-arginine is appropriate in the prevention and treatment of metabolic diseases. Thanks to relaxation of vascular smooth muscles, it takes part in regulation of blood vessels tone. Treatment by arginine as a medicine improves functions of cardiovascular system. L-Аrginine there is in plant and animal food and in seafood. L-arginine has a wide and varied application such as animal feeding, cosmetology, medical field. In recent years arginine production has been increasing. L−Arginine is obtained by hydrolysis of proteins, with the help of chemical and microbiological synthesis. Microbiological synthesis of L-arginine is the most promising and economically advantageous. Modern microbial technologies use monosubstrates and mixed substrates. Bacteria can synthesize all 20 proteinogenic amino acids, including the nine essential amino acids required for mammalian growth. In general, enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of amino acids are essential for the growth and survival of bacteria. Peat cause great scientific interest. Peat is a natural media for growing symbiotic microorganisms, and has advantages over other types of natural feedstocks. We obtained a peat-based bio-substrate using an inorganic sulfur-containing compound. As a result of bio-substrate composting the content arginine and some other amino asides increased. This bio-substrate was used in resіaches as a feed additive for broiler chickens. Under the action of the feed additive the metabolism in the body of chісkens, growth and live weight gain improved.

The effect of feeding different doses of herbal supplements from Hungarian sainfoin on the growth and metabolism in the body of calves

There have been studied the influence of feeding plant raw material obtained from Hungarian sainfoin having an immunostimulating effect on the growth rate of dairy calves, as well as on morphological and biochemical blood parameters and natural resistance of the animal organism. Calves of the I and II experimental groups in addition to the main diet were fed a phyto supplement made of Hungarian sainfoin mixed with concentrates in doses of 150 and 300 g per head per day during 92 days. The use of herbal supplements in feeding calves ensured an increase in live weight in the animals of experimental groups by 11.0 kg (6.55 %) and by 11.7 kg (6.96 %) (p &lt;0.05) over the period of scientific and economic experiment, compared with analogues of the control group. From the analysis of blood parameters, it should be noted that protein indicators were higher by 1.36 % (I experimental) and by 4.74 % (p &lt; 0.01) (II experimental); there was an increase in hemoglobin at the end of the experiment - by 5.88 % (I experimental) and by 12.15 % (p ≤ 0.01) (II experienced). When determining the indicators of natural resistance, it was found that in calves of experimental groups I and II, the phagocytic activity of leukocytes was higher by 4.16 and 17.29 % (p ≤ 0.01), respectively, in comparison with control animals. Analysis of the data obtained showed that the most optimal dose for use in the diets of heifers is 300 g per head per day, fed to calves of the II experimental group. This is confirmed by the improvement of biochemical, morphological and immunological parameters of animal blood, as well as by higher values of their live weight gain.

Elucidating the Effect of hesperidin on Behavioral and biochemical markers of liver and kidney function in Sprague Dawley Rats

Background: Hesperidin is a naturally occurring Bioflavonoid found in citrus fruits. It has anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antihypertensive, antimicrobial, anti-carcinogenic and vasodilator activities. Hesperidin’s effect on normal behavioral is not clear. Hence the present study is aimed to elucidate the effects of hesperidin on behavioral and biochemical markers of liver and kidney function in Sprague Dawley (SD) rats. Method: Healthy, adult, male SD rats were used for the study. Animals were divided into 5 groups (n = 6) viz., Group I: Control, Group II: Vitamin C(200mg/kg), Group III: Hesperidin (25mg/kg), Group IV: Hesperidin (50mg/kg) and GroupV: Hesperidin (100mg/kg). The standard and test drugs were suspended in 0.5% w/v carboxymethyl cellulose and administered once daily through oral gavage for 28 consecutive days. Throughout the study changes in behavioral functions (locomotor activity, muscular strength, learning and memory) and body weight were monitored at regular intervals. Blood samples were collected from all the experimental rats and used for biochemical parameters analysis. Results: Vitamin C and hesperidin did not show any significant alterations in locomotion, grip strength, muscular strength and spatial memory when compared with normal control. Both vitamin C and hesperidin improved the normal anxiety behavior without affecting regular body weight gain and biochemical markers of liver and kidney function. Conclusion: The experimental rats administered with hesperidin at the dose levels of 25, 50and100 mg/kg did not show any changes in psychomotor behavior and significantly improved their alertness without affecting the biochemical markers of liver and kidney function.