Future In-depth Research Research Articles

Gut microbiota of patients insusceptible to olanzapine-induced fatty liver disease relieves hepatic steatosis in rats.

Olanzapine-induced fatty liver disease continues to pose vital therapeutic challenges in the treatment of psychiatric disorders. In addition, we observed that some patients were less prone to hepatic steatosis induced by olanzapine. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the role and the underlying mechanism of the intestinal flora in olanzapine-mediated hepatic side effects and explore the possible countermeasures. Our results showed that patients with different susceptibilities to olanzapine-induced fatty liver disease had different gut microbial diversity and composition. Furthermore, we performed fecal microbiota treatment (FMT), and confirmed that the gut microbiome of patients less prone to the fatty liver caused by olanzapine exhibited an alleviation against fatty liver disease in rats. In terms of mechanism, we revealed that the cross talk of leptin with the gut-short-chain fatty acid (SCFA)-liver axis play a critical role in olanzapine-related fatty degeneration in liver. These findings propose a promising strategy for overcoming the issues associated with olanzapine application and will hopefully inspire future in-depth research of fecal microbiota-based therapy in olanzapine-induced fatty liver disease.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Patients who were less inclined to have olanzapine-induced fatty liver had different gut microbiota profiles than did those in the susceptible cohort. Lachnospiraceae, Ruminococcaceae, Oscillospiraceae, Butyricicoccaceae, and Christensenellaceae were enriched in patients who were less prone to fatty liver disease caused by olanzapine. Fecal microbiota treatment (FMT) with these fecal samples promoted short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) production, which attenuated the circulating leptin and inhibited FASN and ACC1, thereby suppressing lipid synthesis in the liver, ultimately leading to alleviation of hepatic steatosis.

The role of canopy family proteins: biological mechanism and disease function.

Canopy family proteins are highly sequence-conserved proteins with an N-terminal hydrophobic signal sequence, a unique pattern of six cysteine residues characteristic of the saposin-like proteins, and a C-terminal putative endoplasmic reticulum retention signal sequence. At present, the known canopy family proteins are canopy fibroblast growth factor signaling regulator 1 (CNPY1), CNPY2, CNPY3, and CNPY4. Despite similar structures, canopy family proteins regulate complex signal networks to participate in various biological processes. They are involved in a wide range of diseases, including angiogenesis, abnormal immune responses, neurodevelopmental disorders, and the development of tumors. Here, we summarized the biological processes and influence on the disease of every CNPY family protein to elucidate potential biomarkers and point out the direction for future in-depth research.

Insights into the progressive impact of high-fat-diet induced insulin resistance on skeletal muscle and myocardium: A comprehensive study on C57BL6 mice

This study aims to provide a theoretical foundation for the future management of diabetes at various stages induced by a high-fat diet. Specifically, it seeks to determine the appropriate pharmacological interventions for each phase of diabetes development and the targeted therapeutic directions at different stages of diabetes progression. This investigation employed C57BL6 mice as experimental subjects, successfully establishing an insulin resistance model through a 12-week high-fat diet. Clinical manifestations, weight, body composition, and overall health of each mouse group were observed on the first day of the 6th, 8th, 10th, and 12th week of high-fat feeding to analyze insulin resistance. Subsequently, open-field test of each mouse group, and histopathological changes in the skeletal muscle and myocardium of each mouse group, along with the detection of protein-level expression of relevant genes, were performed to assess alterations in mitochondrial energy metabolism during insulin resistance. This endeavor aims to contribute insights for future in-depth veterinary research. The outcomes demonstrated that a continuous 12-week high-fat diet successfully induced stable insulin resistance in C57BL6 mice. Following insulin resistance, the motor activity of mice decreased, gradual pathological damage and functional decline were observed in the skeletal muscle and myocardium. The insulin signaling pathway was inhibited, resulting in reduced glucose transport and increased gluconeogenesis. Additionally, mitochondrial dysfunction manifested as diminished ATP synthesis capacity, weakened mitochondrial biogenesis, reduced mitochondrial fusion, increased division, and diminished autophagy. Notably, during insulin resistance progression, skeletal muscles and myocardium in C57BL6 mice predominantly relied on glycolytic pathways for energy supply. In the early stages of insulin resistance, the glycogen synthesis pathway in C57BL6 mouse skeletal muscles was inhibited. Our findings underscore a distinct mechanism in skeletal muscle and myocardium that ensures the utilization of anaerobic fermentation to meet energy demands in instances of inadequate aerobic respiration (Fig 1).

NasalSeg: A Dataset for Automatic Segmentation of Nasal Cavity and Paranasal Sinuses from 3D CT Images

Modern facial surgical planning and therapeutic strategies rely heavily on the precise segmentation of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses from computed tomography (CT) images for quantitative analysis. Nevertheless, manual segmentation is labor-intensive and prone to inconsistencies, highlighting the need for automatic segmentation methods. A significant challenge in this field is the lack of publicly available clinical datasets for research. To address this issue, we introduce NagalSeg, the first large-scale, publicly available dataset for nasal cavity and paranasal sinus segmentation. In comparison to existing nasal structure segmentation datasets, which are either private or small-scale, NagalSeg stands out as the first publicly accessible dataset. It provides an order of magnitude more labeled data, consisting of 130 3D CT scans with pixel-wise annotations of five anatomical structures: the left nasal cavity, right nasal cavity, nasopharynx, left maxillary sinus, and right maxillary sinus. The NagalSeg dataset serves as an open-access resource to facilitate the development and evaluation of segmentation algorithms and promote future in-depth research towards the clinical application of artificial intelligence methods.

Whole-Genome Resequencing and Evolutionary Analysis of Wild Morel Mushroom Morchella sp.

Morels (Morchella sp.) are important edible fungi cultivated mainly in China. Although the relevant culture technology for Morchella is now fundamentally mature, it is limited to the Elata and Rufobrunnea clades, and the artificial culture technology for the Esculenta clade, which also has economic value, has not been extensively studied. In this study, we selected a wild morel belonging to the Esculenta clade as the research material and performed de novo sequencing and assembly of the Morchella sp. (Mosp) genome using second- and third-generation sequencing. The whole-genome size of Mosp was 55.17 Mb with a contig N50 of 1.89 Mb, and the GC content was 47.49%. A total of 10,896 protein-coding genes were identified. The non-coding RNA prediction results showed that there were 329 tRNAs, 65 rRNAs, and 37 snRNAs in the Mosp genome. The functional annotation of the Mosp genes showed that most of the genes were related to the reproductive and metabolic processes of the cells and participated in nutrient digestion, absorption, utilization, and catabolism in morels. There was a high degree of repetition (21.58%) in the Mosp genome, and the sizes of the DNA transposons and the long terminal repeats were 0.55 Mb and 5.85 Mb, respectively. The phylogeny analysis showed that Mosp clusters together with four other Morchella species: Morchella importuna, Morchella conica, Morchella sextelata, and Morchella snyderi. Molecular dating indicated that the differentiation of Mosp and the black morels group occurred about 147.0 million years ago (MYA). In addition, the evolutionary analysis showed that 296 gene families were contracted and 96 gene families were expanded in Mosp versus the related morel species. The results of this study provide new insights into the genome evolution of Mosp and lay the foundation for future in-depth research into the molecular biology and breeding of the genus Morchella.

Changes in apoptosis in large yellow croaker (Larimichthys crocea) after death: considering the influence of mitochondria and microorganisms

Changes in apoptosis in large yellow croaker (Larimichthys crocea) after death: considering the influence of mitochondria and microorganisms

Analysis of the relationship between neonatal birth weight and meconium metabolites based on birth cohort metabolomics

Neonatal birth weight is a crucial indicator of intrauterine growth and development with important implications for child development and adult health. The birth weight of a newborn is closely linked to the nutrition and health of the mother during pregnancy as well as genetic factors. Therefore, assessing the metabolic status of the fetus in utero is greatly significant for understanding the mechanisms responsible for abnormal birth weight. While previous studies often analyzed the impact of maternal metabolism on fetal development using umbilical cord blood from pregnant women, such blood may not accurately reflect the actual intrauterine environment owing to the barrier function of the placenta; moreover, obtaining biological samples during the fetal period is challenging. Meconium, the first feces excreted by a newborn, provides ideal biological material for studying maternal and infant health. Metabolomics can reveal metabolic changes in living organisms by analyzing small molecules in biological samples; hence studying meconium samples using metabolomics technology is expected to reveal fetal metabolic changes during pregnancy, thereby providing new insights into fetal nutritional intake, growth, and development, as well as metabolic pathways related to birth weight. To gain a deeper understanding of the metabolic changes associated with birth weight, this study collected metabolomic data from the meconium of 484 newborns in the established Xiaogan birth cohort using an untargeted metabolomics technique based on liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS) and analyzed the association between meconium metabolites and birth weight. This cohort exhibited incidence rates of low birth weight (<2500 g) and macrosomia (>4000 g) of 3.3% and 7.2%, respectively, which were roughly equivalent to the national average. Orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis revealed significant differences between the meconium metabolomes of the low birth weight and macrosomic groups when compared to the normal weight group. We discovered significant distinctions between the differential metabolites of newborns of low birth weight and those of normal weight, as well as between macrosomic and normal weight newborns that point to disparate biological pathways. Newborns with low birth weight exhibited significantly lower levels of critical amino acids, such as glutamate and proline, compared to the normal weight group, which may be associated with placental dysfunction and maternal nutritional deficiencies. Conversely, the meconium of macrosomic newborns contained significantly elevated levels of hormone metabolites such as estrone that reflected the pathophysiological state associated with maternal metabolic diseases or excessive placental hormone levels. Our study suggests that the metabolomic profile of the meconium reflects the metabolic pathways and regulatory mechanisms at play during fetal growth and development, and offers potential metabolic biomarkers and directions for future in-depth research into diseases related to fetal development. However, this study was based solely on the Xiaogan birth cohort, which was limited to specific regions and populations. A multicenter, multiethnic, and multiregional study is expected to help validate the universality of our research findings.

Research on the Impact of the Digital Transformation of Commercial Banks

The development of the digital economy has presented both opportunities and challenges for the transformation of commercial banks. This article aims to conduct a literature review on the impact of digital transformation on commercial banks and to explore the multi-dimensional effects it brings. Through a review and analysis of relevant domestic and international literature, this paper first defines the connotation of digital transformation in commercial banks. It then conducts a literature analysis and research on the strategic governance, business performance, and risk management aspects of the digital transformation of commercial banks from multiple perspectives. Based on the analysis of the existing literature, the paper explores directions for future in-depth research and offers corresponding policy suggestions, providing a theoretical and practical foundation for the future digital development of commercial banks.

The Future of Long-Term-Care

Background: Aging populations worldwide are grappling with the challenge of long-term care for the disabled elderly, particularly in countries like China that are aging before they become affluent. The number of disabled elderly in China is sharply increasing, necessitating effective strategies to meet their care needs. Objectives: This study aims to conduct a comprehensive scientometric analysis of research trends, hotspots, and future directions in the field of long-term care for disabled elderly individuals in China using CiteSpace software. Methods: Employing CiteSpace 6.2.R1, this study analyzed 1,914 relevant publications from 1999 to 2024 in the Web of Science and CNKI databases. Keyword analysis, clustering, and visualization were performed using CiteSpace software to identify key themes and trends. Results: The analysis indicates an overall upward trend in publications since 1999, with a significant increase between 2013 and 2017. High-frequency keywords mainly include influencing factors, integration of medical and nursing care, and service quality. Research hotspots include family caregiving, health status, demand factors, and mental health. Conclusions: This study reveals the research trends, hotspots, and future directions in the field of long-term care for disabled elderly individuals in China. It shows a rapid increase in research quantity over time. High-frequency keyword analysis identified ongoing topics of interest such as influencing factors, integration of healthcare, and service quality. Keyword clustering analysis revealed that research hotspots are concentrated in areas such as family caregiving, health status, demand factors and mental health, with each field containing rich research content. Main Contribution to Evidence-Based Practice: This study uses CiteSpace visualization analysis software and bibliometric methods to organize and analyze existing literature, clarifying the research status, hotspots, and trends in the field. This information is intended to help scholars, practitioners, and policymakers better understand the progress in this area and provide a reference for future in-depth research.

Preliminary identification of somatic mutations profile in ACL injury

Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury is a common orthopedic disease with a high incidence, long recovery time, and often requiring surgical treatment. However, the susceptibility factors for ACL injury are currently unclear, and there is a lack of analysis on the differences in the ligament itself. Previous studies have focused on germline mutations, with less research on somatic mutations. To determine the role of somatic mutations in ACL injuries, we recruited seven patients between the ages of 20 and 39 years diagnosed with ACL injuries, collected their peripheral blood, injured ligament ends, and healthy ligament ends tissues, and performed exome sequencing with gene function enrichment analysis. We detected multiple gene mutations and gene deletions, which were only present in some of the samples. Unfortunately, it was not possible to determine whether these somatic mutations are related to ligament structure or function, or are involved in ACL injury. However, this study provides valuable clues for future in-depth research.

Clarifying new molecular subtyping and precise treatment of melanoma based on disulfidptosis-related lncRNA signature

Disulfidptosis, the newest form of programmed cell death, is closely associated with the immune microenvironment of cancer cells. Long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) has also been found to play a crucial role in melanoma. However, the role of disulfidptosis-related lncRNA in melanoma remains unclear. Through bioinformatic analysis of the transcriptional, clinical, and pathological data from the TCGA-SKCM (The Cancer Genome Atlas—Skin cutaneous melanoma) database, we established a 2-Disulfidptosis-related lncRNA (DRL) prognostic model and a novel molecular subtype for melanoma. The survival and ROC curves of the 2-DRL prognostic model demonstrated its strong efficacy in predicting the prognosis of melanoma. The high-risk group of melanoma exhibited a significant decrease in ESTIMATEScore, ImmuneScore, and StromalScore, indicative of pronounced immune suppression and exhaustion. Subgroup C2 of melanoma displayed an immune-activated state, while subgroups C1 and C3 showed immune suppression and exhaustion, potentially leading to poorer prognosis. Subgroup C1 demonstrated better sensitivity to Zoledronate, UMI-77, Nilotinib, and Cytarabine. Subgroup C2 exhibited greater sensitivity to Ribociclib, XAV939, Topotecan, and Ruxolitinib. Subgroup C3 showed higher sensitivity to VX-11e, Ulixertinib, Trametinib, and Afatinib. This study revealed the immune microenvironment status and targeted drug sensitivity in melanoma patients with different risk scores and molecular subtypes, offering valuable guidance for clinical treatment and identifying significant DRL targets for future in-depth research.

An application of machine learning to classify food waste interventions from a food supply chain perspective

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to demonstrate the efficacy of machine learning (ML) in managing natural language processing tasks, specifically by developing two ML models to systematically classify a substantial number of food waste interventions.Design/methodology/approachA literature review was undertaken to gather global food waste interventions. Subsequently, two ML models were designed and trained to classify these interventions into predefined supply chain-related groups and intervention types. To demonstrate the use of the models, a meta-analysis was performed to uncover patterns amongst the interventions.FindingsThe performance of the two classification models underscores the capabilities of ML in natural language processing, significantly enhancing the efficiency of text classification. This facilitated the rapid and effective classification of a large dataset consisting of 2,469 food waste interventions into six distinct types and assigning them to seven involved supply chain stakeholder groups. The meta-analysis reveals the most dominant intervention types and the strategies most widely adopted: 672 interventions are related to “Process and Operations Optimisation”, 457 to “Awareness and Behaviour Interventions” and 403 to “Technological and Engineering Solutions”. Prominent stakeholder groups, including “Processing and Manufacturing”, “Retail” “Government and Local Authorities” and “NGOs, Charitable Organisations and Research and Advocacy Groups”, are actively involved in over a thousand interventions each.Originality/valueThis study bridges a notable gap in food waste intervention research, a domain previously characterised by fragmentation and incomprehensive classification of the full range of interventions along the whole food supply chain. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is the first study to systematically classify a broad spectrum of food waste interventions while demonstrating ML capabilities. The study provides a clear, systematic framework for interventions to reduce food waste, offering valuable insight for practitioners in the food system, policymakers and consumers. Additionally, it lays the foundation for future in-depth research in the food waste reduction domain.

Overexpression of RpKTI2 from Robinia pseudoacacia Affects the Photosynthetic Physiology and Endogenous Hormones of Tobacco.

Kunitz trypsin inhibitor genes play important roles in stress resistance. In this study, we investigated RpKTI2 cloned from Robinia pseudoacacia and its effect on tobacco. RpKTI2 was introduced into the tobacco cultivar NC89 using Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. Six RpKTI2-overexpressing lines were obtained. Transgenic and wild-type tobacco plants were then compared for photosynthetic characteristics and endogenous hormone levels. Transgenic tobacco showed minor changes in chlorophyll content, fluorescence, and photosynthetic functions. However, the maximum photochemical efficiency (Fv/Fm) increased significantly while intercellular CO2 concentration (Ci) decreased significantly. Stomatal size and hormone content (indole-3-acetic acid, zeatin riboside, gibberellin, and indole-3-propionic acid) were reduced, while brassinosteroid content increased. Random forest regression revealed that RpKTI2 overexpression had the biggest impact on carotenoid content, initial fluorescence, Ci, stomatal area, and indole-3-acetic acid. Overall, RpKTI2 overexpression minimally affected chlorophyll synthesis and photosynthetic system characteristics but influenced stomatal development and likely enhanced the antioxidant capacity of tobacco. These findings provide a basis for future in-depth research on RpKTI2.

Advances in the interaction between lumbar intervertebral disc degeneration and fat infiltration of paraspinal muscles: critical summarization, classification, and perspectives.

More than 619 million people in the world suffer from low back pain (LBP). As two potential inducers of LBP, intervertebral disc degeneration (IVDD) and fat infiltration of paraspinal muscles (PSMs) have attracted extensive attention in recent years. So far, only one review has been presented to summarize their relationship and relevant mechanisms. Nevertheless, it has several noticeable drawbacks, such as incomplete categorization and discussion, lack of practical proposals, etc. Consequently, this paper aims to systematically summarize and classify the interaction between IVDD and fat infiltration of PSMs, thus providing a one-stop search handbook for future studies. As a result, four mechanisms of IVDD leading to fat infiltration of PSMs and three mechanisms of fat infiltration in PSMs causing IVDD are thoroughly analyzed and summarized. The typical reseaches are tabulated and evaluated from four aspects, i.e., methods, conclusions, benefits, and drawbacks. We find that IVDD and fat infiltration of PSMs is a vicious cycle that can promote the occurrence and development of each other, ultimately leading to LBP and disability. Finally, eight perspectives are proposed for future in-depth research.

Mechanisms involved in the regulation of mitochondrial quality control by PGAM5 in heart failure.

Heart failure (HF) refers to a group of clinical syndromes in which various heart diseases lead to the inability of cardiac output to meet the metabolic needs of the body's tissues. Cardiac metabolism requires enormous amounts of energy; thus, impaired myocardial energy metabolism is considered a key factor in the occurrence and development of HF. Mitochondria serve as the primary energy source for cardiomyocytes, and their regular functionality underpins healthy cardiac function. The mitochondrial quality control system is a crucial mechanism for regulating the functionality of cardiomyocytes, and any abnormality in this system can potentially impact the morphology and structure of mitochondria, as well as the energy metabolism of cardiomyocytes. Phosphoglycerate mutase 5 (PGAM5), a multifunctional protein, plays a key role in the regulation of mitochondrial quality control through multiple pathways. Therefore, abnormal PGAM5 function is closely related to mitochondrial damage. This article reviews the mechanism of PGAM5's involvement in the regulation of the mitochondrial quality control system in the occurrence and development of HF, thereby providing a theoretical basis for future in-depth research.

Exploring the role of parthanatos in CNS injury: Molecular insights and therapeutic approaches.

Central nervous system (CNS) injury causes severe organ damage due to both damage resulting from the injury and subsequent cell death. However, there are currently no effective treatments for countering the irreversible loss of cell function. Parthanatos is a poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP-1)-dependent form of programmed cell death that is partly responsible for neural cell death. Consequently, the mechanism by which parthanatos promotes CNS injury has attracted significant scientific interest. Our review aims to summarize the potential role of parthanatos in CNS injury and its molecular and pathophysiological mechanisms. Understanding the role of parthanatos and related molecules in CNS injury is crucial for developing effective treatment strategies and identifying important directions for future in-depth research. Parthanatos (from Thanatos, the personification of death according to Greek mythology) is a type of programmed cell death that is initiated by the overactivation of PARP-1. This process triggers a cascade of reactions, including the accumulation of poly(ADP-ribose) (PAR), the nuclear translocation of apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF) after its release from mitochondria, and subsequent massive DNA fragmentation caused by migration inhibitory factor (MIF) forming a complex with AIF. Secondary molecular mechanisms, such as excitotoxicity and oxidative stress-induced overactivation of PARP-1, significantly exacerbate neuronal damage following initial mechanical injury to the CNS. Furthermore, parthanatos is not only associated with neuronal damage but also interacts with various other types of cell death. This review focuses on the latest research concerning the parthanatos cell death pathway, particularly considering its regulatory mechanisms and functions in CNS damage. We highlight the associations between parthanatos and different cell types involved in CNS damage and discuss potential therapeutic agents targeting the parthanatos pathway.

DIRECT AND INDIRECT EFFECTS OF DARK TETRADE ON FLOURISHING AND PERCEIVED CONTROL

The aim of the present study was to outline the direct and indirect effects of the Dark Tetrade (narcissism, Machiavellianism, psychopathy and sadism) on flourishing, perceived personal control (mastery, self-control, experienced environmental constraints, environmental mastery), general satisfaction and empathy. The research was conducted in the specific context of global crises - after the constraints imposed by the COVID-19 pandemic and the ongoing global crisis. The design was cross-sectional with a convenient sample of 191 respondents. The results highlighted the specific relations of the dark traits with flourishing, perceived control, and satisfaction that replicate previous research. Flourishing was predicted by perceived environmental mastery, satisfaction with self and relationships, and low psychopathy. The relationship of psychopathy and flourishing was mediated by the perceived environmental constraints. The general satisfaction effect was mediated by narcissism. Future in-depth research of the specificity of dark trait combinations and profiling for diagnostic, prognostic, and preventive insights for improved self-regulation is discussed.

Comprehending Health of the Transgender Population in India Through Bibliometric Analysis.

Objective: In India research on health issues of transgender populations are very recent and limited though transgenders are an important sub-group of the population. Hence, this study attempts to understand the state of transgender health research in India through a systematic review of literature. Methods: A systematic literature review was conducted using bibliometric analysis. Initially, 132 studies were identified, and only 37 articles meeting selection criteria were subsequently selected for review using PRISMA 2020 guidelines. The research landscape was examined with tools such as Biblioshiny, Arc-GIS (10.1), and Vos-Viewer. Results: The review highlights that existing literature on transgender health in India mainly focuses on sexual health while neglecting their overall health status. It also emphasises the skewed geographical coverage of these studies. Based on the analysis, the interdisciplinary nature of the subject is illustrated in a three-field plot and through term co-occurrence. These indicate the need for culture-specific gender-affirmative services promoting a holistic approach to comprehend the health of transgender populations in India. Conclusion: In India research on transgender health is lopsided and at an initial stage. There is a need to develop diverse research focus on various health issues of transgenders that should also be geographically representative. Future in-depth research on this subject will enable optimizing resource allocation, developing effective gender-inclusive policies, and support holistic planning for better health status of transgender people in India, and other countries with similar socio-cultural background.

Parents' Strategy in Developing Adolescents' Attitudes in Using the Internet in Muara Megang Musi Rawas Village

Social media is a place to share information and communication for Indonesian people. Things that cannot be separated from life and almost every moment cannot be separated from smartphones. Smartphones have positive and negative impacts that are felt by the public. Apart from that, technology can also make work easier, but the negative impacts of technology are the rise of kidnapping, pornography, rape, drugs and prostitution transactions. This research aims to analyze parents' strategies for cultivating wise attitudes in using the internet in Muara Megang Musi Rawas village from research. This research uses a qualitative method with an approach based on facts in the field. We conducted this research, making the researcher the instrument who will later conduct interviews, observations and documentation as the basis for this research. that poor use of the internet has a very negative impact on the daily character of teenagers and that is why parents need to educate their children well in using the internet, including providing education about the bad impacts of bad actions and supervising their use of the internet in everyday life. . By providing education to teenagers about how to use the internet safely and responsibly. This includes explaining dangers such as cyberbullying, online fraud, and inappropriate content. Parents can also set limits on internet use, this includes time limits, the type of content that can be accessed, and the devices that can be used and provide examples for teenagers in using the internet where parents must show teenagers how to use the internet in a positive and positive way. productive. The author recommends that in the future more in-depth follow-up research be conducted regarding how to make the internet a media for motivating teenagers to develop their potential.&#x0D;

An Emerging Role for Enhancer RNAs in Brain Disorders.

Noncoding DNA undergoes widespread context-dependent transcription to produce noncoding RNAs. In recent decades, tremendous advances in genomics and transcriptomics have revealed important regulatory roles for noncoding DNA elements and the RNAs that they produce. Enhancers are one such element that are well-established drivers of gene expression changes in response to a variety of factors such as external stimuli, cellular responses, developmental cues, and disease states. They are known to act at long distances, interact with multiple target gene loci simultaneously, synergize with other enhancers, and associate with dynamic chromatin architectures to form a complex regulatory network. Recent advances in enhancer biology have revealed that upon activation, enhancers transcribe long noncoding RNAs, known as enhancer RNAs (eRNAs), that have been shown to play important roles in enhancer-mediated gene regulation and chromatin-modifying activities. In the brain, enhancer dysregulation and eRNA transcription has been reported in numerous disorders from acute injuries to chronic neurodegeneration. Because this is an emerging area, a comprehensive understanding of eRNA function has not yet been achieved in brain disorders; however, the findings to date have illuminated a role for eRNAs in activity-driven gene expression and phenotypic outcomes. In this review, we highlight the breadth of the current literature on eRNA biology in brain health and disease and discuss the challenges as well as focus areas and strategies for future in-depth research on eRNAs in brain health and disease.