Calculation Of Gain Research Articles

Decision tree insights analytics (DTIA) tool: an analytic framework to identify insights from large data records across fields of science

Abstract Supervised machine learning (SML) techniques have been developed since the 1960s. Most of their applications were oriented towards developing models capable of predicting numerical values or categorical output based on a set of input variables (input features). Recently, SML models’ interpretability and explainability were extensively studied to have confidence in the models’ decisions. In this work, we propose a new deployment method named Decision Tree Insights Analytics (DTIA) that shifts the purpose of using decision tree classification from having a model capable of differentiating the different categorical outputs based on the input features to systematically finding the associations between inputs and outputs. DTIA can reveal interesting areas in the feature space, leading to the development of research questions and the discovery of new associations that might have been overlooked earlier. We applied the method to three case studies: (1) nuclear reactor accident propagation, (2) single-cell RNA sequencing of Niemann-Pick disease type C1 in mice, and (3) bulk RNA sequencing for breast cancer staging in humans. The developed method provided insights into the first two. On the other hand, it showed some of the method’s limitations in the third case study. Finally, we presented how the DTIA’s insights are more agreeable with the abstract information gain calculations and provide more in-depth information that can help derive more profound physical meaning compared to the random forest’s feature importance attribute and K-means clustering for feature ranking.

Stimulated Brillouin Scattering Gain of Waveguides Calculated with Acoustic Perturbation Method

Abstract Stimulated Brillouin Scattering (SBS) is a phenomenon of energy transfer from an optical pump beam to longer wavelengths of light through its interaction with the medium via acoustic phonons. Previous studies have reported a calculation of the SBS gain based on the optical force approach, where the gain is not only affected by the classical paradigm of intrinsic material’s nonlinear effects in the form of electrostriction but also due to radiation pressure. In this work, the acoustic perturbation approach is applied in analyzing the optical and mechanical response of the waveguide, wherein calculating the scattering process, the changes of the waveguide structure due to photoelasticity (PE), termed Moving Boundary (MB), are considered. This acoustic perturbation method avoids uncertainties related to optical force contributions. To validate its applicability, the present method is used to calculate the SBS gain of various waveguide structures, namely an unsuspended Silicon nano-waveguide, ridge Lithium Niobate (LiNBO3) nano-waveguide on Sapphire (Al2O3) substrate and buried Arsenic trisulfide (As2S3) in Silicon dioxide (SiO2). The forward and backward SBS gain obtained using the present method of acoustic perturbation are similar to the reported values obtained from other methods of calculation as well as experiments.

A New Suppression Index Calculation Using the Visually Enhanced Vestibulo-Ocular Reflex and Vestibulo-Ocular Reflex Suppression Paradigms in the Video Head Impulse Test.

This prospective observational clinical study includes 83 healthy subjects who underwent the head impulse and suppression tests (HIMP and SHIMP, respectively), qVVOR, and qVORS tests, all of the vHIT. The sinusoidal tests (qVVOR and qVORS) were conducted at an intended frequency of 0.75 Hz. The gains of these tests were calculated using a system specifically designed for this purpose. A formula for the SI was established using a ratio of the gains from these tests. Two SI values are presented: unilateral, distinct for each direction of head movement, and bilateral, representing the suppression of both sides simultaneously. Mean gains for the qVVORs were 0.981 ± 0.070 and 0.978 ± 0.077 for the rightwards and leftwards qVVORs, respectively. The gains for the suppressed tests were 0.334 ± 0.112 and 0.353 ± 0.110 for the rightwards and leftwards qVORSs, respectively. A difference of 0.05 Hz was observed between the expected (0.75 Hz) and the obtained frequency of head movement, which is statistically significant (p < 0.001). The SI was 0.342 ± 0.118 for the right side (right SI) and 0.363 ± 0.117 for the left side (left SI). The bilateral SI had a mean value of 0.295 ± 0.104. No significant differences in the SI were noted according to the subject's age. The SI for women was lower than in the case of males. The VVOR/VORS quantification algorithm allows for the reliable calculation of the numerical gain of qVVOR and qVORS with mathematical soundness and consistency of results. Our data support the use of a single or specific measure for direction of head movement; although significant differences exist, these differences are not clinically relevant.

Penerapan Model JIGSAW Memanfaatkan Teknologi Smart TV untuk Meningkatkan Kemampuan Menulis Teks Ulasan Kelas VIII di SMPIT Al-Irsyad Al-Islamiyyah Karawang

Indonesian language learning in schools requires the right learning model to maximize student learning outcomes. This study aims to determine the effect of applying the Jigsaw model utilizing smart TV technology in improving students' review text writing ability. This research is a quantitative research. The research method used was quasi-experiment with Nonequaivalent Control Group Design. The samples of this study were class VIII Gaza as the experimental class and class VIII Kuffah as the control class. The data collection technique in this study used a description test technique. The results showed that the application of the Jigsaw model utilizing smart TV technology had a significant effect on students' review text writing ability. This can be proven from the average value of the experimental class on the pretest 64.57 and posttest 87.39. While the average value of the control class on the pretest 38,91 and posttest 66,96. Based on the results of the N- Gain calculation, there is a significant effectiveness, namely the experimental class 65.01 which is quite effective and the control class 44.91 which is less effective. In knowing the significant difference, the difference test of two average N-Gain scores was conducted. The results obtained are the significance value (2-tailed) 0.005 &lt;0.05, so it is stated that Ha is accepted, meaning that the ability to write student review texts with the application of the Jigsaw learning model is better than students who do the Jigsaw learning model.

Literasi Digital Dalam Meningkatkan Hasil Belajar Fikih Siswa Kelas XI Agama Materi Pernikahan Dalam Islam MAN Model 1 Manado

This research is Classroom Action Research (PTK). The research subjects were students of class XI Religion MAN Model 1 Manado. The population in this study were students of class XI Religion MAN Model 1 Manado. The number of students in class ), and 4) Reflection Stage (Reflecting). The use of digital literacy in research refers to or adapts the demonstration learning method with the Explicit Instruction learning model. The improvements made by the researcher in cycle II provided an increase in student learning outcomes so that there was 1 student remaining who had not achieved a completeness score in learning Islamic jurisprudence material on marriage with a normalized gain calculation value = 0.25 in the low category and a percentage increase in learning outcomes of 80% to 96 % of students who achieved a completion score. In other words, there has been an increase in student learning outcomes in learning Islamic jurisprudence material on marriage by using digital literacy.

Mitigation of the microbunching instability through transverse Landau damping

The microbunching instability has been a long-standing issue for high-brightness free-electron lasers (FELs) and is a significant showstopper to achieve full longitudinal coherence in the x-ray regime. This paper reports the first experimental demonstration of microbunching instability mitigation through transverse Landau damping, based on linear optics control in a dispersive region. Analytical predictions for the microbunching content are supported by numerical calculations of the instability gain. The effect is confirmed through the experimental characterization of the spectral brightness of the FERMI FEL under different transverse optics configurations of the transfer line between the linear accelerator and the FEL. Published by the American Physical Society 2024

Event‐triggered resilient joint mobile robot localization and sensor fault estimation

SummaryThe event‐triggered joint sensor fault estimation and mobile robot (MR) localization (MRL) problem (MRLP) subject to the potential fluctuations of the estimator gain are investigated. From the external sensor to the estimator, to decrease the consumption of sensor energy and cut down network bandwidth resources, an event‐triggered scheme is considered. For the sake of characterizing the phenomenon induced by the inaccurate calculation of estimator gain, an uncertainty with the bounded second moment is employed. The purpose of this study is theoretically to find a feasible and effective approach to the addressed joint estimation problem such that the estimation error (EE) covariance (EEC) meets the given performance index. First, a minimum upper bound (UB) of the EEC is derived. Subsequently, in terms of the proposed joint estimation approach and the corresponding results obtained, an algorithm to address the resilient joint sensor fault estimation and MRLP is summarized. At the end, the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm is validated through conducting a set of comparisive experiments.

The [100] direction strained Ge[formula omitted]Snx nanowires with low Sn contents towards the application of SWIR or MWIR lasers

The band structures of Ge1−xSnx nanowires with low Sn contents at the Γ-valley and L-valley under the [100] direction stress are studied via effective-mass theory, and we find that Ge0.95Sn0.05 and Ge0.92Sn0.08 nanowires can be tuned to direct-bandgap semiconductors even for the stress less than 4 GPa. Moreover, as increasing the stress, the calculations of the optical gain manifest that the z direction peak gain can be enhanced sharply regardless of the diameter and Sn content since more electrons are filled at the Γ-valley. The further research shows that the FCA loss of Ge1−xSnx nanowires can almost be neglected, meanwhile remarkable and positive net peak gain along the z direction can be acquired even though electron concentration is as low as the order of 1018 cm−3, which can overcome the non-negligible FCA loss caused by electron concentration of the order of 1019 cm−3 in Ge or strain-free Ge1−xSnx nanowires.

Reliability analysis of a three-phase interleaved step-up DC-DC converter for electric vehicle

Increasing the amount of direct current (DC) loads in applications such as airplanes, spacecraft, electric vehicles (EV), and other similar applications DC-DC converters are commonly used. Hence, a three-phase interleaved step-up DC-DC converter (ISC) has been designed, and implemented, which is more appropriate for high-power applications. The modes of operation are explained in detail, and voltage gain calculations are performed. The state space matrix is derived from the voltage equation and the bode diagram is plotted using MATLAB code to investigate the stability study, which makes for a thorough frequency response analysis for the proposed converter. The military handbook (MIL-HDBK-217F) data have been used to perform the calculations to determine each and every component's reliability. The proposed ISC design is implemented into a hardware prototype that produces peak-to-peak output voltage of 139 V, rated voltage of 120 V and the testing outcomes are presented in great depth.

Contact Force Estimation of Robot Manipulators With Imperfect Dynamic Model: On Gaussian Process Adaptive Disturbance Kalman Filter

This paper is concerned with the contact force estimation problem of robot manipulators based on imperfect dynamic models of the manipulator and the contact force. To handle the imperfect dynamic information of the manipulator, a hybrid model, consisting of the nominal model and the residual dynamics, is established for the manipulator, and the Gaussian process regression (GPR) technique is employed to learn the mean and covariance of the residual dynamics. On this basis, a virtual measurement equation is established for contact force estimation and a Gaussian process adaptive disturbance Kalman filter (GPADKF) is developed where the variational Bayes technique is employed to achieve online identification of the noise statistics in the force dynamics. The GPADKF is capable of decoupling the contact force from residual dynamics and system noises, thereby reducing the dependence on accurate dynamic models of the manipulator and the contact force. Simulation and experimental results demonstrate that the proposed scheme outperforms the state-of-art methods. <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">Note to Practitioners</i> —Contact force estimation for robot manipulators can be achieved by fusing the dynamic models of the manipulator and the contact force. When both models are imprecise, the traditional inverse dynamics-based and disturbance Kalman filter-based approaches can no longer provide accurate force estimates. To handle this challenge, a computationally efficient hybrid dynamic model is established for the manipulator, which consists of the nominal model and a residual dynamics compensation term learned from offline data via the GPR. On this basis, an adaptive disturbance Kalman filter is constructed by using the variational Bayes technique to deal with the inaccurate noise covariance matrix in the force dynamic model. Compared with the existing approaches, the force estimate obtained via the proposed scheme is more accurate and reliable, as refined noise covariance matrices (provided by both the GPR and the variational Bayes procedure) have been adopted in the Kalman gain calculation. The proposed GPADKF method is the extension of the composite disturbance filtering (CDF) framework. With the proposed scheme, the dependency on the perfect dynamic models in contact force estimation can be significantly reduced, and this makes our approach especially suitable for contact force estimation problems under unfamiliar and complicated environments.

CONSTRUCTIVIST EPISTEMOLOGY IN SCIENCE LEARNING FOR ḤALĀLAN-ṬAYYIBAN FOOD SUBJECT

In the era of globalization, a deep understanding of the ḥalālan ṭayyiban food concept is becoming increasingly important. How we, especially the nation’s young generation, must understand, internalize, and apply these principles in our daily lives is an increasingly urgent challenge. Learning the concepts of ḥalāl food and thayyib is no longer just a matter of factual knowledge, but is also a deep ethical and religious responsibility. This article aims to prove and evaluate a relevant and innovative learning approach to be applied in schools in re-conceptualizing the subject of ḥalālan ṭayyiban food in science subjects. The method used in the research was the pre-experiment method with a sample of 37 students in grades 4, 5, and 6 at The Mother Foundation Elementary School, who were selected randomly. Data collection was carried out using a quantitative and qualitative approach (mixed method) which was then analyzed descriptively using an epistemological philosophy of science perspective. Data obtained was taken using interview instruments and concept understanding tests. The results of this research show that the constructivist epistemological approach can increase students' conceptual understanding of the subject of ḥalālan ṭayyiban food with the gain calculation being in the high category. This proves that the constructivist epistemological approach can provide meaningful learning that directs students to explore their thinking in more depth.

Pengembangan Video Pembelajaran Berbasis Kearifan Lokal Pada Pelajaran TIK di Kelas VII Sekolah MTs Ar-Rahman Wampu

This research aims to develop and assess the effectiveness of locally wisdom-based instructional videos on computer hardware topics for seventh-grade students at MTs Ar Rahman Wampu, Langkat Regency, North Sumatra. The research method employed is developmental research, utilizing the 4-D model proposed by Thiagarajan, encompassing the stages of defining, designing, developing, and disseminating. The study is conducted at MTs Ar Rahman Wampu over a two-month period, with seventh-grade students randomly selected as research subjects. The object of the study is the instructional video based on local wisdom concerning computer hardware. Research instruments include a video validation sheet, student activity observation sheet, and questionnaires measuring student responses and learning interests. Data analysis involves evaluating the validity, practicality, and effectiveness of the instructional video, utilizing percentages and predefined criteria. The subsequent practicality analysis incorporates expert assessments and field observations. The effectiveness of the learning process is assessed through student tests, percentage of activity time, and positive responses to the instructional video. The enhancement of learning interest is measured through normalized gain calculations. The expected outcome of this research is to contribute to the development of innovative and high-quality instructional videos within the context of local wisdom, especially in the field of ICT education at the MTs level. Keywords: Instructional Video, Local Wisdom, Instructional Development

The Effectiveness of Campus Teaching Programs in Improving Students' Literacy and Numeration

The teaching campus is one of the programs run by the government in an effort to improve the literacy and numeracy skills of students in Indonesia. This research aims to determine the effectiveness of campus teaching programs in improving students' literacy and numeracy skills at the elementary school level. To realize this goal, experimental research was applied in this research. This research was conducted at SDN 11 Praya and SDN Tapon. The number of samples in this study was 57 students, with details of 27 students at SDN 11 Praya and 20 students at SDN Tapon. The sample in this study was taken using a simple random sampling technique. There are two instruments used in this research, namely literacy and numeracy ability test instruments. This test instrument has been prepared by the campus teaching team and is used externally in Indonesian schools. The test was carried out twice, namely at the beginning of the program (pretest) and at the end of the program (posttest). The test is carried out online using a computer and/or cellphone. The research data was then analyzed using normalized gain calculations (N-gain). Based on the results of data analysis, it was found that the Teaching Campus program was effective in increasing students' literacy and numeracy. The effectiveness of the teaching campus program in improving the literacy skills of students at SDN 11 Praya is in the medium category with an N-gain score of 0.59, while the effectiveness of the teaching campus program in improving the numeracy skills of students at SDN Tapon is in the high category with an N-gain score of 0 .78.

Integrating daylight with solar thermal modeling: A dynamic calculation method for complex fenestration systems

This study developed a mathematical model named the DL-E model, which links annual dynamic daylight and solar heat gain calculations for Complex Fenestration Systems (CFSs). The DL-E model utilizes the Klems Bidirectional Scattering Distribution Function (BSDF) to characterize CFSs and can consider the shading effect of obstacles, as well as solar radiation reflected from obstacles and the ground. The DL-E model uses the Perez all-weather model to calculate transmitted solar radiation contributed by diffuse solar radiation, rather than the simplified sky model used in EnergyPlus. Results calculated with the DL-E were compared with those computed with EnergyPlus, and it was found that for most of the results, the both methods yielded closely aligned outcomes. However, for the diffuse transmitted solar radiations, reflected solar radiation from the ground in the case with a vertical obstacle, and the reflected solar radiations from the obstacle, the values calculated with DL-E showed significant differences compared to those calculated with EnergyPlus due to the use of the simplified sky model in EnergyPlus. In contrast, the values calculated with the DL-E model which used the Perez all weather sky model displayed very small difference compared to those calculated with Radiance, which means the values derived with EnergyPlus may produce significant errors. Additionally, a new workflow has been developed for calculating building load and energy for CFSs to avoid the manual conversion of the BSDF files.

140 Response of 6 to 13 kg nursery pigs to increasing SID Arg:Lys

Abstract Newly weaned pigs (n = 480; PIC 337 × 1050; Genus, Hendersonville, TN) with an initial body weight (BW) of 6.20 ± 0.61 kg were used in a dose-response study to evaluate the effects of increasing standardized ileal digestible (SID) Arg:Lys in nursery pigs. At weaning, pigs were placed into 48 pens with five barrows and five gilts per pen and randomly assigned to one of six dietary treatments. The experimental diets were formulated with increasing levels of SID Arg by replacing corn starch, glycine, and L-alanine with L-arginine. Levels of SID Arg:Lys ranged from 45 to 145%. Diets were sub-limiting in SID Lys and exceeded all other essential amino acid requirements. Furthermore, diets were formulated to be isocaloric, isonitrogenous, and met or exceeded NRC (2012) vitamin and mineral recommendations. The experimental diets were fed in two feeding phases from d 0 to 10 and d 10 to 27, with adjustments made to account for the decreasing Lys requirement of the pigs. Pigs were subsequently fed a common diet for the remaining 14 d of the nursery period to determine carryover effects. Pigs and feeders were weighed at the beginning and end of each dietary phase for the calculation of average daily gain (ADG), average daily feed intake (ADFI), and feed efficiency (gain to feed ratio; G:F). The data were fit using linear regression with R version 4.3.1 (R Core Team, 2023). The model included linear and quadratic effects of SID Arg:Lys and initial BW. Pen was the experimental unit, and results were considered significant at P ≤ 0.05 and a tendency at 0.05 &amp;lt; P ≤ 0.10. There was a significant linear and quadratic effect of SID Arg:Lys on BW on d 27 (P ≤ 0.024), where BW was maximized at a SID Arg:Lys 97.09%. From d 0 to 27 there was a linear and quadratic tendency of SID Arg:Lys on ADFI (P = 0.069), where feed intake was maximized at a SID Arg:Lys of 97.00%. Furthermore, there tended to be a linear and quadratic effect of SID Arg:Lys on ADG from d0 to 27 (P ≤ 0.081), where ADG was maximized at a SID Arg:Lys of 95.65%. There was no evidence for an effect of SID Arg:Lys on G:F at any timepoint throughout the trial (P ≥ 0.298). In conclusion, SID Arg:Lys linearly and quadratically impacted ADFI and ADG in 6 to 13 kg nursery pigs, where ADG was maximized at a SID Arg:Lys of 95.65%, but ADFI was maximized at a SID Arg:Lys of 97.00%. Together, these data suggest that the SID Arg:Lys requirement of nursery pigs is greater than NRC (2012) recommendations, and excessive Arg supplementation may have negative consequences on growth performance.

215 The effect of a Lactobacillus fermentation postbiotic on nursery pig growth performance after experimental inoculation with F18 Escherichia coli.

Abstract This study evaluated a Lactobacillus fermentation postbiotic (LFP) in nursery pigs challenged with F18 ETEC. A total of 119 three-week-old barrows and gilts were used in this study. Pigs were acclimated for a period of 7 d upon arrival at the facility before inoculation. Pigs were stocked in mixed-sex pens of 6 pigs in each pen. Four rooms were used and each room had 5 pens. One room of pigs was not challenged with F18 ETEC (NCH). Ninety pigs in the other 3 rooms were intraorally challenged for three consecutive days with F18 ETEC isolate at a concentration of ~1x109 cfu/ml (CH) Pigs in the non-challenge groups were housed in separate airspaces than those receiving ETEC inoculum to avoid contamination. All pigs, regardless of health challenge, were fed a standard two-phase dietary nursery program. Five dietary treatments were evaluated: T1) negative dietary control without feed additives (Carabox, zinc oxide, and added copper), T2) 750 ppm LFP, T3) 1,500 ppm LFP, T4) 2,250 ppm LFP, and T5) positive control (PC) with feed additives. Feces were collected at 0 and 4 d post inoculation (dpi) to evaluate fecal shedding by real time polymerase chain reaction (rtPCR). Pig body weights were collected at -7, 0, 7, 14, 21, and 42 dpi to calculate performance. Feed intake was measured at the completion of the two dietary phases at 7 and 42 dpi for calculation of average daily feed intake (ADFI) and gain to feed ratio (G:F). All pigs were negative for F18 ETEC on 0 dpi and the non-challenge pigs remained negative by 4 dpi. At 4 dpi, the pigs fed 1,500 and 2,500 ppm LFP had significantly less Cts than pigs fed the positive control (rtPCR &amp;lt; 0.819, P = 0.03). Pigs fed the negative control had significantly greater fecal bacterial load than those fed the positive control averaged across challenge treatments and dpi (Ct ratio = 0.84, P = 0.03). Total E. coli and overall bacterial load were increased at 0 dpi compared with 4 dpi (Ct ratio= 0.90, P &amp;lt; 0.02). Pigs fed the positive control grew significantly faster than those fed the other diets during the acclimation phase (P &amp;lt; 0.01). Pigs in T5 were heavier than those on T1 at 14 and 21 dpi P &amp;lt; 0.02; table 1). End weights, average daily gain (ADG), and ADFI were similar between T1 and T2-4 across dietary phases (P = 0.13) with a tendency for the pigs feed 1,500 ppm to be heavier at d 21 (linear effect, P = 0.15) Pigs fed the positive control were heavier and grew faster at the end of each phase compared with pigs fed the other diets. The F18 challenge was effective in decreasing pig performance. Preliminary evidence suggests lactobacillus fermentation postbiotic may improve nursery performance in the face of an F18 challenge, but further investigation is necessary.

70 Determination of phosphorus release of Microtech phytase in nursery pig diets

Abstract A total of 320 barrows (DNA 241 × 600; initially 10.7 ± 0.21 kg) were used in a 21-d growth trial to determine the available P (aP) release curve for Microtech phytase (Guangdong VTR Bio-Tech Co, Ltd. Zhuhai, Guangdong, China). At approximately 21 d of age, pigs were weaned and randomly allocated to pens and fed a common diet for 18 d and then fed a P depletion diet (0.11% aP) for 3 d. On d 21 post-weaning, considered d 0 of the study, pigs were blocked by average pen body weight (BW) and randomly allotted to 1 of 8 dietary treatments with 5 pigs per pen and 8 pens per treatment. Dietary treatments were derived from a single basal diet and ingredients including phytase, monocalcium P, limestone, and sand were added to create the treatment diets. Treatments include 3 diets with increasing aP (0.11, 0.19 and 0.27%) using monocalcium phosphate that were used to develop the standard curve and 5 diets with 0.11% aP and increasing phytase (250, 500, 1,000, 1,500 and 2,000 FTU/kg) that were used to develop the aP release curve. Pigs were weighed weekly and feed disappearance was recorded per pen for the calculation of average daily gain (ADG), average daily feed intake (ADFI) and gain to feed ratio (G:F). At the conclusion of the experiment, 1 pig, closest to the mean weight of each pen, was euthanized for bone analysis. The right fibula, rib, and metacarpal were collected for the determination of bone density, bone ash weight, and bone ash percentage. Pigs fed diets with increasing aP from inorganic P had improved (quadratic, P ≤ 0.05) final BW, ADG, and G:F (Table). Pigs fed diets with increasing phytase had linearly increased (P &amp;lt; 0.01) final BW and ADFI and quadratically increased (P ≤ 0.04) ADG and G:F. Bone density, bone ash weight, and bone ash percentage increased linearly (P &amp;lt; 0.01) with increasing aP from inorganic P and increasing phytase. Results were used to determine release values for Microtech phytase for each response criteria as shown in the table. The aP release quadratically increased (P ≤ 0.02) with increasing phytase when growth performance was used as response criteria and linearly increased (P &amp;lt; 0.01) when bone characteristics were used as response criteria. The available P release curve developed for Microtech phytase for percentage bone ash using combined data generated from all three bones is: aP = (0.868 × FTU/kg) ÷ (9,599.511 + FTU/kg).

Development of a Visual Novel Game on Evolution Material

Technological developments are closely related to improving the quality of education. Currently, games are widely used as learning media. One of these games is visual novel games. This study aimed to determine the characteristics of the visual novel game learning media, the level of student learning outcomes, and student responses. The research method used is Research and Development using a 3-D model. The characteristics of the website-based visual novel game learning media were developed using visual novel maker software to produce media products that match the specifications of the learning media. The results of the validation test were 85.33% of the material expert validation assessment (very feasible), the media expert validation assessment 76% (very feasible), the media and material validation assessment from the biology subject teacher 71.34% (adequate), and the media readability validation assessment from students was 76.9%. The average value of validation obtained from the four validators was 77.39% (very feasible). The level of student learning outcomes after using learning media can be known by doing a pretest and post-test, the results obtained in the form of a normalized gain calculation value (N-Gain) of 0.56 and these results include moderate criteria. Finally, the average value of student responses obtained was 74.24% including the positive category. Based on the data from the analysis of the research, it shows that website-based visual novel game learning media can improve student learning outcomes.&#x0D; Keywords: visual novel game, evolution, material

LLC resonant converter analysis in PO mode

The PO mode under time-domain analysis is a kind of discontinuous conduction mode (DCM) which is beneficial to reduce the switching loss of the converter, but the calculation of the gain and frequency characteristics of the converter in this mode is cumbersome and difficult to be solved. Based on the analysis method of time domain approximation, the PO operating mode characteristics of the LLC resonant converter are analyzed, and a simple and accurate voltage gain calculation formula is theoretically deduced. Simple analytical expressions for the PO mode power boundary conditions are given based on the voltage variations of the magnetizing inductance and capacitance. A simulation model of the studied converter is established, and the simulation can prove that the proposed voltage gain formula and PO mode boundary conditions are correct.

Modeling stimulated Brillouin backscatter from outer-cone quads across multiple inertial confinement fusion hohlraum designs

Stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS) is a potential risk for laser damage in the experiments carried out at the National Ignition Facility (NIF), and by altering the energy deposition pattern in hohlraums, it affects the symmetry of indirect-drive inertial confinement fusion implosions. We have surveyed backward SBS on outer-cone quads across NIF integrated hohlraums of various platforms numerically, using three-dimensional (3D) simulations with the backscatter code pF3D [Berger et al. Phys. Plasmas 5, 4337 (1998)] and ray-based gain calculations. Simulated reflected powers and energies, as well as the spectrum of reflected light all compare favorably with measurements. Ray-based calculations of exponential SBS amplification (“gain”), which assume a strongly damped plasma wave and steady-state response, are performed using a novel method that includes the 3D speckled field of the laser that drives SBS. This approach is useful for understanding qualitative differences between hohlraum designs and identifying regions susceptible to SBS within hohlraums. Quantitatively, gains are not found to correlate with SBS reflectivities in 3D, necessitating fully wave-based calculations that naturally include diffraction and various temporal dependencies.