Future Time Perspective Research Articles

Social worlds of Appalachian women caregivers of older relatives living with dementia

RationaleOver 11 million people in the United States provide care for an older family member with dementia, with this responsibility primarily falling on daughters and wives. In Appalachia, a mountainous region in the U.S characterized by close families, family members were crucial to ensuring that care needs were met for people living with dementia during the COVID-19 pandemic. However, we know little about the well-being of family caregivers during the public health crisis. Guided by a Limited Future Time Perspective postulate, which posits that as people age they begin to prioritize emotionally meaningful relationships over instrumental goals, we asked how dementia caregiving changes the social lives of family caregivers situated within kin networks; and how a public health crisis (i.e., COVID-19 pandemic) affects caregivers who are already at risk for social isolation and feelings of loneliness.MethodsParticipants were recruited from a regional health care system and four Area Agencies on Aging. In our longitudinal study we invited family caregivers to be interviewed at multiple time points over a 4-year period. The sample for this study was women caregivers interviewed (N = 27; age range 32–81, m = 63). Interviewers followed a semi-structured protocol with questions designed to elicit descriptions about (a) changes in formal and informal support over time, (b) the person living with dementia's symptoms and disease progression, and (c) how the pandemic affected caregivers’ and persons living with dementia's social worlds.FindingsWe found three types of caregivers: (1) caregivers who had social lives interdependent with their relative with dementia, (2) caregivers and persons living with dementia whose social lives were restricted due to dementia symptoms and caregiving demands, and (3) caregivers and their relative living with dementia who maintained separate social lives. Dementia symptoms more than social distancing measures contributed to caregivers’ shrinking social worlds particularly for those with interdependent social lives despite living amongst kin.ConclusionsThis study is important in understanding how women in Appalachia fared during a pandemic in the context of dementia caregiving. This research supports the need for respite services and dementia care training for respite workers.

Internal factors driving willingness to seek financial advice: The role of trust and anxiety

AbstractWe construct and test a conceptual framework that extends the five‐step financial help‐seeking model (Grable and Joo, J Financ Couns Plann, 1999, 10, 14–25) by incorporating different trust dimensions and financial adviser anxiety to examine how internal factors influence willingness to seek financial advice. Using structural equation modeling and a sample of 1297 Australian adults, we find willingness is mostly driven by narrow‐scope trust and, to a lesser extent, by future time perspective and an indirect effect of system trust (through narrow‐scope trust). However, we do not find evidence to suggest that financial adviser anxiety is associated with financial advice‐seeking willingness or narrow‐scope trust. Our results suggest factors that policymakers can target to increase consumer advice‐seeking willingness to help increase the uptake of financial advice when needed and available.

EXPRESS: When the future feels closer than the past: An experimental research of nostalgia vs. forestalgia in destination ads

Nostalgia has been a powerful tool to attract travelers to visit tourism destinations. Compared to the extensive attention that nostalgia marketing has received, its counterpart of forestalgia (i.e., future-focused) marketing has received limited attention. The present research is one of the first to compare the effectiveness of nostalgia and forestalgia focused destination advertising messages in attracting travelers’ destination visit intention. Across three experimental studies based on 665 responses from U.S. travelers, the research finds that forestalgia focused destination ads are more effective in enticing travelers compared to nostalgia focused ones. The findings also reveal a significant mediating role of positive emotions and moderating roles of temporal distance and future time perspective. Our research sheds light on extant literature about nostalgia marketing, construal level theory, temporal Doppler effect, and rosy effect. Managerial implications are provided to assist destination management organizations in better capitalizing on both past and future-focused marketing communications.

An examination of the perception of future time among university students from the perspective of demographic variables

This study aimed to examine the future time perspective of students in the faculty of sports sciences and the factors influencing this perception in relation to various variables. The population of the study consists of university students, while the sample includes a total of 266 students (128 males, 48.1%, and 138 females, 51.9%) studying at the Faculty of Sports Sciences at Kütahya Dumlupınar University. The data collection instruments include a personal information form developed by the researcher, as well as the Future Time Perspective Scale (FTPS), developed by Husman and Shell (1996) and adapted to Turkish culture with validity and reliability studies conducted by Avcı and Erden (2009). In this study, a non-experimental causal-comparative model, one of the quantitative research methods, was employed to identify the current situation. The data were analyzed using the SPSS program. Descriptive statistics such as means, standard deviations, and percentages were included in the analysis. Skewness and kurtosis values were examined, revealing a normal distribution, and Independent Samples T-Test and MANOVA were used to compare the differences. According to the findings, no statistically significant differences were found regarding students' gender, participation in recreational sports, and academic success (p>0.05). However, significant differences were found in favor of students in upper classes based on the class variable (p<0.05). These findings indicate that students become more focused on career goals as they approach graduation, which creates differences in their future time perspectives.

Mindfulness, psychological capital, and refugee entrepreneurial abilities and intentions – the moderating effects of occupational future time perspective

ABSTRACT Although extant literature suggests that refugee entrepreneurs are strongly motivated by their precarious economic situation and the challenges they face in the labour market, there is evidence that personal attributes are essential to their entrepreneurial agency. The current study assesses the role of positive psychological attributes, including mindfulness, psychological capital, and occupational future time perspective (OFTP), with entrepreneurial process variables, including entrepreneurial self-efficacy, personal initiative, entrepreneurial intention, and implementation intention. A moderated mediation model indicating that the effects of mindfulness on entrepreneurial abilities and intentions are mediated by psychological capital and moderated by OFTP is tested. The study uses survey data from 404 refugees living in rural and urban settlements in Uganda. Regression analysis using PROCESS Macro showed support for the hypothesized model. These findings provide preliminary evidence suggesting that integrating mindfulness, psychological capital, and future time perspective interventions in refugee entrepreneurship promotion can boost entrepreneurial intentions and action.

Beyond chronological age: exploring how different future time perspective influences the health tourism intention

BackgroundThe burgeoning field of health tourism has garnered significant attention due to its integration of health and leisure, reflecting a growing consumer demand for wellness-oriented travel experiences. Based on the socioemotional selectivity theory, this study examines the relationship between future time perspective, health awareness, involvement, and health tourism intention. It aims to understand how different dimensions of future time perspective influence the intention to engage in health tourism, beyond the traditional chronological age.MethodsA cross-sectional survey was conducted among individuals aged 16 years and above with normal cognitive function. Data was collected through online questionnaires distributed on popular Chinese social media platforms, WeChat and QQ. A total of 536 valid questionnaires were returned, with a validity rate of 91.47%. The study employed the structural equation modeling (SEM) to test the proposed hypotheses.ResultsThe effect of different dimensions of future time perspective on health tourism intention differed. Limited future time perspective (LFTP) positively influenced health tourism intention, while open-ended future time perspective (OFTP) did not have a significant effect on health tourism intention. Involvement and health awareness not only directly influence health tourism intention, but also mediate the relationship between future time perspective (OFTP and LFTP) and health tourism intention respectively. Moreover, there is a significant difference in the effect of LFTP on healthy tourism intention between different age groups.ConclusionsThe findings highlight the importance of considering subjective time perspectives in understanding health tourism intention. Health tourism companies should focus on strategies that enhance health awareness and consumer involvement to capitalize on the positive effects of health tourism intention. Additionally, the study suggests that marketing efforts should be tailored to address the specific needs and goals of individuals with different future time perspectives, thereby optimizing the appeal of health tourism products. Future research should explore these relationships across diverse populations and contexts to further refine the understanding of health tourism decision-making.

Generativity across adulthood: how nature exposure and future time perspective shape motivation for social and ecological engagement

ABSTRACT Objective The motivation to leave a legacy for future generations and society’s continuity is an important aspect of adult development. However, the shorter time horizon that comes with ageing might lead to prioritising more immediately rewarding goals than long-term society-beneficial (e.g., climate-proactive) goals. This study investigates the role of nature exposure and future time perspective, as well as their joint interplay in the context of social and ecological generativity across adulthood. Method In total, 115 individuals aged 18–85 years (M = 38.10 years, SD = 16.53 years, age-range 18-85; 67% female) participated in an experience sampling study and reported their future time perspective and social and ecological generativity at the baseline, and nature exposure in their daily situations. Results The results of the analyses using aggregated data set showed that nature exposure facilitates the concern for future generations and the environment in middle-aged and older (but not in younger) adults with shorter future time perspective. Conclusion Nature exposure can be used to enhance motivation for societal involvement in middle and older adulthood, which in turn could contribute to the well-being and sustainability of future generations.

Examining the influence of intolerance of uncertainty on (occupational) future time perspective and retirement-related outcomes in working adults

Abstract Uncertainty regulation models have recently challenged the assumption that uncertainty is inherently negative, describing ways that uncertainty regulation can lead to effectiveness. The goal of this study was to empirically test a small component of these dynamic frameworks. We accomplished this through measuring intolerance of uncertainty—a predisposition towards fearing an uncertain future—as a predictor of retirement-related outcomes, via future time perspective and occupational future time perspective. In Study 1, based on a heterogenous two-wave sample of working adults, (T1 N = 975, T2 N = 875), we tested intolerance of uncertainty as a predictor of financial risk tolerance towards retirement, retirement saving behaviors, and motivation to continue working, via future time perspective. Study 1 revealed that intolerance of uncertainty had a significant indirect effect on motivation to continue working and financial risk tolerance towards retirement, via future time perspective—suggesting that tolerating uncertainty is beneficial for aging workers through shaping an open-ended future time perspective. In Study 2, we used a heterogenous three-wave sample of working adults (T1 N = 587, T2 N = 454, T3 N = 406) and evaluated intolerance of uncertainty as a predictor of perceived work ability, via occupational future time perspective. Consistent with expectations, Study 2 reinforced the conclusions of Study 1. Overall, we provide empirical support for aspects of these uncertainty regulation frameworks. We discuss our findings in the context of uncertainty regulation, (occupational) future time perspective, and successful workplace aging.

Career maturity and career adaptability among vocational high school students: a moderated mediation model of future time perspective and future work self

Career maturity and career adaptability among vocational high school students: a moderated mediation model of future time perspective and future work self

Conceptions of aging and beliefs about how one's life is unfolding over time: A lifespan developmental perspective.

The present study examined beliefs about how one's life satisfaction is unfolding over time in relation to conceptions of aging in an online American adult lifespan sample (N = 882; Mage = 47.89, SD = 15.30, range = 19-84 years; 56% female). Single-item and multi-item ratings of recollected past, current, and anticipated future life satisfaction were employed, along with subjective perceptions of change in life satisfaction over time. Person-centered (latent profile) analysis identified distinct linear and nonlinear patterns of beliefs concerning past-current and current-future changes in life satisfaction: improve-improve, stable-stable, worsen-worsen, and worsen-improve. Multiple facets of conceptions of aging were assessed, including subjective perceptions of age (chronological vs. felt and desired age); attitudes toward, experiences of, and expectations concerning aging; future time perspective; and goal orientations (growth, maintenance, prevention of losses). Multinomial logistic regression models identified unique facets of conceptions of aging characterizing the four profiles. In general, individuals reporting a distinct profile conveying the belief that one's life was improving (vs. worsening) over time were characterized by more positive conceptions of aging. Further, conceptions of aging partially explained the link between chronological age and the belief that one's life is getting worse and worse (vs. better and better). Thus, the present work provides new insights into how age and conceptions of aging may shape the directions and patterns with which individuals view their lives to be unfolding over time. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Psychological factors and retirement planning behavior among Chinese university faculty members: The mediating effects of retirement planning intention

ABSTRACT Informed retirement planning impacts the wellbeing of individuals and broader society. However, the current related literature contains a limited understanding of the challenges faced by Chinese university faculty members concerning retirement planning. This study developed a model that combines social cognitive theory (SCT) and the theory of planned behavior (TPB) to investigate the effect of attitude toward retirement planning, social group support, perceived financial knowledge, and future time perspective on retirement planning intention, as well as the mediating influence of retirement planning intention. Data collection was conducted from 514 faculty members of public universities in China through an online questionnaire survey. The findings indicated that perceived financial knowledge demonstrated the strongest positive influence on retirement planning intention, followed by future time perspective and social group support, with retirement planning intention as a mediator. This research offers implications for policymakers, retirement benefits consultants, and financial institution practitioners. It suggests that implementing financial education workshops and personalized planning services could promote retirement planning behavior.

Do coping style and future time perspective relate to surrogate decision-making preparedness? A cross-sectional analysis of heart failure caregivers

Objectives To assess if future time perspective (FTP) moderates the relationship between heart failure (HF) caregiver coping style and preparedness to make a surrogate medical decision. Method Cross-sectional data was analyzed to assess associations among three different coping styles (i.e. avoidance, active, minimizing), FTP, and odds of feeling prepared to make a medical decision on behalf of a loved one with heart failure. Results A total of 231 caregivers were included in analyses. No significant interaction effects emerged among coping style and FTP on odds of feeling prepared to make a surrogate medical decision. Caregiver burden was significantly and inversely related to feeling prepared across each coping style model. Reports of having the provider present for the medical wishes conversation was significantly related to odds of feeling prepared across each coping style model. Conclusion FTP did not appear to moderate the relationship between coping styles and preparedness to make a medical decision on behalf of a loved one with heart failure. Future research should continue to explore possible characteristics that can be targeted to improve feelings of decision-making preparedness among caregivers of loved ones with HF.

Occupational future time perspective and mental health problems across adolescence: Random-intercept cross-lagged panel analysis and alternative variations.

Adolescence is a crucial developmental stage characterized by escalating mental health issues as well as an increasing awareness of future career possibilities. Occupational future time perspective has been shown to be a promotive factor for social functioning and mental health, and a component in evidence-based clinical practices and randomized controlled trial intervention studies. However, it requires more rigorous and ecological corroboration from longitudinal analysis at the within-person level. Random intercept cross-lagged panel models with several adjustments and sensitivity analyses were applied to the longitudinal data from the Zurich Project on the Social Development from Childhood to Adulthood (Zurich, Switzerland), to analyze how occupational future time perspective and psychological/neurodevelopmental outcomes (attention deficit hyperactivity disorder symptoms/externalizing/internalizing problems) covaried across ages 13 (N = 1365), 15 (N = 1446), and 17 (N = 1305) in the years 2016, 2018, and 2020, after controlling for sex (52% male), SES, and school type. A small effect was found in a random intercept cross-lagged panel model whereby occupational future time perspective at age 15 predicted externalizing problems at age 17 (β = .146, p = .05, [95% CI = 0.000, 0.292]), and in a random intercept (contemporaneous) reciprocal panel model specification attention deficit hyperactivity disorder symptoms at age 17 were contemporaneously associated with occupational future time perspective at age 17 (β = -.310, p < .05, [95% CI = -0.580, -0.041]). No cross-lagged associations were found to be robust across different model specifications/adjustments. These findings suggest that improving occupational future time perspective may have limited impact on enhancing mental health, offering valuable insights for school-based interventions. Further research and replication are necessary to confirm these results.

The relationship between four indicators of future time orientation, criminal thinking style, and illegal behaviors.

Individuals who commit criminal behaviors are often thought to prioritize short-term goals rather than long-term goals (i.e., a present vs. a future time orientation). Though previous theories of crime and empirical research support a relationship among future time orientation, criminal thinking, and illegal behaviors, there is disagreement in the literature about how to operationalize the multidimensional construct of future time orientation. The primary aim of this pre-registered survey study was to measure multiple components of future time orientation to better understand the relationship with criminality-related outcomes. Participants were 248 undergraduate college students. Survey materials included a measure of impulsivity (Barratt Impulsiveness Scale-11), self-control (Brief Self-Control Scale), delay discounting (Monetary Choice Questionnaire), and Carstensen's Future Time Perspective Scale. Participants also completed two measures of criminal thinking style (the Texas Christian University Criminal Thinking Scale, the Criminogenic Cognitions Scale) and an illegal behaviors checklist. Bivariate results demonstrated a negative relationship between future time orientation (i.e., low impulsivity, high self-control, high future time perspective) and criminal thinking style. The relationship between delay discounting and criminal thinking was in the hypothesized direction but failed to reach statistical significance. Multiple regression analyses indicated that the measure of self-control had the most consistent and incrementally significant relationship with both criminal thinking style and illegal behaviors. Theoretical and practical implications of the results are discussed along with study limitations and future directions.

Women’s career aspirations: a mechanism of family care work conflict and motivation to continue work

PurposeIn closely knitted eastern societies (e.g. Pakistan), women tend to work for their families, and career is a volunteer choice. The working women often face issues in balancing between these roles and often family pressures influence their work i.e. family care work conflict (FCWC). By valuing the prevalent issue of FCWC, this study aims to identify its relationship with the motivation to continue work (MCW) through mediation of career self-efficacy (CSE) and future time perspectives (FTP).Design/methodology/approachData for the current study are collected from a women sample working in education, health, law firms and banking sector. All in all, 309 completely filled questionnaires were used for analysis purposes.FindingsThe findings of the study reveal that women with high FCWC have low MCW, and CSE partially mediate the relationship. Moreover, FTP moderates the relationship.Originality/valueThe study contributes to literature by considering the mechanism of CSE and FTP between FCWC and MCW. Moreover, a women sample from a closely knitted eastern culture also provides some interesting findings.

Explanation of time perspectives in adopting AI service robots under different service settings

This study bridges a gap in AI acceptance literature by integrating Time Perspective Theory with the Technology Acceptance Model by examining how time orientations influence AI acceptance in various service settings. The results show that past-positive, present-hedonistic, and future time perspectives impact individuals' privacy concerns and their recognition of AI's utilitarian and hedonic benefits. Conversely, past-negative and present-fatalistic perspectives show negligible effects. The study highlights distinct patterns in credence versus experience services, with future-oriented and present-hedonistic individuals favoring AI's benefits in hospitals over restaurants, and past-positive individuals valuing hedonic benefits more in restaurant settings. These orientations affect perceived usefulness and ease of use, with privacy concerns significantly influencing ease of use. The findings offer significant theoretical and practical implications, underscoring the nuanced role of time perspectives in AI service robot acceptance across different environments.

학습상황에서 학습자가 지각하는 유용가치의 정의와 하위유형, 역할에 관한 문헌연구

Purpose: As the perceived utility value among learners in educational settings varies widely, research on diverse types of utility value has been conducted in a disorganized manner with various criteria. In this study the definition, subtypes, and roles of utility value were examined, and necessary research problems were suggested for the future. Methods: The definitions related to utility value defined in various theories and studies were summarized theoretically. Next, by reviewing the detailed types of utility value, the subtypes of utility value in the learning situation of adolescents were summarized. Finally, the role of utility value was summarized based on previous studies. Results: The concept similar to the utility value in the expectancy-value theory includes instrumentality in future time perspective theory and identified regulation in self-determination theory and relatedness in interest theory. In this study, the concept of utility value from four theories was concretized. The specific types of utility value were categorized according to life domains, goal timepoint, performancecontingency, instrumentality, achievement goals, and the subject involved. The variables examining the relationship with useful value are mainly composed of motivation, achievement, and behavior. Conclusion: Utility value can be further divided into subtypes based on critiria such as purpose or domain of usefullness. Additionally, these subtypes of utility value may exhibit distinctive characteristics. Therefore, this study suggests that future research should distinguish and measure each subtype, and investigate how students' learning varies according to the different subtypes of utility value.

Daily Limited Future Time Perspective Is Associated With More Health Behavior Within Older Adults.

Cross-sectional studies suggest that individuals who perceive a broader future horizon may be more likely to consider the future consequences of their actions and, as a result, engage in healthy lifestyle behaviors. However, research has yet to consider how this association plays out on the daily level. The present study used daily diary data from a sample of 198 older adults aged 60 years and older (M = 63.34, SD = 3.29) to investigate the relationship between daily future time perspective (FTP) and daily health behavior. Participants reported on sociodemographic characteristics during baseline surveys and completed daily diary measures of FTP and health behavior (e.g., nutrition, exercise, social/leisure activity) across 14 days. Multilevel modeling was used to examine within- and between-person associations between daily FTP and health behavior. Daily FTP was significantly associated with daily health behavior at the within- but not at the between-person level. Counter to past cross-sectional work, results revealed that individuals showed increased engagement in health behavior on days when they reported a more limited FTP. Findings highlight the importance of moving beyond the between-person level to consider how FTP fluctuates from day-to-day and relates to health behavior in everyday life. Older adults who view a more limited time horizon may be motivated to increase that future through healthier activities.

Microstructural and functional substrates underlying dispositional greed and its link with trait but not state impulsivity

The interplay between personality traits and impulsivity has long been a central theme in psychology and psychiatry. However, the potential association between Greed Personality Traits (GPT) and impulsivity, encompassing both trait and state impulsivity and future time perspective, remains largely unexplored. To address these issues, we employed questionnaires and an inter-temporal choice task to estimate corresponding trait/state impulsivity and collected multi-modal neuroimaging data (resting-state functional imaging: n = 430; diffusion-weighted imaging: n = 426; task-related functional imaging: n = 53) to investigate the underlying microstructural and functional substrates. Behavioral analyses revealed that GPT mediated the association between time perspective (e.g., present fatalism) and trait impulsivity (e.g., motor impulsivity). Functional imaging analyses further identified that brain activation strengths and patterns related to delay length, particularly in the dorsomedial prefrontal cortex, superior parietal lobule, and cerebellum, were associated with GPT. Moreover, individuals with similar levels of greed exhibited analogous spontaneous brain activity patterns, predominantly in the Default Mode Network (DMN), Fronto-Parietal Network (FPN), and Visual Network (VIS). Diffusion imaging analysis observed specific microstructural characteristics in the spinocerebellar/pontocerebellar fasciculus, internal/external capsule, and corona radiata that support the formation of GPT. Furthermore, the corresponding neural activation pattern, spontaneous neural activity pattern, and analogous functional couplings among the aforementioned brain regions mediated the relationships between time perspective and GPT and between GPT and motor impulsivity. These findings provide novel insights into the possible pathway such as time perspective → dispositional greed → impulsivity and uncover their underlying microstructural and functional substrates.

Longitudinal Associations between Future Time Perspective, Sleep Problems, and Depressive Symptoms among Chinese College Students: Between- and within-Person Effects.

Depressive symptoms and sleep problems are extremely prevalent in adolescence, and future time perspective has been found to be strongly associated with them. However, little is known about the longitudinal relationship and the temporal dynamics of future time perspective, sleep problems, and depressive symptoms. Moreover, it is unclear whether sleep problems mediate the associations between future time perspective and depressive symptoms. To address this gap, a one-year longitudinal study was performed using data collected at three waves from 622 Chinese college students (aged 17-22 years, Mage = 18.16, SD = 1.49, 46.95% males). The results of cross-lagged panel models showed a bidirectional relationship between future time perspective and depressive symptoms, and that sleep problems were a mediating mechanism for these relationships. The results of random intercept cross-lagged panel models showed that at the within-person level, the change of sleep problems and depressive symptoms significantly affected the development of future time perspective, but the reverse effect not significant. Moreover, sleep problems mediated the within-person effect of depressive symptoms on future time perspective. These findings deepen the understanding of the longitudinal relationship between future time perspective, sleep problems and depressive symptoms, and emphasize the important role of sleep health in adolescent mental health and future development.