Γ-methacryloxypropyl Trimethoxy Silane Research Articles

Preparation and Characterization of Magnetic SiO2/PSt Hollow Composite Microspheres via Miniemulsion Polymerization

In this work, a facile method was presented for the preparation of magnetic SiO2/PSt hollow composite micro- spheres via double in situ miniemulsion polymerization. Our approach was based on the in situ miniemulsion polymerization of organic monomers and in situ formation of silica from precursor (tetraethoxysilane, TEOS) within miniemulsion mono- mers droplets simultaneously. Firstly, monodisperse hydrophobic magnetic nanoparticles were synthesized by coprecipitation method as the literature reported. Then the as-prepared magnetic nanoparticles (MNP) were added in the mixtures of styrene (St), divinyl benzene (DVB), TEOS, and γ-methacryloxypropyl trimethoxy silane (MPS) to be used as the oil phase. Mag- netic nanoparticles were restricted in miniemulsion microreactor droplets via the miniemulsification process by sodium do- decyl sulfate (SDS) aqueous solution as a water phase. After the monomers polymerized, TEOS phase is compressed and restricted as a liquid core due to phase separation between TEOS and the growing polystyrene. When the ammonia was added, silica was in situ formed by the hydrolysis-condensation of TEOS under basic conditions. Because the volume of TEOS decreased dramatically, the original TEOS phase shrank into silica and led to the formation of hollow structure. Hol- low composite microspheres were characterized by Fourier-transformed infrared spectrum (FT-IR), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), thermogravimetry and differential analyses (TGA/DSC) and vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM), respectively. The results showed that in the absence of magnetic nanoparticles SiO2/PSt hollow composite microspheres with particle sizes in range of 300~600 nm were prepared successfully. With the addition of hydrophobic magnetic nanoparticles, the magnetic SiO2/PSt composite microspheres were fabricated conveniently with magnetic nanoparticles embedded in the polymeric shell, which remained the same hollow structure as the SiO2/PSt hollow composite microspheres. The inner void size of composite microspheres could be easily controlled by using varied TEOS contents in the miniemulsion formulation. The entrapment efficiency of magnetic nanoparticles in SiO2/PSt composite microspheres reached up to 86%. The magnetic SiO2/PSt hollow composite microspheres were superparamagnetic and their saturation magnetizations were 14.7 emu/g. The magnetic hollow composite microspheres may provide a very promising vehicle for drug delivery, catalysis, and photoelectric materials.

Transparent PMMA/silica nanocomposites containing silica nanoparticles coating under supercritical conditions

This work reports the preparation of PMMA/silica nanocomposites with high optical transparency and enhanced mechanical properties using a melt compounding method. The surface of SiO2 particles was modified with a γ-methacryloxypropyltrimethoxy silane coupling agent in a supercritical carbon dioxide-ethanol mixture and by conventional procedure. Dispersion of silica nanoparticles in ethanol at low temperatures plays an important role in deagglomeration and dispersion of nanosilica, which leads to the optimal particle-matrix bonding in composites. The optimal mechanical and optical properties were found for composites loaded with 5wt% silica nanoparticles treated under supercritical coating method.

Synthesis of Polystyrene/Polysilsesquioxane Core/Shell Composite Particles via Emulsion Polymerization in the Existence of Poly(γ-Methacryloxypropyl trimethoxysilane) Sol

Here, we synthesized the polystyrene/polysilsesquioxane (PS/PSQ) core/shell latex particles via emulsion polymerization, which behave as an amusing morphology. First, the nanosized PSQ particles were prepared by the hydrolysis-condensation reaction of γ-methacryloxypropyl trimethoxysilane (MPTS) in ethanol medium. Subsequently, the as-obtained methacryloxypropylene functionalized PSQ (PMPTS) sol was directly added into the emulsion system of styrene (St) monomer, and PS/PSQ composite particles with core/shell structure were obtained through emulsion polymerization. We found that the structure of the composite particles can be affected by the synthesis parameters such as reaction time, content of PMPTS added in the reaction, amount of coemulsifier, and the pH value of emulsion system, which were systemically explored by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscope (SEM), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering (DLS), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) in this work. These results indicate that the PMPTS particles in the size of about 5 nm could first absorb onto the surface of PS latex particles so as to assemble in a strawberry-like morphology. The further coalescence among the PMPTS particles would result in a continuous PMPTS shell around the PS core. Moreover, the hollow PSQ capsules were prepared after extraction of the PS core by organic solvent, further confirming the core/shell structure of the as-synthesized PS/PMPTS particles. Meanwhile, we also explored the application of the PS/PSQ core/shell particles as a new kind of Pickering emulsifier in the emulsion polymerization of St, and composite particles with complex patchy morphologies have been obtained finally under different ratios of styrene monomer to PS/PMPTS colloidal emulsifier.

Properties and Antimicrobial Activity of Nanosilver Deposited Cotton Fabric Coated with γ-Methacryloxypropyl Trimethoxysilane

The simple and industrially adjustable process of silver nanoparticles deposition on cotton fabric followed by coating with γ-methacryloxypropyl trimethoxysilane (MPS), as well as the properties of obtained nanocomposite has been investigated. Silver nanoparticles were prepared through the reduction of silver nitrate with sodium borohydrate and deposited on cellulose fabric. In order to stabilize obtained nanostructured material and improve its properties, the fabric was treated by immersion in cross linkable MPS. The morphology of the finished fabrics was characterized by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). It has been determined that process does not impair nanocharacter of silver particles and yield uniform distribution throughout the fabric surface. The concentration of Ag in the fabric samples was determined by Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectroscopy (ICP-MS). The average deposited amount of nanoparticles was found to be 63 ppm and 48 ppm for samples without and those with MPS, respectively. The character of obtained polysiloxane coating was examined using Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. The presence of SiOSi bonds on the cellulose surface pointed out to self-condensation between silanol groups. Differential Thermal and Thermo-Gravimetric Analysis (DTA/TGA) revealed that MPS deposited on fabric provided modification of thermal properties. The change of the surface properties after the modification was ascertained by contact angle measurements. The antimicrobial activity of the antibacterial finish on the cotton fabric, expressed as bacterial reduction efficiency, has been determined. Bacterial reduction of at least 88.5% against both, Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli, has been obtained.

PVA-based cation exchange hybrid membranes with multifunctional groups prepared from ternary multisilicon copolymer

Multisilicon copolymers are put forward as new types of crosslinking agents for preparing ion exchange hybrid membranes. Ternary multisilicon copolymer is prepared from copolymerization of maleic anhydride (MA), sodium styrene sulfonate (SSS) and γ-methacryloxypropyl trimethoxy silane (γ-MPS). The obtained copolymer is then crosslinked with polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) to yield cation exchange hybrid membranes. The membranes contain multifunctional groups including SO3Na, COOH and SiOH from the multisilicon copolymer and COH from PVA, which can form crosslinking structure through SiOSi, SiOC and (CO)OC bonding.The membranes have the tensile strength (TS) of 25.6–32.1MPa and elongation at break (Eb) of 68–161%. The swelling resistance at room temperature or 65°C increases with the dosage of multisilicon copolymer. The membranes are used in diffusion dialysis (DD) process for potential application in alkali recovery. The dialysis coefficients of OH− (UOH) are in the range of 0.011–0.019m/h at 20°C and 0.021–0.031m/h at 40°C, higher than those of commercial sulfonated poly(2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene oxide) (SPPO) membrane (0.002m/h at 25°C) or other PVA-based hybrid membranes. The DD performances cannot be well explained by the ion transport mechanism based on “three phase” membrane structure, or by the change of water uptake (WR), ion exchange capacity (IEC) and fixed group concentration (CR). The uniqueness of the membrane structure, as well as the presence of multifunctional groups has to be taken into account, which gives some insight as to future DD membrane design objectives.

PVA-based hybrid membranes from cation exchange multisilicon copolymer for alkali recovery

Cation exchange multisilicon copolymers i.e. copolymers containing pendent siloxane and SO3Na groups are developed from the copolymerization of sodium styrene sulfonate (SSS) and γ-methacryloxypropyl trimethoxy silane (γ-MPS). The copolymerization process can proceed smoothly without formation of gel. The copolymers are compatible with water, and can produce transparent and homogeneous solutions when mixed with poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA), so that transparent and compact hybrid membranes are obtained.The membranes are thermally and mechanically stable, with initial decomposition temperatures of 237–273°C, tensile strength of 9.1–26.0MPa and elongation at break of 12.4–21.1%. The membranes have a water uptake (WR) of 30.0–54.8% and swelling degrees of 46–115% in 65°C water, which are mainly controlled by the content of Si(OCH3)3 groups in the mutlisilicon copolymers. Diffusion dialysis (DD) separation of NaOH/Na2WO4 solution indicates that the alkali dialysis coefficients (UOH) are in the range of 0.010–0.011m/h, higher than the values of commercial membrane (0.00137m/h) and other polymer based hybrid membranes (0.0014–0.0022m/h). The membrane structure and properties are correlated with the ions transport mechanism, revealing interesting findings as to the influence of IEC and different functional groups on DD behavior.

Effect of Water-Resistance Agent on the Performance and Surface Sizing Behavior of Styrene Acrylate Emulsion (SAE)

A series of starch-based styrene acrylate emulsion (SAE) modified with water-resistance agent were prepared by introducing rosin, organosilane(γ-amino propyl triethoxysilane (KH550), γ-(2,3-epoxypropoxy)-propytrimethoxysilane(KH560) and γ-methacryloxypropyl trimethoxy silane (KH570) as the functional monomer, respectively. In the reaction, starch(CS-8), which is low relative viscosity, was used as the emulsifier and dispersant. The optimum conditions of the reaction had especially been studied by orthogonal experiment and then the emulsion properties and surface sizing behaviors of the SAE modified with different kinds of water-resistance agents were compared. Finally, the products which had excellent properties were characterized and the sizing performance was investigated. The results showed that the excellent performance and good sizing effects of styrene acrylate emulsion (SAE) were achieved when the reaction conditions were as follows: rosin was selected as the water resistance-agent with the dosage of 2%(wt), the reaction temperature was 88°C, the mass ratio of St and BA was 9:11, the stirring speed was 130 round per minute and the dosage of initiator (APS), cationic monomer (DM) and CS-8 was 0.5%, 2%(wt) and 7%, respectively. The water-resistance properties of starch-based SAE were significantly improved by using rosin as the water-resistance agent and the surface sizing performance were better than that of the commercial AKD.

Silica Encapsulation by Miniemulsion Polymerization: Distribution and Localization of the Silica Particles in Droplets and Latex Particles

The impact of including hydrophobically modified silica on the morphology of miniemulsified monomer mixtures and that of the resulting polymer particles was investigated, with emphasis placed on the distribution and localization of the inorganic phase. Silica nanoparticles with diameters of 20 and 78 nm were first modified with γ-methacryloxypropyl trimethoxysilane (γ-MPS) to favor their dispersion in methyl methacrylate (MMA)/n-butyl acrylate (BuA) and mixtures of varying MMA to BuA weight ratios. The monomer-silica dispersions were then emulsified by ultrasonication, and the resulting silica-loaded droplets were examined using cryo-transmission electron microscopy (cryo-TEM). This represents the first time such silica-loaded nanodroplets were examined in this way. The results of the cryo-TEM show that whereas the silica particles could easily be dispersed in MMA or a mixture of MMA and BuA to produce stable dispersions, the emulsification step promotes the (re)localization of the silica at the oil-water interfaces. It was also shown that not all droplets are equal; some droplets and particles contain no silica whereas others contain many silica particles. After the subsequent polymerization step, the silica was buried inside the latex particles.

RTV Silicone Rubber Filled with Surface Modified Montmorillonite

The surface modification of pristine montmorillonite (MMT) with four kinds of coupling agents for reinforcement of the room temperature vulcanized vinyl-terminated polydimethylsiloxane (RTV PDMS) networks was investigated. The four coupling agents containing γ-glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane (KH-560), γ-methacryloxypropyltri methoxysilane (KH-570), isopropyl trioleic titanate (NDZ-105), and stearic acid (SA) without N, P, or S compounds were used because the coupling agents harmless to the platinum catalyst used normally in the curing of RTV vinyl-terminated PDMS. The interaction between MMT particles and coupling agents was confirmed by diffused reflectance infrared spectroscopy (DR-FTIR) tests. By scanning electron microscopy (SEM) characterization, surface modified MMT was dispersed heterogeneously in the PDMS matrix for all four coupling agents. By X-ray diffraction (XRD) characterization, the interlayer distances of the four surface modified MMT were not changed. Dielectric tests showed that the dielectric constant and dielectric loss of PDMS filled with KH-560, KH-570, and SA treated MMT were decreased comparing with those of PDMS filled with pristine MMT. With the increasing content of MMT treated with KH-570, the dielectric constant and dielectric loss value of PDMS composites increased.

Polyacrylonitrile/Silica Nanospheres with Three- Dimensional Interpenetrating Network Structure and Their Application for Removal of Pb(II) from Water

Polyacrylonitrile/silica nanospheres with three-dimensional interpenetrating network structure have been synthesized via emulsion polymerization method using 0.08 g azobisisbutyronitrile (AIBN) as initiator, 5 g acrylonitrile, and 5 g γ-methacryloxypropyl trimethoxy silane as monomer, 0.85 g dodecylbenzene sulfate as emulsifier at 60 °C for 10 h. The composition and morphology of the obtained nanospheres were investigated by infrared spectrum, thermogravimetric analysis, and scanning electron microscopy, respectively. The obtained polyacrylonitrile/silica nanospheres were used to investigate adsorption Pb(II) from aqueous solutions. The research results display that composite material has high adsorption capacity at optimum pH = 5. The maximum adsorption capacity was 0.108 mmol/g within 300 min at 25 °C. The pseudo-first-order equation and the pseudo-second-order equation are applied to analyze the experimental data. Adsorption behavior for Pb(II) onto nanospheres belongs to the pseudo-second-order kineti...

In situ synthesis of poly(acrylic acid) physical hydrogels from silicananoparticles

This paper introduces a versatile method to synthesize physical hydrogels by silica nanoparticle (SN) surface in situ polymerization. A series of poly(acrylic acid) chains were covalently grafted from the SNs that were treated with γ-methacryloxypropyl trimethoxy silane. The entanglements among the grafted chains constructed the hydrogel networks and the SNs played the role of ‘analogous crosslinking points’. The SNs were encapsulated by the grafted polymer chains and formed a ‘core–shell’ structure. It was found that the molecular weight of the grafted chains and the content and diameter of the SNs affected the hydrogel’s properties. In comparison with chemically crosslinked hydrogels, the hybrid hydrogels exhibited excellent mechanical properties and could endure stress as high as 3.16 MPa and an elongation of 440% at a water content of 100 wt%. The gel–sol phenomenon confirmed that this hybrid hydrogel belonged to the physically crosslinked type.

Preparation and characterisation of nano-ATO colloid suspension

Colloidal processing has been proved to be an ideal technology for nanopowder dispersion and to be an effective way to disperse nanopowders such as TiO 2 , ZnO, CaCO 3 , Cu, TiN, and so on. Few reports that are focused on the dispersion of nano-scaled ATO powder in aqueous media. In this Letter, the nano-ATO colloid suspension was prepared with colloidal processing. Nano-ATO powders were treated in aqueous media with ultrasonic wave and γ-methacryloxypropyl trimethoxy silane (MTS) was added as the coupling agent. The plausible modified mechanism of the silane coupling agent involves the hydrolysis of MTS, condensation of hydrolysis product and formation of a covalent bond, which is confirmed by Fourier transform infrared. Factors that affect the stability of nano-ATO colloid suspension were investigated in detail. Results show that the well-dispersed nano-ATO colloid suspension can be obtained under the following optimum conditions: the ultrasonication time is 30 min; pH of the colloid suspension is controlled at 7.0; the amount of MTS is 5.0%; the reaction temperature is 60°C. The particle size of nano-ATO colloid suspension is 65.2 nm and its distribution is unimodal distribution, which is further confirmed with transmission electron microscopy.

Synthesis and Characterization of Surface Modification of TiO<sub>2</sub> Nanoparticles for Electrophoretic Display

TiO2 and carbon black inorganic pigments having opposite charges have been typically used for white and black image in the electronic ink display technique, respectively. However, since TiO2has a relatively high density, the density mismatch between nanoparticles and the dielectric medium causes severe sedimentation problem in the suspended media. In order to change its surface from hydrophilic to hydrophobic and lower its density, TiO2was grafted by γ-Methacryloxypropyl trimethoxy silane (KH570), and then coated with poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) via a dispersion polymerization method prior to being used for an electronic ink material. In order to improve their mobility, a charge control agent was also added to the suspension of synthesized nanoparticles in the dielectric medium. The KH570-grafted TiO2nanoparticles and the TiO2/KH570/PMMA nanoparticles were characterized by fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Density of TiO2/KH570/PMMA nanoparticles was found to be decreased. Thermal properties of the composite particles were analyzed by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA).

A facile route for the preparation of novel optically active poly(amide–imide)/functionalized zinc oxide nanocomposites containing pyromellitoyl-bis-l-phenylalanine moieties

In the present investigation, at first, the surface of zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles was treated with a silane coupling agent of γ-methacryloxypropyltrimethoxy silane (KH570), which introduces organic functional groups on the surface of ZnO nanoparticles. Secondly, optically active poly(amide–imide) (PAI) was synthesized via solution polycondensation of N,N′-(pyromellitoyl)-bis-phenylalanine diacid chloride 1 (M-1) with 4,4′-diaminodiphenylsulfone 2 (M-2). The polycondensation of diacid chloride with aromatic diamine was carried out with N,N-dimethylacetamide/triethylamine systems. Finally PAI/ZnO nanocomposites (NCs) containing 4, 8, and 12% of nanoparticles were successfully fabricated through ultrasonic irradiation technique. The obtained NCs were characterized by Fourier transform-infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, thermogravimetry analysis, X-ray powder diffraction, UV–Vis spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), field emission-scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The FT-IR spectroscopy indicated that the silane coupling agent was anchored on the surface of ZnO nanoparticles. SEM, FE-SEM, and TEM images were showed ZnO nanoparticles were dispersed homogeneously in PAI matrix.

Synthesis and characterization of spherical polymer brushes

The synthesis of spherical polymer brushes consisting of a nano-SiO 2 core modified by γ-methacryloxypropyl trimethoxy-silane and a shell of linear polyacrylamide by grafting polymerization was described. The spherical polymer brushes were characterized by Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and Thermo-gravimetric analysis (TGA). After cleavage of the ester group that connected the polymers to the surface, the molecular weight of the brushes was determined by Gel Permeation Chromatography (GPC). The results showed that the average diameter of spherical polymer brushes was ca. 140 nm while weight average molecular weight and surface grafting density were 1.407 × 10 3 g/mol and 1.016 × 10 −4 mol/g respectively.

Flame and silane treatments for improving the adhesive bonding characteristics of aramid/epoxy composites

A fast and cost-effective surface treatment with flame and silane coupling agent treatments has been developed for the surface treatment of aramid/epoxy composite faces to improve the adhesive bonding characteristics of lightweight sandwich stealth radome structures. The flame treatment was performed with propane gas, and the silane treatment was performed with γ-methacryloxypropyltrimethoxy silane (γ-MPS) and γ-aminopropyltriethoxy silane (γ-APS) under different treatment conditions. The contact angles of the flame-treated aramid/epoxy composites and the single-lap shear strengths of the adhesive joint composed of the aramid/epoxy composite adherend and epoxy adhesive were measured and compared with those treated with argon plasma and mechanical abrasion. In addition, the surfaces were analyzed with atomic force microscopy (AFM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) to characterize the mechanical and chemical interactions of the aramid/epoxy composite with the epoxy adhesive.

Immobilization of Polymethyl Methacrylate Brushes on Hydroxyapatite under Molecular Weight Control

Polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) brushes with a quantitative molecular weight (Mw) and low polydispersity index are synthesized via atom transfer radical polymerization and grafted onto the surfaces of hydroxyapatite (HA) that were modified with γ-methacryloxypropyl trimethoxysilane (MPTS). The structure and morphology of MPTS surface modified and furthermore PMMAgraftedHAwasmainlyinvestigatedbymeansofinfraredspectrophotometry, X-raydiffraction, thermalgravimetricanalysis, scanningelectron microscope,anddifferentialscanningcalorimetrystudies.Itisfoundthatpolymerbrushesarecovalentlyattached totheHAsurfaceundercontrolledMwofPMMAsegmentswithoutanystructuraldeformationontheHAphaseandexhibitgrafting abilities for tuning properties of the composites.

Organic–inorganic hybrid anion exchange hollow fiber membranes: A novel device for drug delivery

The clinical use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) (such as sodium salicylate (NaSA)) for the treatment of chronic arthritis is limited due to the adverse effects and patient non-compliance. In order to solve these problems, anion exchange hollow fiber membranes (AEHFMs) are proposed for the first time here as potential drug carriers. Brominated poly(2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene oxide) (BPPO) is used as the starting membrane material. In-situ sol–gel process of γ-methacryloxypropyl trimethoxysilane (γ-MPS) in BPPO matrix is operated so as to enhance the membranes’ thermal and dimensional stability. The performances of the membranes in controlled release of the drug (NaSA as the model drug) are improved accordingly. Loading and release experiments illustrate that the hybrid AEHFM can bind salicylate (SA−) at a high loading efficiency (28.4%), and the retention of the drug on the membrane matrix is significantly prolonged (drug released in 7 days under physiological condition: 51.9%, neglecting the drug bound by protein). Meanwhile, the membrane is biocompatible and can support the adherence, growth, and survival of human cells. Overall, the prepared AEHFM is a promising scaffolding material for drug delivery and tissue engineering.

Competitive adsorption of Hg 2+, Pb 2+ and Co 2+ ions on polyacrylamide/attapulgite

In the present study, the competitive adsorption characteristics of binary and ternary heavy metal ions Hg 2+, Pb 2+ and Co 2+ on polyacrylamide/attapulgite (PAM/ATP) were investigated in batch systems. PAM/ATP was prepared by the solution polymerization of acrylamide (AM) onto γ-methacryloxypropyl trimethoxy silane (KH-570) modified attapulgite (ATP) and characterized by the technique of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Equilibrium and kinetic adsorption data showed that PAM/ATP displays a high selectivity towards one metal in a two-component or a three-component system with an affinity order of Hg 2+ > Pb 2+ > Co 2+. The equilibrium behaviors of heavy metal species with stronger affinity toward PAM/ATP can be described by the Langmuir equation while the adsorption kinetics of the metals can be well fitted to a pseudo-second-order kinetic model. Desorption was performed using hot acetic acid, and the regenerated adsorbents could be reused with little loss of adsorption capacity.

A new surface modification method to improve the dispersity of nano-silica in organic solvents

Different surface modification methods to improve the dispersity of nano-silica in organic solvents by γ-methacryloxypropyltrimethoxy silane (MOPTMS) anhydrous alcohol solution were investigated. The possible principles of these methods improving the dispersity of nano-silica in organic solvents were proposed. The optimum modification method was that nano-silica powders were chemically modified by γ-methacryloxypropyltrimethoxy silane anhydrous alcohol solution and γ-methacryloxypropyltrimethoxy silane anhydrous alcohol solution was dropwise added at 3 mL/min. The transparency of the optimum modified nano-silica powder anhydrous alcohol solution (0.1 wt. %) was 85.9%. The 29Si cross polarization and magic-angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance spectra suggested that nano-silica was chemically modified by γ-methacryloxypropyltrimethoxy silane anhydrous alcohol solution. The transmission electron microscopy images suggested that the optimum modified nano-silica was well dispersed. The dispersity of nano-silica in anhydrous alcohol, CH2Cl2, CCl4, cyclohexane, and liquid paraffin increased from 0, 0, 0, 0, and 0.1 to 9.4, 9.6, 9.8, 9.8, and 10.0 g/100 mL after surface modification.