GA3 Solution Research Articles

EFFECTIVENESS OF GIBBERELLINS IN BREAKING DORMANCY OF SNAKEFRUIT SEEDS (SALACCA SNAKEFRUIT GEARTNER)

This study aims to examine the effectiveness of gibberellins in breaking dormancy to produce high viability snakefruit (Salacca snakefruit Geartner) seeds. The materials used are snakefruit seeds from Tamareja Village, Donggala Regency, sterile sand media, aquades, and GA3 solution. This research was arranged using a completely randomized design (CRD) with one factor, namely the provision of gibberellin, consisting of five levels of concentration, namely P0 = control (without treatment), P1 = 30 ppm and P2 = 40 ppm P3 = 50 ppm P4 = 60 ppm. each treatment was repeated five times so that there were 25 experimental units. Each experimental unit used 20 seeds. Observation data were analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA), followed by Tukey' HSD test if the treatment tested showed a significant effect. The results showed that gibberellin administration effectively broke snakefruit seeds' dormancy and produced seeds with high viability. The higher the gibberellins' concentration would increase germination speed plumule length, radicle length, and faster embryo axis emergence. Gibberellin 60 ppm resulted in germination power 98%, germination rate 20.97 days, plumule length 5.52 cm, radicle length 5.15 cm, and embryo axis emergence 9.2 days.

Breaking the Dormancy of Snake's Head Fritillary (Fritillaria meleagris L.) In Vitro Bulbs-Part 2: Effect of GA3 Soaking and Chilling on Sugar Status in Sprouted Bulbs.

The bulb is the main propagation organ of snake’s head fritillary (Fritillaria meleagris L.), a horticulturally attractive and rare geophyte plant species. In this study, we investigated the effect of soaking bulbs in GA3 solution (1, 2, and 3 mg L−1) combined with low-temperature treatment (7 °C) on breaking the dormancy of in vitro bulbs. Sugar status (total soluble sugars, glucose, and fructose content) was analyzed in different parts of the sprouted bulbs. The results showed that the soluble sugar concentration was highest in bulbs soaked in GA3. The main sugar in fritillary bulbs was glucose, while fructose content was much lower. Glucose concentration dramatically increased after bulb chilling (7 °C), and its accumulation was predominantly detected in the lower sprout portion during the first weeks of sprouting. Sugar concentration was significantly lower in nonchilled bulbs, which indicates the importance of low temperature in bulb development and sprouting.

Effect of growing media and GA3 on seed germination, growth and survival of Acid lime (Citrus aurantifolia Swingle) var. Kagzi seedling

A field experiment was carried out at Fruit Research Station Imalia, Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture, JNKVV Jabalpur to assess the effect of growing media and GA3 on seed germination, growth and survival of Acid lime (Citrus aurantifolia Swingle) var. Kagzi. The treatments comprised five levels of seeds soaking in GA3 solutions and four different growing media were arranged thrice in Randomised Block Design. It was observed that the seed soaked with 150 ppm concentration of GA3 and growing media comprising soil + slurry enrich with Azotobacter significantly improve the parameters with regard to day taken to initiate germination, to attained 50% germination, germination at 30 days after sowing, height of shoot, stem girth, number of leaves, total length of seedling, fresh weight of shoots, dry weight of shoots, fresh weight of roots, dry weight of roots, length of taproot, number of secondary roots, seedling vigour index I, seedling vigour index II, survival percentage of seedling. The higher value of physiological parameter were also recorded with seed soaked with 150 ppm concentration of GA3 and growing media comprising soil + slurry enrich with Azotobacter individually.

Cluster and Berry Characteristics of Grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) as Influenced by Thinning Agents and Gibberrelic Acid Applications

Some cultivars of grapevine have very compact cluster which adversely affect its quality and marketability. ‘Yaghouti’ is a commercial early table grape cultivar that has very compact clusters. The present study was conducted to assess the effects of mechanical and chemical thinning as well as GA3 application on cluster morphology and berry size of grapevine cv. ‘Yaghouti’. Treatments were chemical thinning agents including: NAA (7.5 and 15 mg/L), Ethephon (75 and 150 mg/L), Sevin (750 and 1500 mg/L) and mechanical thinning by a comb (comb thinning), applied a week after fruit set and unthinned clusters as control with 3 replications, 10 days after thinning, clusters were immersed in GA3 solution at 60 mg/L. Results indicated that berry numbers were reduced in all thinning treatments. Length, width and weight of berries increased significantly when treated with hand or chemical thinning. GA3 alone and Sevin at 750 mg/L in combination with GA3 treatment improved yield and the quality of berries. Total phenolics compounds, TSS and berries colour were improved in all thinning treatments. In general, application of Sevin at 750 mg/L combined with GA3 and hand thinning along with GA3 are proposed to improve quality of grapevine berries.

Nanometer accuracy statistical interferometric technique in monitoring the short-term effects of exogenous plant hormones, auxin and gibberellic acid, on rice plants.

Statistical interferometric technique (SIT) is a highly sensitive, high speed non-contact, and non-destructive optical technique developed by our group capable of measuring instantaeoues sub-nanometer displacements. SIT applied to plant leaf elongation revealed nanometric intrinsic fluctuaitons (NIF) that are robust and sensitive to variations in the environment making NIF as a measure of healthiness of the plants. In this study, exogenous plant hormones, auxin (2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid-2,4-D), and gibberellic acid (GA3), along with an auxin transport inhibitor 2,3,5-triiodobenzoic acid-TIBA, that affect plant growth were used to investigate their effects on NIF. Rice (Oriza sativa) seedlings were used, and their roots were exposed to 1, 2, and 4 µM 2,4-D, and the auxin transport inhibitor, TIBA, of 10, and 20 µM for 22 h and GA3 solution of different concentrations of 10, 40, and 100 µM for 5 h. Results showed significant increment in NIF for 1 µM and reduction for 4 µM 2,4-D while applicaiton of both 10, and 20 µM TIBA led to reduction in NIF. On the other hand, significant increment in NIF for 40 µM, and a significant reduction at a higher concentration of 100 µM for 5 hours of GA3 were also observed in comparison to those of control. Our results indicate that NIF as revealed by SIT could show both the positive and negative effects depending on the concentration of exogenous hormones, and transport inhibitors. Results suggest that SIT could be a valuable tool being sensitive enough to speedily assess the effects of plant growth hormones.

Treatments of Gibberellic Acid for Vegetative Growth, Tuber Yield and Quality of Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) in the Central Highlands of Ethiopia

The productivity of potato is low owing to a number of constraints including poor sprouting due to dormancy, which leads to delayed planting and poor crop emergence and vigor. The study was conducted during 2008-2009 with the objectives to determine the effects of different methods and rates of gibberellic acid (GA3) application on dormancy attributes, tuber yield and quality of potato, and its subsequent generation of Gera cultivar. Five levels of GA3 (0, 250,500,750 and 1000 ppm), as haulm application a week prior to haulm destruction, and five levels of GA3 (10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 ppm), as dipping treatments immediately after harvest for 24hrs, were used as treatments. The treatments were arranged in randomized completed block design with three replications both for planting and storage. The result showed that GA3 application affected dormancy period, tuber yield and quality. Haulm applications of GA3 increased marketable tuber and tuber yield per hill as compared to untreated tubers. Moreover, haulm application of GA3 increased dry matter content as compared to the control, while the increment in the dry matter content was also observed in response to dipping the seed tuber. In the same manner, dipping seed tubers in GA3 solution increased tuber specific gravity of the next generation as compared to the control. Therefore, significant increase in tuber number and weight due to GA3 application contributed to the increase of total tuber yield. Both haulm application and dipping treatments of GA3 at higher rates resulted in high total, marketable tuber yield along with significant dry matter content and tuber specific gravity, which help the producers to boost their produce.

ВМІСТ ФОТОСИНТЕТИЧНИХ ПІГМЕНТІВ У РОСЛИНАХ РОДУ CARLINA L. У ПРИРОДІ ТА КУЛЬТУРІ IN VITRO

im. The aim of the study was to choose conditions for rooting improvement of in vitro cultivated plants of some species of Carlina L. genus. Methods. For receiving and rooting of aseptic sprouts, seeds of Carlina acaulis L., Carlina cirsioides Klok and Carlina onopordifolia Besser ex Szafer, Kulcz. et Pawl were subjected to presowing treatment with gibberellic acid solution (GA3) or indolebyturic acid solution (IBA). Sterilized seeds were planted in sterile Petri dishes on semi-solid Murashige, Skoog nutrient medium with half-strength concentrations of macro- and microsalts without growth regulators. Results. It was found that with the seed soaking of C. acaulis, C. cirsioides and C. onopordifolia in GA3 solution the percentage of root formation amounted to 33.3 %, 33.3 % and 22.2 % respectively. Presowing treatment of carlina seeds in IBA solution with concentration of 1000 mg for 2–4 hours before sterilization gave a positive effect: the percentage of root formation for C. acaulis, C. cirsioides and C. onorordifolia was 2.4–4.5 times higher compared to the treatment with GA3 solution. Conclusions. To form the root system of carlina plants it is effective to soak the seeds in the solution of IBA. Thus we were able to increase the percentage of rooting of C. sirsioides and C. onorordifolia plants to 100 %, C. acaulis plants – up to 80 % and avoid sprouts’ injury and changes in the concentrations of the IBA, which may occur during sterilization at high temperatures by using non-sterile solution of growth regulators.

Effect of different horticultural techniques on quality flower production of Gladiolus grandiflorus cv. PDKV gold

The investigation entitled “Effect of different horticultural techniques on quality flower production of Gladiolus grandiflorus cv. PDKV Gold” was carried out during kharif season of the year 2017-18 and 2018-19 at Floriculture unit, Department of Horticulture, Dr. PDKV., Akola. Vegetative and flowering parameter of gladiolus as affected by different horticultural techniques such as corm sizes viz. jumbo size corm (> 5.1 cm), large sized corm (3.8 to 5.0 cm), medium (3.2 to 3.7 cm) small size corm (3.1 to 2.5 cm) mechanical removal of apical bud (3.8 to 3.2 cm), half corm division (3.2 to 3.7 cm), soaking of corms in 200 ppm GA3 solution for 24 hr (3.2 - 3.7 cm) and clipping of leaves (3.2 to 3.7 cm) were evaluated under natural agro-climatic conditions of Akola. The experiment was laid out in accordance with Complete Randomized Design with eight treatments replicated three times. Regarding growth parameters it was observed that days required for sprouting of corm, number of shoots per corm, plant height, number of leaves per plant, (at 30, 60, 90 and 120 DAP) length and breadth of leaves, jumbo size corm perform the best as compared to medium, small corms and other treatments with maximum values (3.93 days), (2.03), (49.10, 91.63, 111.27 and 113.10 cm), (3.33, 6.13, 8.87 and 9.33 cm), (85.55 and 2.82 cm). Similar results were observed with flowering parameters. In flowering parameter such as minimum days for spike emergence, days to 1st floret opening, days to 50% flowering (77.78, 82.08, 87.13 days respectively) and maximum number of spikes plant-1 (1.67) and ha-1 (1.48 lakh) was recorded in jumbo size corm than large and small size corm. In case of quality parameter maximum length of spike (103.47 cm), diameter of spike (1.44 cm), length of rachis (55.80 cm), number of florets spike-1 (17.88), diameter of open floret (9.32 cm) and vase life of spike (10.95 days) was observed by plants raised from jumbo sized corm.

Response of axillary bud development in garlic (Allium sativum L.) to seed cloves soaked in gibberellic acid (GA3) solution

Gibberellins (GAs) are important phytohormones that regulate many developmental processes in plants. Clove, as the reproductive organ of garlic, dramatically affected garlic bulb development. Considering the potential of gibberellins in plant development and our previous studies, we investigated the effect of soaking two types of seed cloves (seed clove-I: without root/shoot sprouting; seed clove-II: with root/shoot sprouting) in GA3 solution on axillary bud development and examined the effect of soaking seed cloves in GA3 solution on bulb development, phytohormone level and sugar content in this study. Results indicated seed clove types, soaking liquids and their interaction significantly affected the number of cloves per bulb and the rate of single-clove bulb. Moreover, soaking seed cloves in 1 mmol L−1 GA3 solution for 24 h not only promoted axillary bud formation and secondary plant growth (equal to tillering or branching), but also slightly increased the number of cloves per bulb and changed bulb structure with a low yield and marketable quality. On the 40th day after GA3 treatment (at axillary bud outgrowth stage), zeatin riboside (ZR) and soluble protein in stem were sharply increased with the increase of GA3, sucrose, fructose and soluble protein in leaf. However, GA3, indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), soluble sugar and sucrose in stem (3.52 ng g−1 fresh weight (FW), 19.88 ng g−1 FW, 237.3 mg g−1 FW, and 8.24 mg g−1 FW, respectively) were significantly decreased on the 40th day after GA3 treatment, compared to the control of water treatment (5.56 ng g−1 FW, 32.96 ng g−1 FW, 263.6 mg g−1 FW, and 10.37 mg g−1 FW, respectively). To our knowledge, these novel results indicate seed cloves soaked in GA3 solution promotes axillary bud formation and outgrowth that caused the changes in plant architecture and bulb structure. Meanwhile, our findings suggest that the level of endogenous plant hormone (GA3, IAA and ZR) cooperates with the content of sugar (sucrose and fructose) in leaf and stem to regulate axillary bud outgrowth in garlic.

Effect of horticultural techniques on corm and cormel production of Gladiolus grandiflorus cv. PDKV gold

The investigation entitled “Effect of horticultural techniques on corm and cormel production of Gladiolus grandiflorus cv. PDKV Gold” was carried out during kharif season of the year 2017-18 and 2018-19 at Floriculture unit, Department of Horticulture, Dr. PDKV., Akola. Vegetative, flowering and yield i.e. corm characteristics of gladiolus as affected by different horticultural techniques such as four different corm sizes, jumbo size corm (> 5.1 cm), large sized corm (3.8 to 5.0 cm), medium (3.2 to 3.7 cm), small size corm (3.1 to 2.5 cm) mechanical removal of apical bud (3.8 to 3.2 cm), half corm division (3.2 to 3.7 cm), soaking of corms in 200 ppm GA3 solution for 24 hr (3.2 - 3.7 cm) and clipping of leaves (3.2 to 3.7 cm) were evaluated under natural agro-climatic conditions of Akola. The experiment was laid out in accordance with Complete Randomized Design with eight treatments replicated three times. Regarding growth parameters it was observed that days required for sprouting of corm, number of shoots per corm, plant height, number of leaves per plant, (at 30, 60, 90 and 120 DAP) length and breadth of leaves, jumbo size corm perform the best as compared to medium and small corms with maximum values (3.93 days), (2.03), (49.10, 91.63, 111.27 and 113.10 cm), (3.33, 6.13, 8.87 and 9.33 cm), (85.55 and 2.82 cm). Similar results were observed with flowering and yield parameters. In flowering parameter such as minimum days for spike emergence, days to 1st floret opening, days to 50% flowering (77.78, 82.08, 87.13 days respectively) and maximum number of spikes plant-1 (1.67) and ha-1 (1.48 lakh) was recorded in jumbo size corm than large and small size corm. Regarding yield parameter maximum number of corms and cormels plant-1(2.23, 19) and ha-1 (2.48, 21.11 lakh), weight of single corm (54.67 g), weight of corms plant-1 (106.85 g) ha-1 (117.93 q) and diameter of corm (6.41 cm) was recorded in jumbo size corm. In case of quality parameter maximum length of spike, diameter of spike, length of rachis, number of florets spike-1 diameter of open floret and vase life of spike was observed by plants raised from jumbo sized corm.

Effect of planting dates and GA3 on growth, flowering and yield of golden rod

An experiment entitled “Effect of planting dates and GA3 on growth, flowering and yield of golden rod” was carried out during Kharif season of the year 2018-2019 at Satpuda Botanical Garden, Horticulture Section, College of Agriculture, Nagpur, Dr. PDKV, Akola (M.S.). The treatments comprised of four planting dates viz., 15th June, 15th July, 15th August and 15th September and three levels of GA3 viz. Control, 200 ppm GA3 and 250 ppm GA3. Before planting suckers of golden rod were dipped in GA3 solution of different concentrations as per the treatment for 6 hours. The experiment was laid out in Factorial Randomized Block Design with three replications. The results revealed that, in respect of growth parameters, plant height with panicle, number of leaves plant-1 and plant spread were recorded significantly maximum with the planting date of 15th June and suckers treatment with 200 ppm GA3. In respect of flowering parameters, initiation of panicle and opening of first flower were registered significantly earliest when golden rod suckers planted on 15th June and treated with 200 ppm GA3. The yield parameters like number of panicles plant-1 and ha-1 were also found significantly maximum with the planting date of 15th June and the sucker’s treatment with 200 ppm GA3.

Germination of Pulsatilla Seeds as Influenced by Seed Morphology, Moist 5 °C and Gibberellin (GA3) Treatment, and Detection of Nickel in Seeds

Seeds of Pulsatilla turczaninovii were categorized to full and empty seeds based on observations under a light microscope and on X-ray images. A germination test for full or empty seeds was evaluated as affected by the duration of gibberellin GA3 and the moist 5 °C cold stratification (CS) treatment. The morphological and elemental components of P. turczaninovii and P. cernua var. koreana seeds were analyzed using low-temperature scanning electron microscopy (LT-SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray diffraction analysis. The results showed that 64% of full and semifull P. turczaninovii seeds 10 weeks after harvesting germinated in 17 to 19 days; however, the germination rate, including empty and semiempty seeds, was lower (52.6%). Full seeds with damaged or dried vegetative organs (embryo or endosperm) and semifull seeds with severely damaged vegetative organs were observed, and this result could be related to low germination rates. Germination patterns of seeds stored dry at 5 °C for 44 weeks that showed a sigmoid pattern were increased by immersing seeds in a GA3 solution for 8 hours and treating seeds with 16 or 32 days of CS. More seeds germinated between 12 and 17 days (as compared with 17 to 29 days), especially when they were treated with GA3 and received 32 days of CS. Comparison of germination rates of visually full seeds upon harvest (52.6%) with those that had been stored dry for 44 weeks (26.3% to 29.7%) suggested that the viability of seeds may have decreased. Dormancy could be a factor that decreased germination and can be removed by low temperature and GA3 treatment. LT-SEM revealed a valley-like, sunken streak in empty seeds of P. cernua var. koreana. The nickel content in the trichome and seedcoat of full and empty seeds of both taxa ranged from 2.98 to 4.62 (weight %), as determined on X-ray images. Our study suggested that the low germination rate was due to either the presence of dormancy, damage to either embryo or endosperm, a loss in viability, or the presence of nickel in the seeds.

The influence of scarification and media containing vesicular arbuscular mycorrhiza on germination of sandalwood (Santalum album Linn) seeds

Sandalwood (Santalum album) is an essential species as containing fragrant substances in the heartwood. Seed germination is one of the essential keys to the success of sandalwood development, and the use of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhiza (VAM) is also essential to plant enhancement. This study aimed to obtain information on the influence of scarification techniques and the use of VAM on germination media to sandalwood seed germination. Five scarification treatments (control, soaked in water for 24 and 48 hours, GA3 300 and 500 ppm for 17 hours) and two VAM application (with and without VAM) were employed (split-plot with completely randomized design (CRD)). The result showed that the cumulative germination was higher on the seed with scarification of soaked in GA3 solution 300 and 500 ppm than control, soaked in water 24 H and 48 H. This pattern also appeared on germination index. Mean germination time showed slower on control, soaked in water 24 H and 48 H than the use of GA3 300 and 500 ppm. The use of VAM did not significantly affect the cumulative germination, germination index, and mean germination time. A time-series observation showed that seed sown on media with VAM tended to germinate slower than media without VAM.

Dormancy characteristics and germination requirements of Phoebe bournei seed

In order to determine the dormant type, and improve germination of Phoebe bournei seeds, some measures, including stratification and GA3 solution soaking, had been taken, and the germination percentage, water permeability, respiration rate and germination inhibitory substance of Phoebe bournei seeds were investigated. The results showed that although the testa was water permeable, the fresh seed testa had some effect for the low respiration rate and low germination percentage of the seeds. In addition, the Phoebe bournei seeds contained some germination inhibitory substance which retarded seed germination. These indicated that the dormancy type of Phoebe bournei seeds belongs to physiological dormancy (PD). The respiration rate of the Phoebe bournei seeds was improved continuously with prolonging wet sand stratification at 4 ± 1 °C, and the dormancy of the Phoebe bournei seeds was released gradually thus the germination was early and quick, and germination percentage increased steadly (the germination percentage increased from 23.3% to 91.3% for the seeds stratification from 0 to 60 days). The dormancy was also released and the germination percentage increased while the Phoebe bournei seeds were treated with GA3 solution of different concentrations, and the 800 mg.L−1 solution had the best effect.

Gibberellic Acid (GA3) and Potassium Nitrate (KNO3): The Influence and Interaction inThe Senescence Process in White Rosa Sp.


 The purpose of this study was to find out whether the combination of KNO3 and GA3 solutions were more effective than a single solution of KNO3 or GA3 in keeping the freshness of cut flowers. The research was conducted in Botanical Laboratory, Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences University of Lampung from November to December 2017. The experiment was conducted in 2 x 3 factorial experiment with factor A is GA3 solution with 3 concentration level: 0% w/v, 25% w/v, and 0.5% w/v. Factor B is KNO3 solution with 2 concentration levels: 0% w/v and 5% w/v. The parameters of this study were fresh weight, dry weight, relative water content, total chlorophyll content, total chlorophyll of leaves, and total carbohydrate content of rose cut flowers. Measurements were made 7 days after the immersion of cut flowers in KNO3 or GA3 solution, and mixed both. Homogeneity of variance and analysis of variance is determined at confidence level 5%. KNO3 simple effect at every level of GA3 concentration is determined by the F test at 5%. The results showed that there was no interaction between GA3 and KNO3 to fresh weight, dry weight, relative water content and chlorophyll content a, b and total white roses, but KNO3 reduced fresh weight of cut flowers by 48.15% and dry weight 58.60%. KNO3 increased the relative water content of white rose flowers by 6.85%. The results of the study concluded that the combination of GA3 and KNO3 is not effective to keep the freshness of white rose flowers cut.

Effect of the mode and time of gibberellic acid treatment on plant architecture and bulb structure in garlic (Allium sativum L.)

Garlic (Allium sativum L.) bulb, as the main propagation organ, is consumed worldwide for its flavor and medicinal value. Our previous work showed that injecting plant with gibberellic acid (GA3) can dramatically increase the clove number per bulb to improve propagation efficiency of garlic. However, how the mode and time of application of GA3 affect plant architecture and bulb structure remains largely unknown. Herein, we investigated the effect of both soaking seed clove in GA3 solution for different durations (6, 12, 24 and 48 h, respectively) and injecting plant with GA3 at seven growth stages (30, 60, 90, 120, 150, 180 and 210 days after planting) on plant growth and bulb development in garlic cultivar G024. It was evident that soaking seed clove in GA3 solution for 48 h induced secondary plant (equated with tiller or lateral branch) formation and significantly increased the incidence rate of secondary plant, clove number per bulb and bulb weight. In 2016–2017 and 2017–2018, clove number per bulb (19.59 and 19.64, respectively) and bulb weight (50.72 g and 48.82 g, respectively) were sharply increased by injection of GA3 at 30 days after planting (DAP), as compared to control (12.14 and 11.75, respectively; 37.53 g and 36.72 g, respectively). No difference in clove number per bulb among control, “GA3 180 DAP” and “GA3 210 DAP” was recorded. Furthermore, soluble sugar content in stem was higher at 4 days after GA3 treatment and was lower at 32 days after GA3 treatment, as compared to control. At 8, 16 and 32 days after GA3 treatment, soluble protein content in stem (4.28, 4.55 and 7.32 mg g−1 FW, respectively) was always higher than control (2.52, 3.44 and 5.81 mg g−1 FW, respectively).In summary, soaking seed clove in 1 mM L−1 GA3 solution for 48 h is a better way to increase bulb weight but caused a decrease in bulb commodity quality. While injecting plant with 1 mM L−1 GA3 at 60, 90 or 120 DAP can be used for increasing clove number per bulb to improve propagation efficiency of garlic. Exogenous GA3 induced axillary bud formation of garlic via the changes of soluble sugar content and soluble protein content in stem.

PENGARUH ASAM GIBERELAT (GA3) DAN KALIUM NITRAT (KNO3) SERTA INTERAKSINYA TERHADAP SENESCENCE BUNGA POTONG GERBERA PUTIH (Gerbera jamesonii).

The purpose of this study was to decide whether the mixture of KNO3 and GA3 solutions was more effective than a single solution of KNO3 or GA3 in maintaining the freshness of cut flowers. The study was conducted at the Botanical Laboratory of the Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Lampung from November - December 2017. The research was carried out in a 2 x 3 factorial experiment with reason A was the GA3 solution with 3 concentration levels: 0%, 0.5%, and 1%. Factor B is KNO3 solution with 2 concentration levels: 0% and 5%. The limits in this study were fresh weight, dry weight, relative water content, and total dissolved carbohydrate content of gerbera cut flowers, qualitative limits were the level of reducing sugars. Measurements were made 7 days after soaking cut flowers in KNO3 or GA3 solutions, and a mixture of both. Homogeneity of variance and analysis of variance were determined at a significant level of 5%. Simple effect of KNO3 at each concentration level of GA3 decide by F test at 5% significance level. The results showed that GA3 with a concentration of 0.25% and 0.5% increased the fresh weight and dry weight of Gerbera cut flowers. KNO3 0.5% much reduced the relative water content of Gerbera cut flowers. The interaction between GA3 and KNO3 does not much effect all freshness of cut flowers. From the results of the study concluded that the single treatment of GA3 was more effective than the combination treatment of GA3 and KNO3 in maintaining the freshness of Gerbera cut flowers.

Effect of pre-germinative treatments on <i>Nothofagus glauca</i> seed germination and seedling growth

Background: Nothofagus glauca (Phil.) Krasser (Nothofagaceae, “Hualo”) is an endemic tree of the Mediterranean zone of Chile. The natural forests in this area have been severely fragmented as a result of human causes such as replacement by agricultural crops and fast-growing tree species. From 1975, these forests have declined from 900,000 ha to 145,000 ha, so it is categorised on the IUCN Red List as ‘vulnerable’. In restoring this ecosystem, efforts should focus, in part, on the propagation of quality stock. However, information on propagation systems is still insufficient.
 Methods: We aimed to analyse the effect of different pre-germinative treatments and sowing times on seed germination, and seedling growth and quality. The pre-germinative treatments were: (i) cold stratification; (ii) soaking in gibberellic acid (GA3) and thiourea solution; and (iii) nursery cultivation, while the sowing times were July, August and September.
 Results: A high germination capacity was achieved by: soaking the seeds in GA3 solution irrespective of concentration; stratifying, irrespective of period; or soaking in 7.5 mg L-1 thiourea solution, values significantly varied from that of the control treatments. The sowing time was not relevant in terms of the percentage of germination or seedling development. Stratification at 5°C for 60 days produced the best quality indices for N. glauca seedlings but no significant differences were found in any of the morphological attributes tested as a result of the pre-germinative treatments.
 Conclusions: The pre-germinative treatments significantly improved the germination and seedlings growth of N. glauca. Cold stratification at 5°C for 60 days is recommended as it produced suitable seedlings for field establishment. Gibberellic acid and thiourea did not produce important effects on seedling growth. Our results suggest the presence of endogenous physiological dormancy of the N. glauca seeds. The results of this study provide important information on propagation and nursery techniques of N. glauca, which can be used in restoration programmes.

Growth and Flower Bud Induction in Strawberry ‘Sulhyang’ Runner Plant as Affected by Exogenous Application of Benzyladenine, Gibberellic Acid, and Salicylic Acid

Strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa) is one of the most important and popular fruit crops in the world, and ‘Sulhyang’ is one of the principal cultivars cultivated in the Republic of Korea for the domestic market. The growth and flower induction in strawberry is the process which influences directly on fruit bearing and yield of this crop. In this study, effect of benzyladenine (BA), gibberellic acid (GA3), and salicylic acid (SA) on growth and flower bud induction in strawberry ‘Sulhyang’ was investigated. The 3-week-old runner plants, grown in 21-cell propagation trays, were potted and cultivated in growth chambers with 25oC/15oC (day/night) temperatures, 70% relative humidity (RH), and light intensity of 300 μmol·m-2·s-1 photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) provided by white light emitting diodes (LEDs). The runner plants were treated with one of three concentrations, 0 (control), 100, and 200 mg·L-1 of BA, GA3, or SA solution. The chemicals were sprayed two times on leaves of runner plants at an interval of two weeks. After 9 weeks the results showed that the application of all chemicals caused reduction of root length and chlorophyll (SPAD) content as compared to the control. The lowest chlorophyll (SPAD) content was recorded in plants treated with GA3. However, the treatment of 200 mg·L-1 GA3 promoted leaf area, leaf fresh weight, and plant fresh weight. The greatest flower induction (85%) and number of inflorescences (4.3 inflorescences per plant) were observed in the treatment of 200 mg·L-1 SA, followed by 100 mg·L-1 SA. Overall, results suggest that foliar application of GA3 solution could accelerate plant growth, while foliar application of SA solution could induce hastened flowering. Further studies may be needed to find out the relationship between GA3 and SA solutions treated in a combination, and the molecular mechanism involved in those responses observed.

Stratification period, imbibition time in solutions of GA3, H2O and NaClO in the germination of yellow araçá tree

Para iniciar a insercao de uma nova cultura, como e o caso do aracazeiro, e necessario tecnicas eficientes para producao de mudas de qualidade. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar periodo de estratificacao, bem como a aplicacao do tipo de solucao composta por GA 3 ou NaClO com o tempo de imersao, na influencia da germinacao de sementes de aracazeiro amarelo. Foi realizado experimento em DIC no arranjo multifatorial triplo [periodo de estratificacao x tipo de solucao x tempo de imersao na solucao]. Cinco periodos de estratificacao (0, 5, 10, 15, 20 dias), cinco tipos de solucao de imersao (nenhuma, H 2 O, NaClO 5%, GA 3 100 mg L -1 , GA 3 300 mg L -1 ) e tres tempos de imersao em solucao (seis, 12 e 24 horas) com quatro repeticoes de 100 sementes. Avaliou-se a germinacao, o indice de velocidade de germinacao (IVG) e o tempo medio de germinacao (TMG). O GA 3 mostrou-se promotor eficiente para rapida germinacao de sementes de aracazeiro. A estratificacao so e recomendada para sementes de aracazeiro amarelo se nao associados ao uso do GA 3 . Os periodos de estratificacao podem ter o vigor das sementes afetados se aumentar os tempos de embebicao nas solucoes.