Future Wife Research Articles

James Alexander McCheyne Paterson

James Alexander McCheyne Paterson (“Jim”) was the son of a general practitioner in Hertfordshire. After training in Edinburgh, he joined the Royal Army Medical Corps, where he spent the winter...

Obituary of Dr. Angelo Di George

Obituary of Dr. Angelo Di George

Et brev fra Rønnebæksholm af 22. november 1847

Et brev fra Rønnebæksholm a f 22. november 1847[A letter from Rønnebæksholm, 22 November 1847]By Kim Arne PedersenA hitherto unpublished letter dated 22 November 1847 written to Grundtvig by Marie Toft (his future second wife) is chiefly concerned with the efforts of Grundtvig to gain royal assent to the publication of a further edition of Kirke-Psalmer udgivne til Prøve a f Kjøbenhavns geistlige Convents Psalme-Comitee [Church hymns issued for trial by the Hymn-Committee of the Clerical Convention of Copenhagen], commonly called, as here, Prøveheftet [The trial booklet, or specimen volume]. Grundtvig was a member of the committee and a major contributor to the compilation. In the event, the King (Christian VIII) withheld his assent for want of evidence that the Prøveheft had won sufficiently wide acceptance, and the Convention ultimately rejected the Committee’s work. However, Toft’s letter confirms the presumption that Grundtvig could by now mobilise ready personal support from a network of individuals and congregations of a Grundtvigian persuasion. He was by now a unifying figure among them and generally accepted as their leader.

Darrell Sheldon Wilkinson, MD, FRCP, FRSM

One of the great doyens of British Dermatology Dr Darrell Wilkinson died suddenly on 16 August 2009, only a few days after celebrating his 90th birthday, at home with family and friends. Darrell Sheldon Wilkinson was born on 7 August 1919 in Gillingham, Kent, the only son of Edgar Sheldon Wilkinson, a Surgeon Commander in the Royal Navy Volunteer Reserve (RNVR) and later a GP in London. His mother Muriel (Mitzi) was a lady with prodigious intellect and talent who became a concert grade pianist. Darrell was educated at Epsom College but while there his father died. Consequently he was brought up mostly by his grandparents and aunts but also became greatly influenced by his housemaster and Latin teacher. From his mother and housemaster he acquired a lifelong love of Greek and Roman history, classical music, poetry and culture. Initially Darrell studied classics but soon switched to science and gained a scholarship into St Thomas’ Hospital in London. He graduated MRCS, LRCP in January 1942. This, of course, was right in the middle of World War II. Darrell recalls the red glow of London being bombed and was at St Thomas’ Hospital the night it was extensively damaged (15 September 1940). It was here at St Thomas’ that he met his future wife Jo who was at the Nightingale School of Nursing and they married after the war was over. Darrell spent an abbreviated period as House Surgeon and House Physician at St Thomas’ Hospital and its affiliated hospital, Hydestile, before going to Rye as an assistant GP.

Interview with Murray Gell-Mann

An interview in two sessions, July 1997, with Murray Gell-Mann, Robert Andrews Millikan Professor of Theoretical Physics, emeritus. Dr. Gell-Mann was on the faculty of Caltech’s Division of Physics, Mathematics, and Astronomy from 1955 until 1993. In this anecdotal interview tracing his career to 1960, he begins by recalling his Manhattan childhood during the Depression, family background, early education at Columbia Grammar School. Discusses his undergraduate years at Yale, graduate work at MIT with Victor Weisskopf, courses at Harvard with Norman Ramsey and Julian Schwinger—followed in 1951 by two terms at Institute for Advanced Study, working with Francis Low on a problem in quantum field theory. Summer 1951, University of Illinois, works on complex systems with Keith Brueckner; interaction with John von Neumann. Joins University of Chicago’s Institute for Nuclear Studies, headed by Enrico Fermi; recalls such colleagues as M. L. Goldberger, Leo Szilard, Harold Urey, Gerald Wasserburg; works on dispersion relations and pseudoscalar meson theory with Goldberger. At University of Illinois, summer 1953, works with Low on elementary-particle field theory, invents the renormalization group; comments on later contributions of Petermann & Stueckelberg, his student Kenneth Wilson. His early work at Caltech on what was later called S-matrix theory; comments on contribution to superstring theory. Meets future wife, Margaret Dow; travels in Scotland with her, 1954; their marriage. Recruited to Caltech by R. P. Feynman; life in Pasadena; visits Bohr Institute, Copenhagen, summer 1955; Spain, France, and the U.K. Back at Caltech fall 1956, teaches quantum mechanics course. Recollections of Robert and Kitty Oppenheimer, Stewart Harrison. Comments on undergraduate education at Caltech and vain efforts to promote behavioral and social sciences there. Work at RAND, 1956; paper with Brueckner; objections by Brueckner and Tatsuro Sawada; contributions of Bill Karzas, Don DuBois, Jeffrey Goldstone. Annual Review of Nuclear Science article on “last stand of the universal Fermi Interaction” with Arthur Rosenfeld; related work by Marshak & Sudarshan; Feynman’s approach; their collaboration; later work by Yang & Lee. Comments on origins of the Eightfold Way. Preoccupation with symmetry, supermultiplets, weak and strong interactions, Yang-Mills theory. Collaboration with Maurice Levy et al., in France, 1959, on the axial vector current in beta decay.

A escolha do cônjuge

Enfocando os tópicos namoro e noivado, idade ao casar e diferenças de idade entre os cônjuges, este artigo caminha por três grandes períodos históricos: o período colonial; o século XIX até finais do XX; e o início do século XXI. Trata-se de uma análise transdisciplinar dos pontos de vista histórico, social, demográfico, legal e jurídico, focalizando o desenrolar dessas situações seja por persistências e/ou mudanças; quem e quais são os atores envolvidos e sua importância nas escolhas dos futuros nubentes. No início, a seleção era fundada no parentesco e no território, privilegiando a grande rede familiar solidária no enfrentamento das dificuldades de sobrevivência. Com os avanços da industrialização, da urbanização, da tecnologia e de comunicação, além do crescimento da importância das pessoas, as escolhas foram se transformando, diminuindo a dependência da estrutura familiar e aumentando a escolha pessoal e afetiva, influenciadas pelas variadas formas de mudança social, demográfica, jurídica.

"His Father's Dirty Digging": Recuperating the Masculine in D. H. Lawrence's Sons and Lovers

"His Father's Dirty Digging":Recuperating the Masculine in D. H. Lawrence's Sons and Lovers Ronald Granofsky (bio) Of D. H. Lawrence's twelve novels, his third, Sons and Lovers, has been subjected to by far the most extensive psychoanalytic scrutiny, and understandably so.1 Carol Sklenicka goes so far as to call it "the novel that brought English literature into the psychoanalytic age" (5). Indeed, Lawrence's future wife Frieda's influence on the final draft of the novel is thought to have infused it with then little-known Freudian concepts, the fruit of her recent intimacy with Otto Gross (Worthen 442–43).2 Furthermore, Lawrence himself unwittingly encouraged a psychoanalytic reading by statements, stretching back to when the novel was first conceived, that alternately seem to justify and to reject such an interpretation, an ambivalence that is, inevitably, additional grist to the psychoanalytic mill where denial is often a form of admission. To Rachel Annand Taylor, for example, he wrote a letter in December 1910, shortly before his mother's death, that describes his parents' marriage and his own relationship to them in distinctly oedipal terms: hatred of his father "has been a kind of bond between me and my mother. We have loved each other, almost with a husband and wife love" ("To Rachel" 190). However, in a letter to Barbara Low in September 1916, Lawrence objects to Alfred Kuttner's newly published Freudian review of his novel: "My poor book: it was, [End Page 242] as art, a fairly complete truth: so they carve a half lie out of it, and say 'Voilà'. Swine!" ("To Barbara" 655). Actually, Kuttner's essay was perceptive for its time and retains, even today, some persuasive power, although it and other early Freudian readings of the novel have been somewhat superseded by more nuanced psychoanalytic interpretations in keeping with the general developments in psychoanalysis and in Lawrence criticism.3 The oedipal readings of Sons and Lovers may be said to have culminated with Daniel Weiss's Oedipus in Nottingham: D. H. Lawrence (1962) and have since given way to a gradually formed consensus among psychologically oriented critics that the oedipal configuration, undoubtedly present, is but an interesting veneer that tends at times to obscure a much deeper and more significant pattern of pre-oedipal issues. For Margaret Storch, for example, the surface oedipal pattern "conceals a fundamental antagonism towards the mother" (98). Much as Lawrence claimed, then, the oedipal reading gets us only so far. Although, according to the Freudian paradigm, the oedipal phase is part of normal (male) childhood development, in a sense there is really little reason for oedipal hostility between father and son in Sons and Lovers. As James Cowan writes: "since the mother no longer loves her husband, the infant son [Paul], early in the oral incorporative stage, has already effectively won the oedipal rivalry with his father" (Self and Sexuality 21). In fact, the battle for the affection of the mother was won even before Paul's birth by his older brother, William, whose mantle of lover-son Paul inherits after William's untimely death. Critics such as Cowan, Storch, Judith Ruderman, and Barbara Ann Schapiro have delved into the pre-oedipal issues involved in Lawrence's writing in great detail, and I agree with many of their claims. My formulation of the argument is that what we have, not only in Sons and Lovers but also in virtually all of Lawrence's fiction, is a persistent exploration of the complexities of attachment, particularly the tug-of-war between two approach-avoidance options that are mutually exclusive at the extremes. The first option, symbiosis or merger, is attended by the threat of the loss of self integrity; the second, separation or individuation, is accompanied by the fear of isolation or abandonment. Both options have their powerful attractions in different life situations, but as an exclusive relational position each is also frightening; the ideal is to have what Lawrence termed a "trembling balance" between them ("Morality and the Novel" 528, 529).4 In Margaret S. Mahler's coinage, the normal progression in attachment development is a multi-stage process of "separation-individuation" that takes the...

Willie Philip Mitchell

After national service in the Royal Marines, Willie Philip Mitchell (“Phil”) entered Leeds Medical School in 1947, a year with a high proportion of ex-service students. His future wife, Jane,...

Robert Duncan McKendrick

Robert Duncan McKendrick (“Robbie”) was born on 6 July 1973 in St Andrews. His father served in the Royal Air Force, instilling an early enthusiasm for aircraft and aspirations to...

Roy Austen Glover

Roy Austen Glover (“Cherry”) was born in Birmingham and educated at King Edward VI Five Ways School, where he was head boy. He started at the local medical school immediately...

Peter McAllister Elder

After qualifying, Peter McAllister Elder worked at the London Chest Hospital, meeting his future wife, Margaret, during an air raid. Wartime service included Bomber Command, South Africa, …

Winfred P. Lehmann

Winfred P. Lehmann Robert D. King and Joseph C. Salmons Winfred P. Lehmann ('Win' to all the world), president of the LSA in 1973, joined the University of Texas faculty in 1949 as a professor of German. When he retired in 1985 as Louann and Larry Temple Centennial Professor Emeritus in the Humanities and heaped with honors, he could look back on a record of public and personal accomplishment in academics that now seems out of reach for any one person. He chaired two departments at the University of Texas at Austin—Germanic Languages and Linguistics—into the top five in the ratings of graduate programs in North America where they remained for some twenty-five years. He directed the Linguistics Research Center of the University of Texas from 1961 until his death in 2007. He was elected president of the two most important and prestigious professional organizations in linguistics and the modern languages, the Linguistic Society of America and the Modern Language Association, the only instance in which a single individual has been elected to the presidency of both organizations. And he accomplished all of this at little if any cost to his personal scholarship: he published well over three dozen books and hundreds of scholarly articles, organized and participated actively in conferences, went to all the meetings, kept up his Washington and New York connections, and taught full-time through it all. After his retirement from the faculty of the University of Texas in 1985 the only thing different was that he no longer taught; he continued to publish books and articles and to secure funding for the Linguistics Research Center as he had done for so many years. Lehmann was born June 23, 1916, in Surprise, Nebraska, and died August 1, 2007, in Austin, Texas. His father was a Lutheran minister, and the family language was German. His was, as he would later say, a family in which books and reading counted for a great deal. The family moved to Wisconsin while Lehmann was young, and he got his B.A. in humanities from Northwestern College in Watertown, Wisconsin, in 1936. In this German-English bilingual stronghold, he gained a European gymnasium background he later described as 'German and classical philology' (1980:183). From there, he went on to graduate study in German literature and Germanic linguistics at the University of Wisconsin–Madison, where he received M.A. and Ph.D. degrees in 1938 and 1941. It was in classes at the University of Wisconsin that he met his future wife, Ruth Preston Miller; they were married in 1940 and had two children, Terry and Sandra. Dr. Ruth Lehmann was an internationally recognized scholar of Celtic and Old English who ended her career as professor of English at the University of Texas at Austin. She and Win made a powerful intellectual and scholarly union, besides being loving parents to their two children, one of whom, Terry, tragically preceded his father in death. After Win suffered a stroke his daughter, Sandie, cared for him devotedly until his death. Dr. Ruth Lehmann died in 2000. Lehmann's later broad ken was clear already in his first semester courses at Wisconsin, which included courses on Milton, Homer, a survey of German literature, and the history of the German language, the last taught by the Balticist and Indo-Europeanist Alfred Senn. His later graduate work at Wisconsin ranged widely across languages, from Old Church Slavonic and Lithuanian to Old Irish (with Myles Dillon) to Sanskrit [End Page 613] and Old Persian. He also worked with Einar Haugen, whose fieldwork on Scandinavian in the region would lead to Lehmann's own pioneering work in sociolinguistics and bilingualism. Beginning with Morris Swadesh's time in the anthropology department, Lehmann spent 'hundreds of hours' working on Winnebago (Siouan, now known as Ho-Chunk or Hocak) with Chief Hamparika. None of this work, unfortunately, was ever published. There were no linguistics departments as such in those days—the creation of departments of linguistics was a post-World War II development. If you were interested in things linguistic, you did your work in a language department with excursions into other language departments and English departments depending...

Bryan Jennett, MD (1926–2008)

![][1] Figure. Bryan Jennett, MD The field of acute brain injury has lost one of its pioneers. Bryan Jennett, MD, died of multiple myeloma on January 26, 2008, at age 81. His name will remain associated with the definition of the vegetative state, the Glasgow Coma Scale, and the Glasgow Outcome Scale. Bryan was born in 1926 in Twickenham (London) to Scottish and Irish parents. At Liverpool University Medical School he met his future wife, fellow medical student Sheila Pope, later professor of physiology in Glasgow. Top of his year, he also was president of the British Medical … [1]: /embed/graphic-1.gif

Fuentes, fechas, orden y sentido del libro I de las <i>Obras de Boscán </i>

This work claims the unity of the book I ( Obras by Boscan , Barcelona, 1543), which is quite similar to the other two books that the author includes in his volume of poetry. Boscan shows two parts in this first book: the first takes in almost all the poems, from the 2 nd to the 27 th ; and a very short second part, consisting in a single poem, the last one, which closes the book. This last poem was probably written when Boscan left the Emperor’s court, at the end of 1535, in order to settle down, definitely, in his home town. There, as Boscan and his future wife were already engaged, the poet would praise a different kind of love to that that he had felt during the years before. The love he extols is prior to the conjugal one; on the contrary, the kind of love that the author shows in the first part of the book is such a typical courteous lover feeling. Not only does Boscan think up these two parts, but he also seems to give a linear structure: a love that develops to become a more spiritual one, similar to that in the Canzionere by Petrarca .

W.O. Carpenter and the California Gold Rush: the making of entrepreneurial opportunities

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to trace the entrepreneurial opportunity identification process of William Oscar Carpenter (WOC), a nineteenth century farmer, who went to California in 1850 to make his fortune in gold mining and ended up starting several new business ventures. The paper seeks to recount WOC's experiences and then apply them to similar issues faced by entrepreneurs in a modern‐day developing economy.Design/methodology/approachUsing qualitative inquiry through archival research, the paper examines a compilation of WOC's letters to his future wife in New York. The letters provide a detailed account of the hardships and poor living conditions faced by gold seekers. The letters are examined and interpreted in the context of opportunity identification and the California Gold Rush, then applied to contemporary entrepreneurs.FindingsWOC's letters elucidate the difficulties encountered making the trip from the East Coast to California, give later generations an historical viewpoint on a variety of social issues, and detail WOC's entrepreneurial activities in California. After a brief period as a successful miner, WOC's business career developed and branched out in different directions as he perceived entrepreneurial opportunities associated with the California Gold Rush. His story is an excellent example of opportunity recognition that has implications for current entrepreneurial activity.Originality/valueWOC's awareness, anticipation, and timely action regarding business opportunity can be related, compared and contrasted with entrepreneurial activity today. The paper discusses these implications in light of opportunity recognition research and developing entrepreneurial economies.

The Domain of Perfect Affection by Robin Becker

Reviewed by: The Domain of Perfect Affection Claudia Blanchard (bio) Robin Becker The Domain of Perfect Affection ( University of Pittsburgh Press , 2006 ) Presented in three parts, Robin Becker’s Domain of Perfect Affection is a collection of poetry that is redolent, revealing and brave. Location, both physical and temporal, provides an architecture upon which familial influence and appreciation of nature and artare founded. Throughout the collection, we see perspective shift. In part one, parents are forefront. We enter a personal space as Ms. Becker reflects upon lessons of responsibility taught, by her now elderly, father. I think of my father who believes a Jew can outwit fate by owning land. Slave to property now, I mow and mow, my destiny the new Egypt. From his father, the tailor, he learned not to rent, but to own; to borrow to buy. (New Egypt, p 3) Likewise, she recalls fondly her father at work, bestowing upon him Robin Hood qualities My father tells the story of his life and he repeats The most important thing; to love your work. I always loved my work. I was a lucky man. This man who makes up half of who I am, this blusterer who tricked the rich, outsmarting smarter men, gave up his Army life insurance plan (not thinking of the future wife and kids) and brokered deals with two-faced rats who disappeared his cash but later overpaid for building sites. (Man of the Year, p. 12) [End Page 88] Ms. Becker portrays her mother as the less heroic parent, the disciplinarian. Memories are slightly more critical and less sentimental than those she scribes for her father, yet they are sharper, funnier and more replete with edgy detail. Acolyte at the font, my mother bends before the basin and hose where Jackie soaps her fine head, adjusting pressure and temperature. How many times has she bared her throat, her clavicle, beside the other old women? (Salon, p. 18). As a child of the ’50s, I, too, remember observing my mother engaged in the weekly “beauty parlor” ritual, and like Ms. Becker’s mother, playing mah-jongg in our newly finished basement with “the girls.” I exalted both activities and thought of them as magical events, rites of passage for which I yearned. Several poems featuring religious drawings and portraits by outsider artists are contained in the second part of the collection. Here, Ms. Becker unwraps and presents us her youth-filled journey of love and sense of place. In “Angel Supporting St. Sebastian” the melding of religion with physicality is tangible—the reader can feel the smooth, white alabaster described. The interplay of faith and material is erotic and unbounded. The juxtaposition of doctrine and mortality is seductive. Shot with arrows and left for dead, against the angel’s leg, Sebastian sinks. In time, he’ll become the patron saint of athletes and bookbinders. But for now, who wouldn’t want to be delivered into his sculpted arms of the seraph his heavenly shoulders and biceps? (Angel Supporting St. Sebastian, p. 33) The cadence of location is predominantly outdoors and rural, filled with barns and farms and bodies of water. The time is summer and we can feel the heat of youth and wanderlust. Isn’t the story better embellished? Aren’t we happier wooded and beached, burnished with patina? Curved, mauved? (Summer’s Tale, p. 47) With a seasoned voice, the final set of poems is even more reflective, at times wistful. Some dreams have been realized, others have been immortalized only in poetry. Aging has affected friends and lovers and pets and place. In this section, many poems are written in the past tense. Subjects are sadder and more heartfelt. In “Autumn Measure” season is a metaphor for loss. Violence done to the body to save the body: tomorrow my friend will leave the hospital without her breasts. We say at least she has her life, her work, her legs. (Autumn Measure, p. 66) Less conversational in form than her contemporaries (Joyce Sutphen, Alice Persons, Twyla Hanson, et. al.), but no less sentimental at this juncture in her life, Ms. Becker carefully organizes her words and constructs her sentences to capture...

The Burden of Black Womanhood: Aaron Douglas and the "Apogée of Beauty"

The Burden of Black Womanhood:Aaron Douglas and the "Apogée of Beauty" Amy Kirschke (bio) We are possessed, you know, with the idea that it is necessary to be white, to be beautiful. Nine times out of ten it is just the reverse. It takes lots of training or a tremendous effort to down the idea that thin lips and straight nose is the apogee of beauty. But once free you can look back with a sigh of relief and wonder how anyone could be so deluded.1 Aaron Douglas came to Harlem in 1925, full of dreams and aspirations to work as an artist in New York. He left a secure position as a high school teacher in Kansas City, Missouri and risked coming to a city where he had only one acquaintance. This was characteristic of him. Douglas was an artist who would take risks his entire life: he had entered University of Nebraska ten days into the term as a young student, traveling to Nebraska with no transcripts or letters, just a determination to learn. He was willing to do whatever he needed to do to obtain a college education, despite late enrollment. Douglas had taken similar risks as a young man, when he traveled to Detroit to try to find summer employment in fields of work where he held little or no experience. Douglas was willing to take the risk of accepting a position at a high school in Kansas City which employed only one other black teacher; finally, he was willing to take the risk to leave that position and travel to New York, with little money, but plenty of hope and expectation. Douglas's amazing success was greatly influenced by two women in his life. His mother, Elizabeth, encouraged his interest in visual arts and provided [End Page 97] inspiration for Aaron as a young boy, when he spent hours watching his mother paint and draw. Elizabeth had taken lessons from itinerate artists traveling through Topeka. His second great inspiration came from Alta Sawyer, his high school sweetheart and future wife. Although Douglas repeatedly referred to Alta as his inspiration, she was more than that. His numerous letters to Sawyer reveal her strong role in his creative process and his unique and progressive view of beauty in a time when African American features in portraiture were rarely celebrated. Sawyer would become Douglas's partner in every way; making creative decisions with him, navigating the politics of Harlem, at which she was particularly adept, choosing patrons and commissions that would further his career. Sawyer was a teacher, as was Douglas, and certainly helped provide insight for his very positive images of women, particularly as educators. Their home on Edgecombe Avenue in Harlem would provide a central place for the creative elite to meet, plan, and socialize. Immediately upon his arrival in Harlem, Douglas was introduced to W.E.B. Du Bois, the by-now legendary black intellectual and leader of the time, and editor of the NAACP's The Crisis magazine. Douglas's life-long connection with Du Bois would greatly influence his art, including his images of women. Du Bois was a strong advocate of women's rights, including economic rights, the right to vote, and reproductive rights, which he called the "right of motherhood at her own discretion." He compared some aspects of womanhood to slavery: "Many things still remind us of that stage of culture: the loss of a woman's name by her marriage; the persistent idea that a married woman should not have a career; and the older opposition to women suffrage."2 Du Bois recognized the plight of black women was even more difficult than that of their male counterparts, referred to by historian Michael A. Gomez as "triple consciousness."3 Du Bois employed numerous women as visual artists and writers. One of his most important collaborators was Jessie Fauset, who worked with Du Bois when he served as editor of The Crisis magazine. Du Bois's image of women went beyond that of African American woman; as a passionate advocate of the Pan-African movement, he saw the strength in all women of African descent. He celebrated...

John Anthony Seymour-Jones

John Anthony Seymour-Jones was born on the 7 April 1911 in Birmingham. His father was an ear, nose, and throat surgeon. After attending Shrewsbury Public School, he won a classics...

Maxwell Herman Turner

After a house job in Liverpool, Maxwell Turner did national service in the Royal Army Medical Corps. While stationed in Preston he met his future wife, a Sheffield medical student....

A White Preacher's Message on Race and Reconciliation: Based on His Experiences Beginning with the Montgomery Bus Boycott (review)

T H E A L A B A M A R E V I E W 292 Civil War, explorations of the Mobilian language, and eighteenth-century Choctaw political organization. Part four, “Ethnohistory and Ethics: Defining the Situation,” details Galloway’s public work with museum exhibitions and emphasizes her “notion that history is and must be a moral practice” (p. 19). These concluding essays feature her account of ethics and revising Mississippi’s colonial history for a particular museum audience and a thoughtful survey of the way in which Europeans and Americans have treated (or rather mistreated) the remains of Indian peoples. Galloway asks more questions than she answers and issues challenges for those working in the field. Her writing is fast-paced and studded with technical terms and complex arguments. It is not for the casual reader; ethnohistorians, Americanists, colonialists, documentary editors, anthropologists, and archaeologists will admire and benefit from careful reading and study of Galloway’s work, however, as will anyone with a serious interest in the history of the southeastern Indians. Although Galloway’s work most closely focuses on the Choctaw Indians, her methods and practice are widely applicable, and her topics—from the De Soto expedition to the Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act—will find eager readers everywhere. KATHRYN H. BRAUND Auburn University A White Preacher’s Message on Race and Reconciliation: Based on His Experiences Beginning with the Montgomery Bus Boycott. By Robert S. Graetz Jr. Montgomery: NewSouth Books, 2006. 280 pp. $26.95. ISBN 1-58838190 -0. Robert Graetz, a Lutheran minister who gained fame as the only white leader in the 1955–56 bus boycott in Montgomery, tells his extraordinary story in A White Preacher’s Message on Race and Reconciliation. Spurred by a radical Christian ethic, Graetz believed that he could most effectively bring about racial justice by becoming black himself. At first glance the idea seems faintly patronizing, if not ridiculous, but Graetz’s vicarious blackness was a powerful ethical and spiritual identification that contained a demanding political imperative. A century earlier, the white radical abolitionists Gerrit Smith and John Brown had wished to be black, a paradox that animated The Black Hearts of Men (Cambridge, Mass., 2002), Jon Stauffer’s enthralling historical study. Graetz’s own “black heart” was O C T O B E R 2 0 0 7 293 perhaps only possible in a similar period of national moral upheaval. His memoir shows how religion could, sometimes, bridge the most intractable racial divides. Robert Graetz was born in West Virginia in 1928, just eight months before Martin Luther King Jr. Both men were molded by a flourishing liberal Protestant ethos that is now almost impossible to recall. During college, Graetz joined the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) and led a “Race Relations Club,” whose membership included his future wife Jeannie. In 1952 the couple journeyed to Los Angeles, where Robert did a two-year seminary internship with a mostly black church. Well before the Montgomery movement, his faith had led him to the frontiers of interracial community. Trinity Lutheran Church, an African American congregation in Montgomery, brought Graetz to a grander stage. He described his years there in more elaborate detail in an earlier book, currently available as A White Preacher’s Memoir (Montgomery, 1999), but offers a revised account in this new work. Just months after he moved with his family into the black neighborhood where Rosa Parks and E. D. Nixon also lived, Parks was arrested and the boycott began. Graetz threw himself into it, attending trials, providing rides for boycotters, and plotting strategy. The city’s outraged segregationists labeled him the “white-nigger preacher” (pp. 103–104). Indeed, the presence in Montgomery of a white man with a black heart produced unending incongruities. Graetz was the only boycott leader who could sneak undetected into a meeting of the racist White Citizens Council, as he did early in 1956. Soon, however, his whiteness began to work against him. “Since my very presence was a novelty to the press corps,” he explains, “my picture appeared much too often in local and out of town newspapers” (p. 23). He...