Gadolinium Ions Research Articles

Surface modification of ball clay minerals with gamma irradiation polymerization for removal of cerium and gadolinium ions from aqueous phase

Surface modification of ball clay was produced by gamma irradiation of a mixture containing ball clay (BC), acrylic acid (AA), phosphoric acid (PA), and N,N`-methylenebisacrylamide (DAM) solution to produce a composite sorbent (BC-AA-PA). Both BC and BC-AA-PA composite were characterized using SEM, FT-IR, XRD, and XRF. Comparative evaluation of both materials for the sorption of gadolinium and cerium ions was explored. The outcomes exposed that the removal percentage enhanced from 38.2% to 91% and from 24.9% to 88% for gadolinium and cerium ions by BC and BC-AA-PA, respectively. The proposed sorption mechanism illustrated that the sorption occurs by an ion exchange process. Sorption kinetics, equilibrium isotherm, and desorption studies were conducted. The sorption obeyed the pseudo-second-order model and Langmuir isotherm model. The comparison of sorption capacity of BC-AA-PA with other sorbents in the literature indicated that BC-AA-PA has a much higher sorption capacity than many sorbents (1.085 and 0.907 mmol/g for Gd3+ and Ce3+, respectively). Desorption of gadolinium and cerium ions from BC-AA-PA was investigated; the results certified that 0.1 M HNO3 is the best eluent with a percentage of 99.99 and 92% for Ce3+ and Gd3+, respectively, and the BC-AA-PA can be applied for further sorption processes. Hence, BC-AA-PA composite sorbent is recommended for the sorption of lanthanides from the liquid phase.

Synthesis, Reactivity, and Applications of 4-Amino-3-Thioxo/Hydrazino-6-Substituted-1,2,4-Triazin-5-Ones and Their Derivatives: A Review

Triazine derivatives have attracted increasing attention due to their diverse applications in medicinal chemistry. They have been reported to be remarkably effective compounds regarding their bioactivities. Therefore, the synthesis and identification of new triazine-derived compounds are of interest for their therapeutic effects. Various approaches have been developed to synthesize triazine derivatives. In this review, a considerable number of studies on the synthesis of 1,2,4-triazine derivatives are investigated with 4-amino-3-thioxo-6-substituted-1,2,4-triazin-ones and 4-amino-3-hydrazino-6-substituted-1,2,4-triazin-5-ones as starting materials. Different types of chemical reactions have been applied to the efficient synthesis of 3-thioxo/hydrazino-6-substituted-1,2,4-triazin-5-ones, such as alkylation, acylation, aroylation, elimination, substitution, acidic/basic hydrolysis, oxidation, cyclocondensation, cycloaddition, phosphorylation, and complexation reactions. Interestingly, a set of compounds is identified to possess various biological activities, such as anticancer antibacterial, antifungal, acaricidal, and molluscicidal properties. Also, some 4-amino-3-thioxo-6-substituted-1,2,4-triazin-5-one derivatives are found to form metal complexes, be used as inhibitor probes for mild steel corrosion, prepare a selective sensor for the determination of gadolinium (III) ions in the soil and sediment samples, and demonstrate antibacterial activities. Finally, 4-amino-3-hydrazino-6-methyl-1,2,4-triazin-5-one was used as an ionophore to develop a chromium (III) ion-selective sensor beside the formation of silver complexes.

Porous Silicon Nanoparticles with Rare Earth as Potential Contrast Agents for MRI and Luminescent Probes for Bioimaging

Nanoparticles of porous silicon with incorporated europium and gadolinium ions were prepared by using mechanical grinding of electrochemically grown mesoporous silicon films followed with impregnation with rare earth ions from aqueous solutions. The photoluminescence spectroscopy of europium doped porous silicon nanoparticles allowed us to reveal narrow lines associated with the 5D0→7F4 transitions in Eu3+ ions. Measurements of the proton relaxation in aqueous suspensions of nanoparticles with embedded Gd3+ ions showed an effect of the shortening of both the longitudinal and transverse relaxation times. Potential applications of rare earth doped porous silicon nanoparticles as contrast agents in MRI and fluorescent labels in bioimaging are discussed.

Preparation and MRI performance of a composite contrast agent based on palygorskite pores and channels binding effect to prolong the residence time of water molecules on gadolinium ions.

Herein, gadolinium tannate was simply and conveniently coated on the surface of palygorskite by in situ reaction of a coordination polymer formed between tannic acid and Gd3+. The palygorskite–tannate gadolinium–polyvinyl alcohol integrated composite (PAL@Gd@PVA) is successfully prepared after the introduction of polyvinyl alcohol onto the palygorskite–tannate gadolinium. The structure is characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, X-ray diffraction spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and transmission electron microscopy analysis. The results show that TA-Gd and PVA are successfully loaded on the surface of palygorskite, and the rod crystal structure of palygorskite in the composite remains intact. Palygorskite fibres constitute the framework of the composite and play a key role in supporting and crosslinking the composite. The prepared compounds showed negligible cytotoxicity and low haemolysis rate, showing good biocompatibility. In vitro MRI results showed that the longitudinal and transverse relaxation rates of the composite are 59.56 and 340.81 mm−1 s−1, respectively.

Optical chemical sensor of Gd(iii) based on 5-(2'-bromophenyl- azo)-6-hydroxypyrimidine-2,4-dione immobilized on poly(methyl methacrylate) and 2-nitrophenyloctylether matrix.

A novel optical chemical sensor (optode) was fabricated for the determination of Gadolinium ions. The optical sensor was prepared by incorporating a recently synthesized ionophore, 5-(2′-bromophenylazo)-6-hydroxy pyrimidine-2,4-dione (BPAHPD), and 2-nitrophenyloctylether (NPOE) as a plasticizer in poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) membrane. The color of the sensing membrane in contact with Gd(iii) ions changed from yellow to red-orange due to the adsorption of Gd(iii) with the maximum absorbance (λmax) at 563 nm. The chemical sensor responds optimally towards Gd(iii) ions at the optimum conditions of pH 7.5, contact time 10 min, 150 ng mL−1 Gd(iii), and 5.0 mL solution. The linear regression equation achieved was A = 4.36C (μg mL−1) – 0.15 (r = 0.9976). A linear Gd(iii) calibration curve can be established in the concentration range of 5.0–250 ng mL−1 with R2 = 0.9976. Detection and quantification limits are 1.47 and 4.75 ng mL−1, respectively. The molar absorptivity and Sandell sensitivity are found to be 6.86 × 107 L mol−1 cm−1 and 0.023 ng cm−2, respectively. In addition to its stability and reproducibility, the optode revealed a great selectivity toward Gd(iii) ions as compared to other coexisting ions in real samples. The recovery of Gd(iii) ions from the sensor material was achieved using 0.4 M HNO3. The offered optode sensor membrane has been employed to monitor Gd(iii) in soil, sediments, river water, and urine with an internal standard addition method and compared statistically with the ICP-OES method. The results revealed calculated t-values between 1.11–1.85, whereas F values were in the range of 2.46–3.77 which did not exceed the theoretical values, indicating no significant difference at 95% confidence level. The observed percent recovery is in the range of 97.24–102.52%.

Simultaneous Immobilization of Gadolinium Ions and Di(o-carborano-1,2-dimethyl)borate on Fe3O4 Nanoparticles

Neutron capture therapy is a promising method for cancer treatment based on the targeted delivery of specific isotopes into cancer cells and subsequent irradiation with epithermal neutrons. As a result, a large amount of energy is released at a distance comparable to the size of the cell, destroying it from the inside. Magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles can be used for the targeted delivery of isotopes. In this article, iron oxide nanoparticles (Fe3O4) were modified with silanes and polyelectrolyte complexes for simultaneous immobilization of gado-linium ions and carborane compounds through ionic interaction for potential application in targeted delivery into cancer cells for neutron capture therapy. Structure, size and element composition was elucidated by the Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDA), dynamic light scattering (DLS) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. It was found that, according to EDA, resulting nano-particles consist of 15.4 % boron and 1.5 % gadolinium, with average hydrodynamical size of 386 nm meas-ured by DLS. An in vitro cytotoxicity test using HepG2 (a cancer cell line) and human skin fibroblasts (a normal cell line) showed minor cytotoxicity in concentration range from 0.05 to 1 mg/mL.

Electrical and magnetic properties of intercalated compounds in the Gd-=SUB=-x-=/SUB=-NbSe-=SUB=-2-=/SUB=- system (0≤ x≤0.33)

The electrical and magnetic properties were measured on polycrystalline samples of niobium diselenide intercalated with gadolinium atoms. The dependences of the electrical resistance on temperature point to a predominantly phonon scattering mechanism for charge carriers, while the concentration dependences are determined by increasing scattering by interstitial atoms. The magnetic properties of GdxNbSe2 (0≤ x≤0.33) were studied in the temperature range of 2-350 K and in the range of magnetic fields up to 70 kOe. Based on the results of studies of magnetic susceptibility and magnetization, the possibility of the existence of antiferromagnetic interactions in the studied compounds and the phenomenon of spin reorientation in a magnetic field are shown. The observed decrease in the effective magnetic moment of gadolinium ions with an increase with their concentration is discussed in terms of a possible intramolecular exchange. Keywords: niobium diselenide, gadolinium, intercalation, electrical resistance, magnetization, effective magnetic moment.

Электрические и магнитные свойства интеркалированных соединений в системе Gd-=SUB=-x-=/SUB=-NbSe-=SUB=-2-=/SUB=- (0 ≤ x≤0.33)

The electrical and magnetic properties were measured on polycrystalline samples of niobium diselenide intercalated with gadolinium atoms. The dependences of the electrical resistance on temperature point to a predominantly phonon scattering mechanism for charge carriers, while the concentration dependences are determined by increasing scattering by interstitial atoms. The magnetic properties of GdxNbSe2 (0≤x≤0.33) were studied in the temperature range of 2–350 K and in the range of magnetic fields up to 70 kOe. Based on the results of studies of magnetic susceptibility and magnetization, the possibility of the existence of antiferromagnetic interactions in the studied compounds and the phenomenon of spin reorientation in a magnetic field are shown. The observed decrease in the effective magnetic moment of gadolinium ions with an increase with their concentration is discussed in terms of a possible intramolecular exchange.

Dose-dependent suppression of tolaasin-induced hemolysis by gadolinium ion

Dose-dependent suppression of tolaasin-induced hemolysis by gadolinium ion

Compositionally Disordered Doped with Cerium Crystalline Garnet Type Materials for Brighter and Faster Scintillations

Ce-doped tetracationic garnets (Gd, M)3Al2Ga3O12(M = Y, Lu) form a family of new multipurpose promising scintillation materials. The aim of this work was to evaluate the scintillation yield in the materials of quaternary garnets activated by cerium ions with partial isovalent substitution of the matrix-forming gadolinium ions by yttrium or lutetium ions.Materials were obtained in the form of polycrystalline ceramic samples, and the best results were shown by samples obtained from the raw materials produced by the coprecipitation method. It was found that ceramics obtained from coprecipitated raw materials ensure a uniform distribution of activator ions in the multi-cationic matrices, which enables the high light yield and fast scintillation kinetics of the scintillation. It was demonstrated that the superstoichiometric content of lutetium/gadolinium in the material is an effective method to suppress phosphorescence accompanied scintillation. For ceramics with the composition (Gd, Lu)3Al2Ga3O12 , a scintillation yield of more than 50.000 ph/MeV was achieved. The scintillation kinetics was measured to be close to the kinetics with a decay constant of 50 ns.In terms of the set of the parameters, the developed scintillation materials are close to the recently developed alkali halide materials LaBr3:Ce, GdBr3:Ce. Moreover, they have high mechanical hardness, are characterized by the absence of hygroscopicity, and are better adapted to the manufacture of pixel detectors used in modern devices for medical diagnostics.

Unraveling the potential of Gd doping on mullite Bi2Fe4O9 for fiber optic ethanol gas detection at room temperature

Development of multiferroic materials is gaining importance due to its potential multifunctional properties, in addition to their non-toxicity and cost effectiveness. Herein, the gas sensing properties of multiferroics at room temperature (RT) would serve to overcome the limitations in volatile gas sensing for industrial applications, due to their rapid response, recovery time and their high chemical inertness. In this study, conventional solid state ball milling technique was employed to synthesize pristine Bi2Fe4O9 (BFO) and Gadolinium doped Bi2Fe4O9 (BGFO). X-ray diffraction study (XRD), Raman spectra and X-ray photo-electron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis confirmed that Gadolinium (Gd) ions were incorporated into the Bi site of the orthorhombic BFO lattice without altering the structure. Further, optical analysis showed enhanced absorption and improved conduction respectively with narrow band gap, in particular for BGFO3 (3% (w/w) Gd doped BFO) sample, which is in good agreement with electronic study. Importantly, clad modified fiber optic gas sensing study inferred superior ethanol gas sensing (0–500 ppm) at room temperature for BGFO3 compared to BFO with high sensitivity (%); quick response and recovery period of about 38 s and 67 s respectively. All these results emphasize on RT multifunctional properties of Gd doped BFO with a spiked ethanol gas sensing ability suited for industrial applications.

Evaluation of effective parameters on the non-aqueous solvent extraction of samarium and gadolinium to n-dodecane/D2EHPA

In this study, the non-aqueous solvent extraction is used for the extraction of samarium and gadolinium ions. The aqueous phase comprises ethylene glycol (+1 M LiCl) and metal ions. The various extractants such as D2EHPA, Cyanex272, TOPO, Alamine336 was employed in n-dodecane as a less polar organic phase. The effect of various parameters was investigated on extraction, such as solvent type, extractant type and amount of phase ratio, pH, and temperature. The results showed that D2EHPA extractant diluted in n-dodecane with a concentration of 0.05 M could reach the desirability of extraction efficiency (higher than 89.5%). The optimal concentrations of nitric acid in the stripping stage for gadolinium, and samarium ions were obtained equal to 2 M and 1 M, respectively. The results showed that other rare earth elements (Y(III), and Dy(III)) could be extracted in this system with the non-aqueous system. Therefore, these systems in the leaching process for the extraction of the mixture of rare earth elements and their separation is recommended.

Strong spin–phonon coupling in Gd-filled nanotubes

To develop one-dimensional spintronic devices, we synthesize Gd-filled double-walled carbon nanotubes where the long spin-coherence time of a paramagnetic gadolinium (Gd3+) ion and the discrete phonon modes of a carbon nanotube can be combined. Here, we report Raman observation of spin–phonon coupling in the Gd-filled double-walled nanotubes by analyzing the low-temperature dependence of the dominant phonon modes (G-band). A G-band (ωGext+andωGint+) phonon frequency hardening is observed below a critical temperature of TC ∼ 110 K coinciding with the onset temperature of superparamagnetic behavior confirmed through magnetization studies. This anomalous behavior is ascribed to phonon renormalization induced by spin–phonon coupling interaction. The estimated spin–phonon coupling constant values are 12.2 and 5.0 cm−1 for Gext+ and Gint+ phonon modes, respectively, analyzed by comparing the phonon frequency variation (Δω) to magnetization as a function of temperature. Realizing a spin–phonon coupling (three times higher than for other multiferroic compounds) interface and modulating it in a one-dimensional system have potential benefit when designing effective molecular qubits.

Radioluminescence Response of Ce-, Cu-, and Gd-Doped Silica Glasses for Dosimetry of Pulsed Electron Beams.

Radiation-induced emission of doped sol-gel silica glass samples was investigated under a pulsed 20-MeV electron beam. The studied samples were drawn rods doped with cerium, copper, or gadolinium ions, which were connected to multimode pure-silica core fibers to transport the induced luminescence from the irradiation area to a signal readout system. The luminescence pulses in the samples induced by the electron bunches were studied as a function of deposited dose per electron bunch. All the investigated samples were found to have a linear response in terms of luminescence as a function of electron bunch sizes between Gy/bunch and Gy/bunch. The presented results show that these types of doped silica rods can be used for monitoring a pulsed electron beam, as well as to evaluate the dose deposited by the individual electron bunches. The electron accelerator used in the experiment was a medical type used for radiation therapy treatments, and these silica rod samples show high potential for dosimetry in radiotherapy contexts.

A tumor microenvironment responsive nanoplatform with oxidative stress amplification for effective MRI-based visual tumor ferroptosis

As a promising new form of non-apoptotic regulated cell death, ferroptosis has potential as an effective supplement to apoptosis-based cancer treatments. However, high intracellular glutathione (GSH) levels and insufficient hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in the tumor limit the efficacy of ferroptosis. Here, we designed a theranostic nanoplatform, named FCS/GCS, by incorporating amphiphilic polymer skeletal (P-SS-D), cinnamaldehyde prodrug (CA-OH) and iron ions (Fe3+)/gadolinium ions (Gd3+) via chelation reactions between Fe3+/Gd3+ and polyphenols. When delivered in the tumor microenvironment with high GSH level, the nanoparticles are depolymerized by the poly(disulfide) backbone of P-SS-D. The activated CA consumes the GSH and elevates intracellular H2O2, followed by a high level of Fenton reaction to generate abundant •OH levels. The generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) further accelerates CA activation. The GSH consumption by disulfide, CA and Fe3+, downregulates GPX4 and generates •OH, which accelerate lipid peroxides (LPO) accumulation and consequently enhances ferroptosis. Additionally, the released Gd3+ may serve as a contrast agent for tumor-specific T1-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Thus, the rationally designed FCS/GCS system is a promising strategy for effective MRI-based visual ferroptosis therapy. Statement of significanceFerroptosis is a new form of non-apoptotic regulated cell death and has potential as an effective supplement to apoptosis-based cancer treatment. However, the efficiency of ferroptosis is limited by excessive glutathione level and insufficient hydrogen peroxide level in tumor site. In this study, we fabricate a theranostic nanoplatform (FCS/GCS) to amplify oxidation stress in tumor site for effective ferroptosis-based cancer treatment, and tumor specific magnetic resonance imaging is introduced for supervision. Our nanoplatform may provide a promising strategy for MRI-based visual ferroptosis therapy with high specificity and efficiency.

An NMR relaxometry approach for quantitative investigation of the transchelation of gadolinium ions from GBCAs to a competing macromolecular chelator

Gadolinium-based contrast agents (GBCAs) have been used in clinical Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) for more than 30 years. However, there is increasing evidence that their dissociation in vivo leads to long-term depositions of gadolinium ions in the human body. In vitro experiments provide critical insights into kinetics and thermodynamic equilibria of underlying processes, which give hints towards the in vivo situation. We developed a time-resolved MRI relaxometry-based approach that exploits distinct relaxivities of Gd3+ in different molecular environments. Its applicability to quantify the transmetallation of GBCAs, the binding of Gd3+ to competing chelators, and the combined transchelation process is demonstrated. Exemplarily, the approach is applied to investigate two representative GBCAs in the presence of Zn2+ and heparin, which is used as a model for a macromolecular and physiologically occurring chelator. Opposing indirect impacts of heparin on increasing the kinetic stability but reducing the thermodynamic stability of GBCAs are observed. The relaxivity of resulting Gd-heparin complexes is shown to be essentially increased compared to that of the parent GBCAs so that they might be one explanation for observed long-term MRI signal enhancement in vivo. In forthcoming studies, the presented method could help to identify the most potent Gd-complexing macromolecular species.

Design of High-Relaxivity Polyelectrolyte Nanocapsules Based on Citrate Complexes of Gadolinium(III) of Unusual Composition.

Through nuclear magnetic relaxation and pH-metry, the details of the complexation of gadolinium(III) ions with citric acid (H4L) in water and aqueous solutions of cationic polyelectrolytes are established. It is shown that the presence of poly(ethylene imine) (PEI) in solution affects magnetic relaxation behavior of gadolinium(III) complexes with citric acid (Cit) to a greater extent than polydiallyldimethylammonium chloride (PDDC). A large increase in relaxivity (up to 50 mM−1s−1) in the broad pH range (4–8) is revealed for the gadolinium(III)–citric acid–PEI system, which is particularly strong in the case of PEI with the molecular weight of 25 and 60 kDa. In weakly acidic medium (pH 3–7), the presence of PEI results in the formation of two tris-ligand associates [Gd(H2L)3]3− and [Gd(H2L)2(HL)]4−, which do not exist in aqueous medium. In weakly alkaline medium (pH 7–10), formation of ternary complexes Gd(III)–Cit–PEI with the Gd(III)–to–Cit ratio of 1:2 is evidenced. Using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and dynamic light scattering techniques (DLS), the formation of the particles with the size of 50–100 nm possessing narrow molecular-mass distribution (PDI 0.08) is determined in the solution containing associate of PEI with tris-ligand complex [Gd(H2L)2(HL)]4−.

Heterodinuclear Cu–Gd (3d-4f) complex with di-compartmental Schiff base ligand in biological activity: Synthesis, crystal structure, catecholase activity and DNA & BSA-binding studies

A dinuclear CuII-GdIII Schiff base complex (a di-compartmental Schiff base ligand derived from o-vanillin) nominated as: 1,3-propanediyl-bis(2-iminomethylene-6-methoxy-phenol) (H2valpn) was synthesized in two steps. To characterize the compounds, single-crystal X-ray crystallography, UV–Vis spectroscopy, IR spectroscopy, and elemental analyses were used. The crystalline sample of the heterodinuclear complex revealed the structure of general formula [(valpn) (H2O) CuII GdIII (NO3)3], with the copper ion located in a square pyramidal section (with an axial aqua ligand) and the gadolinium (III) ion located in the open compartment, in which 10 oxygen atoms from three chelating nitrate ions and a Schiff base ligand surrounded it. To study the applications of the complex, the binding affinity of the complex with FS-DNA was studied by UV–Vis spectroscopy, fluorescence spectroscopy, viscosity measurements, cyclic voltammetry (CV) and circular dichroism (CD). From all of these methods, intercalation was suggested as the main mode of binding. The complex was also checked in interaction with Bovine serum albumin (BSA) by using UV–Vis and fluorescence spectroscopy. Cytotoxicity was tested by MTT assay toward HeLa, LNCaP, and MCF-7 cancer cell lines. Moreover, the docking calculation was performed and these results confirmed the experimental results. The mechanism and kinetics of the catalytic activity of the complex in the oxidation reaction of 3,5-di-tert-butylcatechol, was studied at 298 K.

Magnetic Properties and SAR for Gadolinium-Doped Iron Oxide Nanoparticles Prepared by Hydrothermal Method

This study is an attempt to produce gadolinium-doped iron oxide nanoparticles for the purpose of utilization in magnetic fluid hyperthermia (MFH). Six gadolinium-doped iron oxide samples with varying gadolinium contents (GdxFe3−xO4,x=0, 0.02, 0.04, 0.06, 0.08, 0.1) were prepared using the hydrothermal method at 180 °C and high vapor pressure to incorporate gadolinium ions in the iron oxide structure. The samples were indexed as GdIO/x, with x varying from 0.0 to 0.1. The results reveal that gadolinium ions have a low solubility limit in the iron oxide lattice (x = 0.04). The addition of gadolinium caused distortion in the produced maghemite phase and formation of other phases. Based on X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis and photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), it was observed that gadolinium mostly crystalized as gadolinium hydroxide, Gd (OH)3 for gadolinium concentrations above the solubility limit. The measured magnetization values are consistent with the formed phases. The saturation magnetization values for all gadolinium-doped samples are lower than the undoped sample. The specific absorption rate (SAR) for the pure iron oxide samples was measured. Sample GdIO/0.04, pure iron oxide doped with gadolinium, showed the highest potential to produce heat at a frequency of 198 kHz. Therefore, the sample is considered to hold great promise as an MFH agent.

Preparation and MRI performances of core-shell structural PEG salicylic acid-gadolinium composite nanoparticles

Gadolinium (III)-based T1 contrast agents have been widely used in clinical MRI. In this study, salicylic acid-gadolinium chelate was prepared via directly coordination reaction of gadolinium ion and salicylic acid. Then, three polyethylene glycols with different molecular weight were modified on the surface of salicylic acid-gadolinium by simple chemical coupling to construct three core-shell structural Gd based composites. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) characterization results show that the composite is a spherical particle with a diameter of about 100–200 nm. The longitudinal relaxation rate r1 of the Gal-PEG-2000 is 11.097 (mmol/L)−1/s, and the ratio of r2/r1 is as low as 2.53. The composite shows good liver and intestines MRI performances after being used in in vivo imaging, showing a good prospect of biological application.