Fuzzy Ball Research Articles

The "U-Type" Wells History of Fuzzy Ball Drilling Fluids for CBM Drilling in China

The fuzzy ball drilling fluids have been developed on the basis of the circulation foam and Aphron to control lost circulation effectively. There are some difficulties in drilling U-type well, such as well-bore stability, cutting carrying problem, large torque and friction at the horizontal section, and formation damage to coal-bed. The objective of this paper was to show some applications of fuzzy ball drilling fluids on U-type wells of the Ordos Basin and prove the superiority of fuzzy ball drilling fluid in CBM drilling. To the three mentioned cases, the density of fuzzy ball drilling fluid was 0.90~1.18g/cm3, the funnel viscosity was 45~72s, the dynamic shear force was 12~19 Pa, the PV was 13~19mPa·s and the pH was ranged from 7 to 9. To use the fuzzy ball drilling fluids, the average ROP increased above 10% with no borehole complexity, such as stuck pipe, hole enlargement causing poor cleaning and etc. These cases reflected excellent properties of the fuzzy ball drilling fluids including effectively sealing, good carrying and suspension ability, formation damage control and compatible weighted by inert materials. Furthermore, the fuzzy ball drilling fluids will not affect BHA tools like motors and MWD in CBM drilling.

Folding of Fuzzy Hyperboloid

Our aim in the present paper is to introduce and study new connection between fuzzy retractions, fuzzy foldings and fuzzy deformation retracts of fuzzy open hyperboloid in fuzzy Minkowski space and fuzzy open ball in fuzzy Euclidean space. Types of fuzzy foldings and fuzzy deformation retracts of fuzzy open hyperboloid are discussed. Types of minimal fuzzy retractions of fuzzy open hyperboloid are presented. The fuzzy foldings of fuzzy open hyperboloid will be deduced. Some applications are presented.

On Fuzzy Spheres in Fuzzy Lobachevsky Space and its Retractions

This paper attempts to introduce and study new connection between fuzzy retractions, fuzzy foldings and fuzzy deformation retracts of open fuzzy spheres in fuzzy Lobachevsky space and fuzzy open ball in fuzzy Euclidean space. Types of fuzzy foldings and fuzzy deformation retracts of fuzzy open sphere are discussed. Types of minimal fuzzy retractions of fuzzy open sphere are presented. The fuzzy foldings of fuzzy open sphere is deduced, also the limit of this folding is obtained. The connection between fuzzy foldings and fuzzy central projection map is achieved; also the connection between fuzzy retractions and fuzzy exponential map is discussed. Some applications are presented.

On Fuzzy Spheres in Fuzzy Lobachevsky Space and its Retractions

This paper attempts to introduce and study new connection between fuzzy retractions, fuzzy foldings and fuzzy deformation retracts of open fuzzy spheres in fuzzy Lobachevsky space and fuzzy open ball in fuzzy Euclidean space. Types of fuzzy foldings and fuzzy deformation retracts of fuzzy open sphere are discussed. Types of minimal fuzzy retractions of fuzzy open sphere are presented. The fuzzy foldings of fuzzy open sphere is deduced, also the limit of this folding is obtained. The connection between fuzzy foldings and fuzzy central projection map is achieved; also the connection between fuzzy retractions and fuzzy exponential map is discussed. Some applications are presented. Keywords: Fuzzy Retractions, Fuzzy Foldings, Fuzzy Deformation Retracts, Central Projection Map, Fuzzy Open Sphere in Fuzzy Lobachevsky Space.

Fuzzy Ball Drilling Fluid for CBM in the Ordos Basin of China

Fuzzy ball drilling fluids have been developed in order to effectively control lost circulation during CBM drilling. Depending upon fuzzy balls and colloids in fuzzy balls, the fuzzy ball drilling fluids changed their shapes and properties to completely plug underground heterogeneous seepage channels so as to strengthen the pressure bearing capacity of formations. This paper describes the available features of the fuzzy ball drilling fluid including efficient plugging, good carrying and suspension, formation damage control, compatible weighted by any weighted materials without auxiliary equipment. The fuzzy ball drilling fluids can finish drilling in low pressure natural gas zone, control CBM leakage; control the natural fractures, drilling in different pressures in the same open hole, combination with the air drilling mode, etc. during Ordos CBM drilling. The fuzzy ball drilling fluid will not affect down-hole motors and MWD. The fuzzy ball drilling fluid will be blend simply as conventional water based drilling fluids. The existing CBM drilling equipment can completely meet the fuzzy ball drilling mixing and it is maintained conveniently. The fuzzy ball drilling fluid is the efficient drilling fluid.

A New Fuzzy Ball Working Fluid for Plugging Lost Circulation Paths in Depleted Reservoirs

Lost circulation is a serious problem. A new fuzzy ball working fluid was developed by using SDS, SDBS, PAC, HES, and PAM. Ball-type stuff that has an air pocket inside and fluff outside can be identified in the fluid, which was termed by the authors the fuzzy ball. The engineering properties of the fuzzy ball working fluid show that it can meet working requirements. Plugging experiments confirm the capability of automatically plugging different sizes lost paths. Thus, the working fluid can be used for both traditional operations and lost circulation prevention. It has been applied in more than 10 wells in China.

Fuzzy Ball Drilling Fluids for CBM in the Ordos Basin of China

Fuzzy ball drilling fluids have been developed in order to effectively control lost circulation during CBM drilling. Depending upon fuzzy balls and colloids in fuzzy balls, the fuzzy ball drilling fluids changed their shapes and properties to completely plug underground heterogeneous seepage channels so as to strengthen the pressure bearing capacity of formations. This paper describes the available features of the fuzzy ball drilling fluid including efficient plugging, good carrying and suspension, formation damage control, compatible weighted by any weighted materials without auxiliary equipment. The fuzzy ball drilling fluids can finish drilling in low pressure natural gas zone, control CBM leakage; control the natural fractures, drilling in different pressures in the same open hole, combination with the air drilling mode, etc. during Ordos CBM drilling. The fuzzy ball drilling fluid will not affect down-hole motors and MWD. The fuzzy ball drilling fluid will be blend simply as conventional water based drilling fluids. The existing CBM drilling equipment can completely meet the fuzzy ball drilling mixing and it is maintained conveniently. The fuzzy ball drilling fluid is the efficient drilling fluid.

A Novel Lost Circulation Material: Fuzzy Ball Working Fluids

Fuzzy ball material which imitating the structure of bacteria have been tested and developed as a new lost circulation material. The fuzzy plugging theory include three pressure distribution methods: the pressure decomposition filling mechanism, the pressure reducing filling mechanism and the pressure support filling mechanism. Fuzzy ball material relies on its own particular structure, achieving full-size sealing and self-adjustment to match the porous media. Fuzzy ball working fluids can be prepared without auxiliary equipment and its non-weighted density is 0.85~1.0g/cm3. Its density can be up to 1.2g/cm3 when it is weighted by inert materials to meet the need of near/under balanced drilling. Indoor test showed that novel working fluids have significant inhibitive capacity and sealing characteristic. There are three properties of fuzzy three ball working fluids: inhibitive capacity, anti-temperature capacity and sealing characteristic. Fuzzy ball working fluid has been successful applied in hundreds of wells to solve the problems such as collapse, severe losses and etc.

Development of Tasks and Evaluation of a Prototype Forceps for NOTES

Few standardized testing procedures exist for instruments intended for Natural Orifice Translumenal Endoscopic Surgery. These testing procedures are critical for evaluating surgical skills and surgical instruments to ensure sufficient quality. This need is widely recognized by endoscopic surgeons as a major hurdle for the advancement of Natural Orifice Translumenal Endoscopic Surgery. Beginning with tasks currently used to evaluate laparoscopic surgeons and instruments, new tasks were designed to evaluate endoscopic surgical forceps instruments. Six tasks have been developed from existing tasks, adapted and modified for use with endoscopic instruments, or newly designed to test additional features of endoscopic forceps. The new tasks include the Fuzzy Ball Task, Cup Drop Task, Ring Around Task, Material Pull Task, Simulated Biopsy Task, and the Force Gauge Task. These tasks were then used to evaluate the performance of a new forceps instrument designed at Pennsylvania State University. The need for testing procedures for the advancement of Natural Orifice Translumenal Endoscopic Surgery has been addressed in this work. The developed tasks form a basis for not only testing new forceps instruments, but also for evaluating individual performance of surgical candidates with endoscopic forceps instruments.

On Color Cluster Analysis with Three-dimensional Fuzzy Color Ball

The focus of this paper is on devising an efficient clustering task for arbitrary color data. In order to tackle this problem, the inherent uncertainty and vagueness of color are represented by a fuzzy color model. By taking a fuzzy approach to color representation, the proposed model makes a soft decision for the vague regions between neighboring colors. A definition on a three-dimensional fuzzy color ball is introduced, and the degree of membership of color is computed by employing a distance measure between a fuzzy color and color data. With the fuzzy color model, a novel fuzzy clustering algorithm for efficient partition of color data is developed.

Microstate Counting of 3-charge Black Hole from Supergravity

where A is the area of the horizon. Statistical mechanics then suggests that there should be e states of the black hole, but the geometry of the black hole is completely determined by its mass, charge and angular momentum : so called ‘Black holes have no hair’. This statement implies that the entropy of the black hole is S = ln 1 = 0. This is the ‘black hole entropy puzzle’, which is closely related to the ‘black hole information problems’. String theory has a rich structure and admits black-hole solutions in higher dimensions [2–4]. Then, the black holes in string theory may give an understanding of these puzzles. Black holes in string theory are widely studied by using a chiral null model [5–11]. This model provides a class of exact solutions of oscillating strings in various cases. From these solutions, Mathur proposed the ‘fuzzy ball’ conjecture for the black hole [12,13]. He constructed a geometry of the two-charge black hole by performing a chain of duality transformations from the metric of the oscillating fundamental string. The result gives a family of geometries for the D1-D5 system characterized by a single function ~ F , the vibration profile of the fundamental string. Moreover these geometries have no horizons and no singularity which corresponds to the so-called ‘black hole microstate geometries’. By quantizing the single function ~ F , we can obtain the number of geometries for the black hole [14]. This result agrees with the one from the calculation in the CFT side.

Motion of an Electromagnetic Fuzzy Ball in Free Space

The propagation of an electromagnetic pulse of the form of a fuzzy ball (or three dimensional gaussian type) in free space is strictly solved as an initial value problem. It is shown that an initial fuzzy ball separates into two stable pulses as time elapses when it has a large wave number relative to the inverse of the pulse width while in case of zero wave number it is not the case. A model of a circularly polarized photon of the form of a fuzzy ball is shown.

Nature of the Long-period Variable Stars

R. M. SCOTT has an article on the long-pariod variable stars in the Telescope of September-October, which provides a popular description of the type of star of which Mira is a prototype. The spectra of these stars reveal that they are cold enough to contain molecules, and yet sufficiently hot to show the bright lines of hydrogen and ionized metals, and a brief explanation of the probable reason for this follows. Assuming that these stars are pulsating, we can picture a small core about the size of our sun surrounded by an atmosphere extending to a distance comparable with that of the earth from the sun. Viewed from a distance, one of these stars would present the appearance of a luminous fuzzy ball, deep in a hazy murk, and it is easy to imagine flames similar to solar prominences hovering deep in the smoky atmosphere near the luminous core. Then as the star approaches minimum the atmosphere would become darker and more clouded and the core a deeper red, the eruptions practically disappearing. It is possible that these red variables may be a link in the evolutionary chain, great numbers of stars starting their lives as red variables and then outgrowing their adolescent pulsations. On the other hand, red-variable pulsations may represent the palsy of stellar old age, though the former theory is the more popular of the two. At present this type of star presents a problem which can only be solved by much more investigation.