Future Star Research Articles

THE CHEMICAL ABUNDANCES OF STARS IN THE HALO (CASH) PROJECT. III. A NEW CLASSIFICATION SCHEME FOR CARBON-ENHANCED METAL-POOR STARS WITH s-PROCESS ELEMENT ENHANCEMENT

We present a detailed abundance analysis of 23 elements for a newly discovered carbon-enhanced metal-poor (CEMP) star, HE 0414-0343, from the Chemical Abundances of Stars in the Halo (CASH) Project. Its spectroscopic stellar parameters are Teff = 4863 K, log g = 1.25, vmic = 2.20 km/s, and [Fe/H] = -2.24. Radial velocity measurements covering seven years indicate HE 0414-0343 to be a binary. HE 0414-0343 has [C/Fe] = 1.44 and is strongly enhanced in neutron-capture elements but its abundances cannot be reproduced by a solar-type s-process pattern alone. Traditionally, it could be classified as "CEMP-r/s" star. Based on abundance comparisons with AGB star nucleosynthesis models, we suggest a new physically-motivated origin and classification scheme for CEMP-s stars and the still poorly-understood CEMP-r/s. The new scheme describes a continuous transition between these two so-far distinctly treated subgroups: CEMP-sA, CEMP-sB, and CEMP-sC. Possible causes for a continuous transition include the number of thermal pulses the AGB companion underwent, the effect of different AGB star masses on their nucleosynthetic yields, and physics that is not well approximated in 1-D stellar models such as proton ingestion episodes and rotation. Based on a set of detailed AGB models, we suggest the abundance signature of HE 0414-0343 to have arisen from a >1.3 Msun mass AGB star and a late-time mass transfer, that transformed HE 0414-0343 into a CEMP-sC star. We also find the [Y/Ba] ratio well parametrizes the classification and can thus be used to easily classify any future such stars.

MICROWAVE CONTINUUM EMISSION AND DENSE GAS TRACERS IN NGC 3627: COMBINING JANSKY VLA AND ALMA OBSERVATIONS

We present Karl G. Jansky Very Large Array (VLA) Ka band (33 GHz) and Atacama Large Millimeter Array (ALMA) Band 3 (94.5 GHz) continuum images covering the nucleus and two extranuclear star-forming regions within the nearby galaxy NGC 3627 (M 66), observed as part of the Star Formation in Radio Survey (SFRS). Both images achieve an angular resolution of $\lesssim$2\arcsec, allowing us to map the radio spectral indices and estimate thermal radio fractions at a linear resolution of $\lesssim$90 pc at the distance of NGC 3627. The thermal fraction at 33 GHz reaches unity at and around the peaks of each HII region; we additionally observed the spectral index between 33 and 94.5 GHz to become both increasingly negative and positive away from the peaks of the HII regions, indicating an increase of non-thermal extended emission from diffusing cosmic-ray electrons and the possible presence of cold dust, respectively. While the ALMA observations were optimized for collecting continuum data, they also detected line emission from the $J=1\rightarrow0$ transitions of HCN and HCO$^{+}$. The peaks of dense molecular gas traced by these two spectral lines are spatially offset from the peaks of the 33 and 94.5 GHz continuum emission for the case of the extranuclear star-forming regions, indicating that our data reach an angular resolution at which one can spatially distinguish sites of recent star formation from the sites of future star formation. Finally, we find trends of decreasing dense gas fraction and velocity dispersion with increasing star formation efficiency among the three regions observed, indicating that the dynamical state of the dense gas, rather than its abundance, plays a more significant role in the star formation process.

What it means to receive the UEG Rising Star Award.

What it means to receive the UEG Rising Star Award.

Neutral hydrogen gas, past and future star formation in galaxies in and around the ‘Sausage’ merging galaxy cluster

CIZA J2242.8+5301 (z = 0.188, nicknamed ‘Sausage’) is an extremely massive (M200 ∼ 2.0 × 1015 M⊙), merging cluster with shock waves towards its outskirts, which was found to host numerous emission line galaxies. We performed extremely deep Westerbork Synthesis Radio Telescope H i observations of the ‘Sausage’ cluster to investigate the effect of the merger and the shocks on the gas reservoirs fuelling present and future star formation (SF) in cluster members. By using spectral stacking, we find that the emission line galaxies in the ‘Sausage’ cluster have, on average, as much H i gas as field galaxies (when accounting for the fact cluster galaxies are more massive than the field galaxies), contrary to previous studies. Since the cluster galaxies are more massive than the field spirals, they may have been able to retain their gas during the cluster merger. The large H i reservoirs are expected to be consumed within ∼0.75–1.0 Gyr by the vigorous SF and active galactic nuclei activity and/or driven out by the outflows we observe. We find that the star formation rate (SFR) in a large fraction of H α emission line cluster galaxies correlates well with the radio broad-band emission, tracing supernova remnant emission. This suggests that the cluster galaxies, all located in post-shock regions, may have been undergoing sustained SFR for at least 100 Myr. This fully supports the interpretation proposed by Stroe et al. and Sobral et al. that gas-rich cluster galaxies have been triggered to form stars by the passage of the shock.

FROM H i TO STARS: H I DEPLETION IN STARBURSTS AND STAR-FORMING GALAXIES IN THE ALFALFA HαSURVEY

HI in galaxies traces the fuel for future star formation and reveals the effects of feedback on neutral gas. Using a statistically uniform, HI-selected sample of 565 galaxies from the ALFALFA H-alpha survey, we explore HI properties as a function of star formation activity. ALFALFA H-alpha provides R-band and H-alpha imaging for a volume-limited subset of the 21-cm ALFALFA survey. We identify eight starbursts based on H-alpha equivalent width and six with enhanced star formation relative to the main sequence. Both starbursts and non-starbursts have similar HI to stellar mass ratios (MHI/M*), which suggests that feedback is not depleting the starbursts' HI. Consequently, the starbursts do have shorter HI depletion times (t_dep), implying more efficient HI-to-H2 conversion. While major mergers likely drive this enhanced efficiency in some starbursts, the lowest mass starbursts may experience periodic bursts, consistent with enhanced scatter in t_dep at low M*. Two starbursts appear to be pre-coalescence mergers; their elevated MHI/M* suggest that HI-to-H2 conversion is still ongoing at this stage. By comparing with the GASS sample, we find that t_dep anti-correlates with stellar surface density for disks, while spheroids show no such trend. Among early-type galaxies, t_dep does not correlate with bulge-to-disk ratio; instead, the gas distribution may determine the star formation efficiency. Finally, the weak connection between galaxies' specific star formation rates and MHI/M* contrasts with the well-known correlation between MHI/M* and color. We show that dust extinction can explain the HI-color trend, which may arise from the relationship between M*, MHI, and metallicity.

An Improved Path Planning Method Based on Artificial Potential Field for a Mobile Robot

Abstract To solve the problem of local minima and unreachable destination of the traditional artificial potential field method in mobile robot path planning, chaos optimization is introduced to improve the artificial potential field method. The potential field function was adopted as a target function of chaos optimization, and a kind of “two-stage” chaos optimization was used. The corresponding movement step and direction of the robot were achieved by chaos search. Comparison of the improved method proposed in this paper and the traditional artificial potential field method is performed by simulation. The simulation results show that the improved method gets rid of the drawbacks, such as local minima and unreachable goal. Furthermore, the improved method is also verified by building up a physical platform based on “Future Star” robot. The success of the physical experiment indicates that the improved algorithm is feasible and efficient for mobile robot path planning.

THERMAL AND RADIATIVE ACTIVE GALACTIC NUCLEUS FEEDBACK HAVE A LIMITED IMPACT ON STAR FORMATION IN HIGH-REDSHIFT GALAXIES

The effects of Active Galactic Nuclei (AGNs) on their host-galaxies depend on the coupling between the injected energy and the interstellar medium (ISM). Here, we model and quantify the impact of long-range AGN ionizing radiation -- in addition to the often considered small-scale energy deposition -- on the physical state of the multi-phase ISM of the host-galaxy, and on its total Star Formation Rate (SFR). We formulate an AGN Spectral Energy Distribution matched with observations, which we use with the radiative transfer (RT) code Cloudy to compute AGN ionization in a simulated high-redshift disk galaxy. We use a high-resolution ($\sim6$ pc) simulation including standard thermal AGN feedback and calculate RT in post-processing. Surprisingly, while these models produce significant AGN-driven outflows, we find that AGN ionizing radiation and heating reduce the SFR by a few percent at most for a quasar luminosity ($L_{bol}=10^{46.5}$ erg s$^{-1}$). Although the circum-galactic gaseous halo can be kept almost entirely ionized by the AGN, most star-forming clouds ($n\gtrsim10^{2-3}$ cm$^{-3}$) and even the reservoirs of cool atomic gas ($n\sim0.3-10$ cm$^{-3}$) -- which are the sites of future star formation (100 - 200 Myrs), are generally too dense to be significantly affected. Our analysis ignores any absorption from a putative torus, making our results upper limits on the effects of ionizing radiation. Therefore, while the AGN-driven outflows can remove substantial amounts of gas in the long term, the impact of AGN feedback on the star formation efficiency in the interstellar gas in high-redshift galaxies is marginal, even when long-range radiative effects are accounted for.

Astronomy: Cosmic fog and smog.

It emerges that most of the elements heavier than helium are not found in galaxies, where they can be mixed into future stars and planets. Instead, these elements largely reside far from galaxies in ionized gas and dust particles.

Oscillations in g-mode period spacings in red giants as a way to determine their state of evolution

In this work we consider the sensitivity of gravity-mode period spacings to sharp changes in the inner structure of red giant stars, more specifically in the buoyancy frequency inside the g-mode propagation cavity. Based on a comparison between the solutions to the linear pulsation equations in the Cowling approximation for pure g-modes with results obtained with a full oscillation code we identify and correctly interpret the signature of the above-mentioned sharp variations in the period spacings. Two examples, of red giant models in different evolutionary phases, are discussed. Detection of these signatures in CoRoT, Kepler or future PLATO red-giant stars would pin down their evolutionary state in an unprecedented way.

Study of optical frequency transfer via fiber

Optical clocks are considered as promising candidates for redefining the second in the International System of Units. Compared with microwave clocks, optical clocks are powerful tools for the fundamental research such as the constancy of the fundamental constants, the validity of Einstein’s theory of general relativity, and the predictions of quantum electrodynamics. Recently two research groups have demonstrated the optical clocks with an unprecedented precision level of 10-18, which is two orders better than the present primary frequency standard. Using two Sr optical clocks and three Cs fountain clocks, SYRTE group has demonstrated the definition of second with optical clocks.#br#For redefining the second with optical clocks in the future, the optical clocks from the remote laboratories should have a high precision and the frequency of the optical clocks need to be transferred over a long distance, with extremely high precision. Unfortunately the conventional means of frequency transfer such as two-way satellite time and frequency transfer can reach a 10-16 level in one day which is far below the requirement for an optical clocks. Various methods have been developed to transfer optical frequency signal via optical fibers. Especially a research group from Germany has achieved a frequency transfer stability of 10-19 level in hundreds of seconds with a fiber length of 1840 km.#br#We demonstrate the recent development of optical frequency transfer over a 70-km fiber spool at National Time Service Center. The measurement shows that the compensation for the fiber noise is close to the limitation induced by the fiber delay for the Fourier frequency from 1 Hz to 250 Hz. The transfer stability (Allan deviation) of the fiber link is 1.2×10-15 in 1 s averaging time, and 1.4×10-18 in 10000 s. A preliminary test of the optical frequency transfer over a 100-km spooled fiber is achieved with a stability of roughly one order worse than the 71 km result, 5×10-15 in 1 s.#br#We demonstrate a new scheme of remote compensation for optical frequency transfer via fibers against conventional local compensation method. This new scheme has the advantage of great simplification of the local site, which can find applications in massive extension of star network. The key feature is that we transfer the mixture of the round-trip signal and local reference to the remote user’s end via an auxiliary fiber. At remote site, the fiber noise is measured and compensated by AOM2 accordingly.#br#Transfer stabilities of 13×10-15 in 1 s averaging time and 4.8×10-18 in 10000 s are achieved with the remote fiber noise compensation via a 25 km fiber spool. The demonstrated transfer stability is comparable to that obtained by the local fiber noise compensation method.#br#The future star fiber network of optical frequency transfer can benefit from this method, because the simpler local setup is required and even can be shared in the central site for multitudinous remote users.

Gravitational wave emission from oscillating millisecond pulsars

Neutron stars undergoing r-mode oscillation emit gravitational radiation that might be detected on earth. For known millisecond pulsars the observed spindown rate imposes an upper limit on the possible gravitational wave signal of these sources. Taking into account the physics of r-mode evolution, we show that only sources spinning at frequencies above a few hundred Hertz can be unstable to r-modes, and we derive a more stringent universal r-mode spindown limit on their gravitational wave signal, exploiting the fact that the r-mode saturation amplitude is insensitive to the structural properties of individual sources. We find that this refined bound limits the gravitational wave strain from millisecond pulsars to values below the detection sensitivity of next-generation detectors. Young sources are therefore a more promising option for the detection of gravitational waves emitted by r-modes and to probe the interior composition of compact stars in the near future.

Benny Golson and John Coltrane

This excerpt from Lifetime Grammy Award “hall of fame” inductee Benny Golson’s autobiography follows the composer/saxophonist’s recollection of the premature death of his close friend, John Coltrane. Its intimate narrative recalls adolescent jam sessions in Philadelphia that brought together a remarkable group of future stars: Philly Joe Jones, Jimmy and Percy Heath, alongside two aspiring sax players who greatly influenced jazz history. At the center of this vivid account, their unlikely teenage encounter with Thelonious Monk in Harlem and their life-changing evening with Charlie Parker in mid-’40s Philly frame Golson’s poignant memory of a once-in-a-lifetime friendship’s epochal artistic collaboration.

HERSCHEL FINDS EVIDENCE FOR STELLAR WIND PARTICLES IN A PROTOSTELLAR ENVELOPE: IS THIS WHAT HAPPENED TO THE YOUNG SUN?

There is evidence that the young Sun emitted a high flux of energetic (⩾10 MeV) particles. The collisions of these particles with the material at the inner edge of the Protosolar Nebula disk induced spallation reactions that formed short-lived radionuclei, like 10Be, whose trace is now visible in some meteorites. However, it is poorly known exactly when this happened, and whether and how it affected the solar system. Here, we present indirect evidence for an ejection of energetic particles in the young protostar, OMC-2 FIR 4, similar to that experienced by the young solar system. In this case, the energetic particles collide with the material in the protostellar envelope, enhancing the abundance of two molecular ions, HCO+ and N2H+, whose presence is detected via Herschel observations. The flux of energetic particles at a distance of 1 AU from the emitting source, estimated from the measured abundance ratio of HCO+ and N2H+, can easily account for the irradiation required by meteoritic observations. These new observations demonstrate that the ejection of ⩾10 MeV particles is a phenomenon occurring very early in the life of a protostar, before the disappearance of the envelope from which the future star accretes. The whole envelope is affected by the event, which sets constraints on the magnetic field geometry in the source and opens up the possibility that the spallation reactions are not limited to the inner edge of the Protosolar Nebula disk.

The Superstar Quest: Does Youth Talent Predict Professional Success For Female and Male Tennis Players?

We estimate the relationship between international youth and professional tennis rankings. We find no difference between the predictiveness of rankings from age 14 & Under versus age 16 & Under competitions. The most persistent predictor of professional success is beating older top ranked juniors. Our results reveal stark gender differences. For example, ordinal junior rankings are more strongly associated with professional success for males than for females. In addition, future tennis stars are better signaled by U14 competition outcomes for females, but by U16 results for males.

ABUNDANCE PROFILING OF EXTREMELY METAL-POOR STARS AND SUPERNOVA PROPERTIES IN THE EARLY UNIVERSE

After the Big Bang nucleosynthesis, the first heavy element enrichment in the Universe was made by a supernova (SN) explosion of a population (Pop) III star (Pop III SN). The abundance ratios of elements produced from Pop III SNe are recorded in abundance patterns of extremely metal-poor (EMP) stars. The observations of the increasing number of EMP stars have made it possible to statistically constrain the explosion properties of Pop III SNe. We present Pop III SN models whose nucleosynthesis yields well-reproduce individually the abundance patterns of 48 such metal-poor stars as [Fe/H] $\mathrel{\rlap{\lower 4pt \hbox{$\sim$}}\raise 1pt \hbox {$<$}}-3.5$. We then derive relations between the abundance ratios of EMP stars and certain explosion properties of Pop III SNe: the higher [(C+N)/Fe] and [(C+N)/Mg] ratios correspond to the smaller ejected Fe mass and the larger compact remnant mass, respectively. Using these relations, the distributions of the abundance ratios of EMP stars are converted to those of the explosion properties of Pop III SNe. Such distributions are compared with those of the explosion properties of present day SNe: The distribution of the ejected Fe mass of Pop III SNe has the same peak as that of the resent day SNe but shows an extended tail down to $\sim10^{-2}-10^{-5}M_\odot$, and the distribution of the mass of the compact remnant of Pop III SNe is as wide as that of the present day stellar-mass black holes. Our results demonstrate the importance of large samples of EMP stars obtained by ongoing and future EMP star surveys and subsequent high-dispersion spectroscopic observations in clarifying the nature of Pop III SNe in the early Universe.

A 1010SOLAR MASS FLOW OF MOLECULAR GAS IN THE A1835 BRIGHTEST CLUSTER GALAXY

We report ALMA Early Science observations of the Abell 1835 brightest cluster galaxy (BCG) in the CO (3-2) and CO (1-0) emission lines. We detect 5E10 solar masses of molecular gas within 10 kpc of the BCG. Its velocity width of ~130 km/s FWHM is too narrow to be supported by dynamical pressure. The gas may instead be supported in a rotating, turbulent disk oriented nearly face-on. The disk is forming stars at a rate of 100-180 solar masses per year. Roughly 1E10 solar masses of molecular gas is projected 3-10 kpc to the north-west and to the east of the nucleus with line of sight velocities lying between -250 km/s to +480 km/s with respect to the systemic velocity. Although inflow cannot be ruled out, the rising velocity gradient with radius is consistent with a broad, bipolar outflow driven by radio jets or buoyantly rising X-ray cavities. The molecular outflow may be associated with an outflow of hot gas in Abell 1835 seen on larger scales. Molecular gas is flowing out of the BCG at a rate of approximately 200 solar masses per year, which is comparable to its star formation rate. How radio bubbles lift dense molecular gas in their updrafts, how much gas will be lost to the BCG, and how much will return to fuel future star formation and AGN activity are poorly understood. Our results imply that radio-mechanical (radio mode) feedback not only heats hot atmospheres surrounding elliptical galaxies and BCGs, it is able to sweep higher density molecular gas away from their centers.

The Superstar Quest: Does Youth Talent Predict Professional Success for Female and Male Tennis Players?

We estimate the relationship between international youth and professional tennis rankings. We find no difference between the predictiveness of rankings from age 14 & Under versus age 16 & Under competitions. The most persistent predictor of professional success is beating older top ranked juniors. Our results reveal stark gender differences. For example, ordinal junior rankings are more strongly associated with professional success for males than for females. In addition, future tennis stars are better signaled by U14 competition outcomes for females, but by U16 results for males.

Yannis Tsividis' Early Contributions to MOS Filters

In the 1970s, when the bipolar transistor was the undisputed king of analog integrated circuits (ICs), most electrical engineers regarded the MOS transistor as a second-rate device for ICs: it was a good switch, but a mediocre amplifier. As a graduate student at UC Berkeley, under the supervision of Paul Gray, Yannis Tsividis had a very different vision. He saw the MOS transistor as the future star for mixed-signal ICs and was excited to prove to the world he was right. The opening gambit was his thesis work demonstrating the first fully-integrated MOS opamp [1]. This single achievement propelled him to the top of his generation of researchers and earned him a Berkeley PhD degree, a teaching appointment at Columbia University and a consulting position at Bell Laboratories.

Research on Obstacle Avoidance Behavior of Ultrasonic Sensor-Based Robot

The safe obstacle avoidance is a basic problem on mobile robotics research. The premise of realizing safe obstacle avoidance is achieving the accurate information for obstacle avoidance which provides reliable indication on the surrounding environment for mobile robot obstacle avoidance processing. The sensors are used to measure and obtain the obstacle avoidance information for obstacle detection and ranging. Based on "Future Star" platform, a remote control application of ultrasound obstacle avoidance has been developed to implement obstacle avoidance capabilities on the study of ultrasound obstacle avoidance strategy and path planning.

Regularized OSIRIS 3D spectroscopy at the circumnuclear disk ionization front

AbstractThe Galactic central black hole and the central cluster of young stars are surrounded by a clumpy gas disk (the circumnuclear disk, CND) that rotates about them at a distance of ≃ 1 pc. The gas in this warm, turbulent, magnetized disk is ultimately likely to migrate into the central cavity and fuel future star formation and black hole accretion. We have observed two fields of approximately 20″ × 20″ in the CND at NIR wavelengths with the OSIRIS integral-field spectrometer at Keck Observatory. These two fields are located at the interface between the neutral and the ionized regions. Our data cover two H2 lines as well as the Brγ line of the Hi spectrum. The signal-to-noise ratio per spatial pixel of each line varies considerably across the field and becomes quite low in some regions. In order to avoid degrading the spatial resolution, we have developed a novel three-dimensional method to analyze the data in terms of regularized parameter maps. The method proves very efficient in retrieving all the information contained in the spectral line emission while not degrading the spatial resolution. We present this new method to analyze 3D spectroscopic data and describe our preliminary results on the structure of the ionized-neutral interface.