Gauge Readings Research Articles

Магнитные превращения и полиморфный переход ферромагнитных сталей при ударно-волновом нагружении

A.M. Molodets A.A. Golyshev, A.N. Emelyanov, A.A. Kozlov The method for recording magnetic transformation is presented for ferromagnetic steels under shock-wave loading. The operation of the magnetic transformation gauge is considered under shock-wave loading at the polymorphic transition pressure of ARMCO iron and 15Kh2NMFA (in Russian) nuclear reactors case steel. It is shown that the pressures of magnetic transformations of steels correlate with the pressures of polymorphic transitions of these shocked steels. Comparison of gauge readings and parameters of polymorphic transitions was performed for iron and steel during shock-wave compression and subsequent unloading

Monitoring of the Response of the Sagamore Parkway Bridge and its Foundations During a Live Load Test

In this paper, we report the results of a live load test performed on the Sagamore Parkway bridge over the Wabash River, Indiana. The seven-span concrete bridge was constructed from 2016 to 2018 to replace the old, east-bound bridge. The main goals of the live load test were: (i) to study the transfer of the live loads from the bridge pier to the foundation elements and the distribution of live loads among the individual piles supporting the bridge pier; and (ii) to verify the assumptions (e.g., regarding the pile cap resistance) made in bridge foundation design. For these purposes, one of the interior piers (Pier 7) of the bridge and the fifteen pipe piles supporting it were instrumented with vibrating-wire strain gauges. With the bridge temporarily closed to traffic, the live load test was performed by parking twelve loaded triaxle trucks at specific locations on the bridge deck near Pier 7 in March 2019. The truck loads were applied in seven stages, simulating the driving of several trucks over the bridge pier. The settlement of the pier was measured using a digital level during the live load test. The data from the strain gauge readings were processed to produce the history of load distribution within the cross section of the pier and among the piles in the pile group during the seven stages of the live load test. The soil in contact with the pile cap carried about half of the total live load.

Behavior of Fully Encapsulated Cable Bolt in Various Double-Shear Methods and the Sequence of Wire Failure in the Newly Developed Shear Apparatus

The use of long-tendon ground support elements (cable bolts) is now a common practice in modern underground coal mines, hard rock mines, tunnels, and other underground structures. The paper briefly introduces the development of test methods for rock and cable bolts, including single- and double-shear methods, in the last 30 years and focuses on the novel development of the fourth generation of cylindrically shaped shear test apparatus (MK-IV Double Shear Box) for assessing tendon performance in shear based on the experience gained from the development of previous versions of shear experiment apparatus. The results were compared with similar test findings using a rectangular-shaped double-shear apparatus with and without friction across joint faces. The sequence of wire failure was studied by using the newly developed double-shear test apparatus, and the performance of abnormal phenomena in the double-shear tests was analyzed. The sequence of wire failure can be inferred based on the positive and negative values of strain gauge readings, and the wire of cable bolt under shearing may be broken in the joint area. The failure possibly occurred from one side to the other instead of from top to bottom. The modified double-shear test apparatus with a long section of concrete cylinder was proposed to conduct further research on cable bolt debonding.

High-speed pullout behavior of deep-mounted cfrp strips bonded with a flexible adhesive to clay brick masonry

An experimental campaign was initiated to determine the high-speed pullout behavior of deep-mounted carbon fibre-reinforced polymer (CFRP) strips bonded with a flexible, visco-elasto-plastic adhesive to clay brick masonry. A total of 14 direct pull-tests were conducted. Strong correlations were found between both the pull-out strength/bonded length relation and the pull-out strength/loading rate relation. The governing failure mechanism was either cohesive failure combined with brick splitting, or CFRP rupture without significant damage to the masonry prism. From the strain gauge readings, multiple bond-slip correlations were constructed and eventually generalized and simplified to a global, multi-linear bond-slip relation. Using the global bond-slip law as part of a partial-interaction analysis resulted in a good fit with the experimental results. Finally, the results of this study were compared to previous direct pull-tests found in literature, showing that the application of a flexible adhesive results in higher interfacial fracture energy and higher debonding slip.

Pointer gauge adaptive reading method based on a double match

In large-scale power transmission stations, more and more automated pointer gauge reading algorithms are being used to automatically and efficiently take gauge readings. However, most existing pointer gauge reading algorithms do not take into account image deformation, changes of illumination, and small object interference in one algorithm, so these algorithms have poor robustness and adaptability to complex situations in real environments, and cannot obtain correct gauge readings consistently. In this paper, we present a pointer gauge adaptive reading method based on a double match. Our doublematch gauge reading method is dedicated to reading the gauge adaptively by using some strong anti-interference methods after image registration. To achieve this, various gauge images should first be registered by detection and matching of feature points using perspective transformation, and then pointer center positioning and gauge reading calculations are performed, based on matching multiple image moments. In the experimental results, compared with the classical gauge reading algorithm based on saliency and Hough line detection, our method shows better precision and better anti-interference; furthermore, the adaptability of the pointer gauge reading algorithm is effectively improved.

UK meteotsunamis: a revision and update on events and their frequency

<scp>UK</scp> meteotsunamis: a revision and update on events and their frequency

OF PHYSICAL AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF GLASS ON BENDING USING WEIBULL DISTRIBUTION STATISTICAL ANALYSIS

The main methods of testing the strength of glass are considered and the results of measuring the strength of glass according to the proposed experimental methods are presented. A step-by-step guide for analyzing strength data using a two-parameter Weibull distribution is also described. The modulus of elasticity was determined, which was calculated by two methods. The first method was to analyze the data of strain gauge readings, and was calculated according to Hooke's law. The second method was to calculate the modulus of elasticity by the formula derived from the equation for calculating the deflection. This paper considers three series of prototypes, each of which consists of ten experiments. Experimental samples of series I are made of ordinary sheet glass. Series II is made of heat-strengthened sheet glass, and prototypes of series III were made of tempered sheet glass. A comprehensive review of existing test methods for the strength of glass. The features of the used bending tests and statistical analysis of the measured strength data are described. The results may be of particular interest to specialists in modern design of load-bearing structures made of glass.

3D non-linear finite element analysis of concentrically loaded high strength reinforced concrete column with GFRP bar

The use of High Strength Concrete (HSC) material in Reinforced Concrete (RC) column has become widely used. HSC was found to be durable, strong in compression, but it has low ductility. This low ductility of HSC can be improved by providing confinement. However, for HSC with concrete strength higher than 70 MPa, additional clause for confinement in ACI 318-19 generates denser arrangement of transverse bars and eventually creates weak planes between the concrete core and the cover. These weak planes can trigger early cover spalling. To reduce the utilization of confining bars, high-strength Glass Fiber Reinforce Polymer (GFRP) bar can be used. However, the performance of GFRP bar varies significantly from their uniaxial behavior in tension or compression to the real performance when it is used as the main reinforcement. For that reason, this paper tries to investigate the behavior of HSC RC column with bars made of conventional steel rebar and with GFRP bars. Due to limited data on the strain gauge reading on the GFRP bars from the available test result, an inverse analysis is carried out to determine the best stress-strain curve for GFRP bars used as the main reinforcement. For that purpose, an inhouse finite element package called 3D-NLFEA is used. From the comparisons, it was found out that the peak load, softening behavior, and the concrete core enhancement prediction agrees well with the test result. From the inverse analysis, only 25% and 45% of the GFRP bar yield strength can be deployed when loaded under compression and tension, respectively.

Analysis of strength and deformativity of glass plate joints under static loading

The weak point of any structure is always the elements junction node. This article presents the results of a study of the adhesion of glass plates interconnected over the entire surface by means of adhesive materials and triplex technology under the action of static loading. The bearing capacity and deformability of such joints was established. For the research purposes there were designed, manufactured and tested 6 series of prototypes. Thus, the object of the study is 6 series of test specimens for testing the adhesion of glass plates to each other. The prototypes consisted of three glass plates, each 10 mm thick, interconnected by means of triplex technology and various adhesive materials. Before bonding, the glass plates of the prototypes of I–V series were cleaned of dirt and degreased. The adhesive was applied to the entire surface of one plate. Then, the glass plates were firmly interconnected with the help of the vise and held for 5–10 minutes. The curing time depended on the adhesive materials. The curing of the glue of the prototypes of the fourth and fifth series was done under the rays of an ultraviolet lamp. The plates of the sixth series prototypes were interconnected by triplex technology, where EVASAFE polymer film (Bridgestone, Japan) was inserted between the plates and the prototypes were heated to 130 ºC and held for 30 minutes.An experimental research program was developed. The test rig consisted of a stand for static structural strength tests. The external load N was applied by means of a hydraulic jack and was performed step by step. The magnitude of the load was 1.0 kN and was monitored using dynamometer for the I–V series prototypes and a ring dynamometer for the VI series prototypes until the complete destruction of the prototype. At each load stage a 10 minutes exposure was performed followed by gauge reading. On the basis of the obtained results, an analysis of glass plates adhesion was performed and an averaged dependency graph of shear deformations and tangent stresses τ=N/A for the series of the prototypes was constructed. This provides the ability to obtain strengths and deformations for a series of prototypes.

ET Gauge ve A Sınıfı Buharlaşma Kap Ölçümlerinin Karşılaştırılması

Sulama suyu miktarının bilinmesi, sulama programlarının oluşturulması, sulama sistemlerinin planlanması ve projelendirilmesi başta olmak üzere birçok alanda hayati öneme sahip bir bilgidir. Sulama suyu miktarının belirlenmesinde çok sayıda yöntem bulunmaktadır. Bu yöntemler arasında en basit ve kullanışlı olanların başında, A sınıfı buharlaşma kabı (Apan) gelmektedir. Son yıllarda çok sayıda yöntem ve teknolojik alet/ekipman geliştirilmiş olmasının yanında yenileri de zaman içerisinde eklenmektedir. Son birkaç on yıllık dönemde kullanımı giderek artan ekipmanların başında ET Gauge ekipmanı gelmektedir. Yapılan bu çalışmada, ET Gauge ekipmanından elde edilen değerler ile A sınıfı buharlaşma kabından olan buharlaşma değerleri karşılaştırılmıştır. Ölçüm yapılan 5 aylık dönemde ET Gauge okumalarının ortalaması 4.7 mm/gün, A sınıfı buharlaşma kabından olan buharlaşmanın (Apan) ortalaması 7.2 mm/gün ve düzeltilmiş Apan’ın ortalama değeri 5 mm/gün olarak hesaplanmıştır. Ayrıca, ölçümlerin standart sapmaları ise ET Gauge 2.803, Apan’ın 3.787 ve düzeltilmiş Apan’ın ise 2.651 olarak hesaplanmıştır. ET Gauge ile Apan okumaları arasındaki korelasyon pozitif yönlü olup katsayısı 0.825’dir. Ayrıca, iki parametrenin arasındaki kuvvetli bir ilişki ortaya koymakta olup regresyon katsayısı (R2) ise 0.9991 olarak belirlenmiştir. Yapılan analiz ve değerlendirmeler sonucunda ET Gauge ekipmanı, sulama programlamalarında pratik olarak rahatlıkla kullanılabileceği belirlenmiştir.

Zero or not? Causes and consequences of zero-flow stream gage readings.

Streamflow observations can be used to understand, predict, and contextualize hydrologic, ecological, and biogeochemical processes and conditions in streams. Stream gages are point measurements along rivers where streamflow is measured, and are often used to infer upstream watershed-scale processes. When stream gages read zero, this may indicate that the stream has fully dried; however, zero-flow readings can also be caused by a wide range of other factors. Our ability to identify whether or not a zero-flow gage reading indicates a dry fluvial system has far reaching environmental implications. Incorrect identification and interpretation by the data user can lead to hydrologic, ecological, and/or biogeochemical predictions from models and analyses. Here, we describe several causes of zero-flow gage readings: frozen surface water, flow reversals, instrument error, and natural or human-driven upstream source losses or bypass flow. For these examples, we discuss the implications of zero-flow interpretations. We also highlight additional methodss for determining flow presence, including direct observations, statistical methods, and hydrologic models, which can be applied to interpret causes of zero-flow gage readings and implications for reach- and watershed-scale dynamics. Such efforts are necessary to improve our ability to understand and predict surface flow activation, cessation, and connectivity across river networks. Developing this integrated understanding of the wide range of possible meanings of zero-flows will only attain greater importance in a more variable and changing hydrologic climate.

Impact of high flows of an Arctic river on ring widths of floodplain trees

The tree-ring signal for flooding along the Ob River, a large Arctic River in western Siberia, is investigated using a combination of floodplain tree-ring sites from riparian and non-riparian settings. A conceptual model is presented contrasting tree-growth responses of riparian and non-riparian trees to unusually severe flooding. A set of five riparian ( Salix and Populus) tree-ring chronologies is developed and used in combination with existing floodplain non-riparian Larix and Pinus chronologies in a binary classification tree (CT) model to classify high-flood years, defined as a Salekhard water-level gage reading in the seasonal window from May 1 to August 31 of above 470 cm for 82 or more consecutive days. Correlation and regression identifies a nonlinear relationship of riparian ring widths to discharge and flooding: higher annual discharge generally leads to higher growth, but the relationship reverses in extreme-flood years. Micrographs highlight the suppression of width and occasional distortion of cell anatomy in selected trees. CT modeling guided by cross-validation yields a CT model with a primary split on the riparian ring width and secondary split on the non-riparian ring width. The model successfully identifies four of the eight most severe high-flow years, 1934–2014. The model further identifies two years (1885 and 1914) before the start of the gaged record in 1934 as high-flow years. No appreciable difference is found in frequency of high-flow years before and after 1956, when the first major reservoirs began filling upstream of the Lower Ob. The CT modeling approach is proposed as a novel approach to dealing with nonlinearity in reconstructing flood history of Arctic rivers from tree rings.

Construction of a microbubble generation and measurement unit for use in flotation systems

Flotation with microbubbles is one of the most viable methods for separating oil from water. Microbubbles are formed by the injection of a small air flow through a pressurized liquid flow. In the present study, a microbubble generation and measurement unit (MBGMU) was constructed to measure mean microbubble size through the liquid flow and airflow of the system. The liquid flow rate was measured by a Hall effect-type sensor, whereas it was necessary to construct a sensor for bubbles immersed in glycerin for the determination of the airflow rate. This sensor was used to determine the minimum and maximum airflow limits, and the airflow measurements were compared with pressure gauge readings to establish a calibration curve. The Arduino UNO R3® board was the microcontroller of the MBGMU for the determination of the liquid flow rate. A coupled system involving a GoPro® Hero 6 camera and microscope lenses was assembled to capture images of the microbubbles. The airflow rate ranged from 0.001 to 10,000l/h, and a high linear regression coefficient was found (98%) for the calibration between airflow and the variation in pressure. Images of microbubbles in motion were captured for future analyses. This innovative device is a promising system to be applied in industrial processes for the control of microbubbles produced in flotation systems.

Structural design and experimental study on mechanical properties of sand column support

In order to solve the problem of insufficient support strength caused by unreasonable structure design of roadway side retaining roadway along goaf in zhubai Coal Mine, and by means of preliminary test of bearing capacity, theoretical calculation and mechanical experiment of sand pillar, the optimization design of supporting structure of gob-side entry retaining was carried out. The results show that when the ratio of sand and stone material filled with sand column is 1:1 and the filling material is vibrated by adding water, the density of filling material reaches the maximum and the stability of sand column is optimal; When the pressure gauge reading is 32 MPa, the lower part of the sand column is in the basic fracture state and the watersand column can bear more ultimate load than the water-sand column. It is proved that the optimized sand pillar support body can meet the support strength requirements of gob-side entry retaining and improve the production efficiency.

Estimation of vehicle-induced bridge dynamic responses using fiber Bragg grating strain gages.

Strain gage sensors have been used to evaluate the local behavior of structures; however, there are limited studies for its application in bridge dynamic feature identification. In this study, fiber Bragg grating strain gages were installed on the lower chord members of a bridge, and dynamic features were identified successfully using strain gage readings when vehicles passed over the bridge. The results were also verified using a finite element model. The innovation presented in this article is the use of fiber Bragg grating strain gage readings to identify the dynamic features of a long-span, steel-girder bridge. To clarify the effect of truck dynamic load, the load spectrum of the truck is characterized. This article introduces a new method for identifying the dynamic parameters of bridges.

Application study on improving the methods of endotracheal cuff pressure measurement to prevent ventilator-associated pneumonia

To compare the intra cuff pressure changes during improved and the traditional method of cuff pressure measurement, then evaluate the effects of ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) prevention. The results highlighted practical recommendations in the process of ETT cuff pressure measurement. (1) Experimental studies were carried out on the tracheal model with two groups: traditional pressure measurement group and improved pressure measurement group. The traditional pressure measurement group was connected to a handheld pressure gauge with the indicate cuff to get the intra-cuff pressure. The improved method was to insert a 3-way stopcock between the handheld pressure gauge and the indicate cuff. The 3-way stopcock to stabilize handheld pressure gauge reading at 32 cmH2O (1 cmH2O = 0.098 kPa) before measure the intra-cuff pressure. The pressure loss caused by two pressure measurement methods and the leakage of liquid on the balloon after 10 minutes was compared. (2) Clinical researches: a historic cohort study, patients with mechanical ventilation (MV) admitted to intensive care unit (ICU) of Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital from June 2014 to May 2018 were enrolled. The control group (249 cases) was treated with traditional method during June 2014 to May 2016, and the observation group (314 cases) was treated with improved method during June 2016 to May 2018. Clusters of strategies and actions of VAP prevention were applied in both groups. Incidence of VAP, duration of MV, and the length of ICU stay were compared between the two groups. (1) Experimental study: the pressure leakage of the traditional pressure measurement group was (10.18±0.47) cmH2O, and that of the improved pressure measurement group was (1.33±0.42) cmH2O, with statistically significant difference between the two groups (t = 32.535, P = 0.000). All fluid on the cuffs leak after 10 minutes of traditional ways of measurement, however, no visible fluid on the cuffs leaked with improved procedures. (2) Clinical research: the incidence of VAP in the observation group was slightly lower than that in the control group, however there was no significant difference [5.10% (16/314) vs. 8.43% (21/249), P > 0.05]. The duration of MV and the length of ICU stay in the observation group were significantly shorter than those in the control group (days: 9.93±3.14 vs. 16.77±5.45, 11.63 ±2.28 vs. 19.12±5.10, both P < 0.01). The improved procedures of intra-cuff pressure measurement is a practical method to avoid the pressure leakage and fluid leakage, and the clinical course of MV patients can be significantly improved by combining the clusters of nursing strategies and actions.

Field testing of rocking foundations in cohesive soil: cyclic performance and footing mechanical response

This paper presents a field test program of a large-scale soil–footing-structure system designed with a rocking foundation in a cohesive soil to examine the behaviour of the system and to provide case histories for possible performance-based seismic design of foundations. The rocking system was subjected to slow cyclic loadings at various drift ratios up to 7%. Twenty-four tests were conducted for foundations with varying initial factors of safety against the bearing failure, loading directions, rotation amplitudes, and embedment. A geotechnical investigation was carried out to determine soil properties before and after the experiments. The system performance indices, such as damping, stiffness, settlement, and re-centering capability, were quantified and compared with the published literature. Field test results showed that the strength and unit weight of soils at footing edges were increased due to rocking, for the present cohesive soil. The rocking moment capacity increased slightly with the increasing soil strength. An empirical equation for the secant stiffness was developed. The rocking system on the cohesive soil exhibited superior performance in terms of small residual settlement and large re-centering capability. Footing’s mechanical response was quantified using strain gauge readings. The footing remained elastic in tension; the transient soil–footing contact areas were estimated with strain gauges, and they agreed very well with the measured or calculated contact areas.

The VIKINGS Autonomous Inspection Robot: Competing in the ARGOS Challenge

This article presents the overall architecture of the VIKINGS robot, winner of two competitions and one of five contenders in the ARGOS Challenge. The VIKINGS robot is an autonomous, or remotely operated, robot that inspects oil and gas sites and can assess various petrochemical risks based on its embedded sensors and processing. As described in this article, our robot is able to autonomously monitor all elements of a petrochemical process on a multistory oil platform, such as reading gauges, state of the valves, and proper functioning of the pumps, even while it faces many hazards, e.g., leaks, obstacles, or holes in its path. The goal of this article is to present the major components of our robot's architecture and the algorithms we developed for certain functions (e.g., localization, gauge reading, and so on). We also present the methodology we adopted, which allowed us to succeed in this challenge.

A method for measurement of spatially resolved radiation intensity and radiative fraction of laminar flames of gaseous and solid fuels

This work introduces a new method for determination of spatially resolved radiation intensity and radiative fraction for axisymmetric laminar diffusion flames by using a modified DSL-R camera employed to collect monochromatic, 900 nm, images and a Schmidt-Boelter heat flux gauge. A novel instrument, Milligram-scale Flame Calorimeter, is employed to supply the flame with either gaseous fuel or solid fuel pyrolyzate and measure the total heat release rate associated with the combustion process. The high spatial resolution provided by the images of the camera allows for a multi-emitter treatment of the 20–60 mm tall flames. The flames’ shapes and monochromatic radiation intensity profiles are extracted from the images. Using the radiation transport equations formulated for the system’s specific geometry, the monochromatic radiation intensities are related to the total heat flux gauge readings collected at several distances from the base of the flame. Subsequently, spatially resolved total radiation intensity data are obtained. Integration of this intensity over the flame surface yields the radiation heat release rate, of which the ratio to the total heat release rate yields the radiative fraction. In this work, methane, propane and acetylene flames have been studied to validate this methodology (covering a wide range of sooting conditions), while polyethylene-fueled flames above and below the smoke point have been analyzed to demonstrate the method’s applicability to solid fuels. The results show that the method produces values that are consistent with previous studies, particularly when the assumptions of the previous studies are replicated. Additionally, the data indicate that for flame heights that are all below (or all above) the smoke point, the value of the maximum total radiation intensity does not depend on the total heat release rate. This behavior of the maximum radiation intensity suggests that said parameter is a good candidate to correlate with the radiative properties of turbulent flames.

Pressure Transient Analysis of an Intersecting Rollover Faulted Crest Boundary in Niger Delta Oil Field

Pressure transient analysis has been extensively applied to detect anomalies in a reservoir system. These anomalies may be presented in the form of an intersection of the crestal and the antithetic fault associated with a growth fault. Interpretation of this fault can only be achieved through the use of pressure transient analysis. The objective of the research work is to analyze and test the faulted crest, depth of the anticline structure and examine the near well bore conditions in order to evaluate whether the well productivity is governed by wellbore effects (skin effects + well bore effect) or the reservoir at large. A case study of a well in the Niger delta is considered with a series of build up test carried out in two intervals of both upper and lower gauge readings. In this study, a computer aided design which uses a pressure derivative approach is used in this work to match the pressure derivative of an intersecting fault (angle) model to the field data, and the model assumes the characteristics of the reservoir. Based on the result of the interpreted data, simulation is done by using a non linear regression method (least square). The simulated data interpreted are achieved through the regression coefficient which provides a quantitative measure of the agreement between field data and the model. In conclusion, the best cases are taken from all the results and a nodal analysis is performed to diagnose the inflow performance of the well through the transient analysis in order to optimize the recovery of the oilfield.