Future Disposition Research Articles

Integrating the interpersonal theory of suicide and the dualistic model of passion among adults at risk for suicide.

The dualistic model of passion proposes two passion types, harmonious and obsessive, representing adaptive and maladaptive passion, respectively. Studies suggest interpersonal experiences explain harmonious passion benefits and obsessive passion negative consequences. However, research has not examined passion among individuals with clinically elevated suicide risk, nor the associations between passion types and suicide-related outcomes. The present study presents a conceptual model linking the dualistic model of passion and the interpersonal theory of suicide constructs [specifically, thwarted belongingness (TB) and perceived burdensomeness (PB)]. U.S. adults with clinically elevated suicide risk (N = 484) completed online, cross-sectional assessments of harmonious and obsessive passion, TB, PB, and future dispositions (i.e., positive focus, negative focus, and suicide orientation). A mediation model indicated the effects of harmonious and obsessive passion on positive and negative focus and suicide orientation were largely explained by TB and PB. The present findings suggest engaging in a passion activity may be meaningfully related to suicide-related interpersonal perceptions (i.e., TB and PB).

USING CURRENT TRENDS IN EMBRYO DISPOSITION TO ASSIST IN EMBRYO DISPOSITION DECISION-MAKING

Cryopreserved Reproductive Cells and Tissues (CRCT) can impose financial and ethical burdens on those interested in potential parenthood, and on the clinics responsible for storage of these tissues. Providers are obliged to address future disposition with all parties, who then must agree to & sign documents of intent prior to assisted reproductive technology (ART) treatments.

Imperial wet nurses in the reign of Mughal Emperor Akbar

AbstractMughal chronicles frequently refer to royal Mughal infants being entrusted to wet nurses for breastfeeding and nurturing. The women chosen for this purpose were invariably the wives of important Mughal officials. It was believed that the quality of milk the baby received determined its future disposition. Therefore, these nurses needed to possess desirable psychological qualities and moral temperaments. They were accorded a high status and usually established a lasting relationship with their charges. As a result, the children of the emperor developed a close association with their wet nurses and their families who, in turn, became the staunchest supporters of their wards. The success, influence, and prestige of these families depended on the political fortune of the royal child they had cared for. If the prince became an emperor, they gained immense power and prestige both in life and death. They were honoured with elaborate funerals and buried in imperial tombs. This article argues that the rationale behind the use of wet nurses by Mughal royalty during Emperor Akbar's reign was not simply a medical or physiological one, it was equally a political instrument for forging ties between prominent families and royalty.

Differences in suicide risk correlates and history of suicide ideation and attempts as a function of disability type.

Disability status is associated with correlates of suicide risk (perceived burdensomeness, thwarted belongingness, negative future disposition, felt stigma, suicidal ideation, and suicide attempts). This study aimed to examine whether suicide-related correlates differ significantly as a function of disability type. Individuals with mobility and vision disabilities (N = 102) completed semistructured interviews and online-based questionnaires. Analysis of variance/analysis of covaiance and Fisher's exact tests were conducted to examine whether mean levels of suicide-related correlates differed significantly between individuals with blindness/low vision (n = 63) versus mobility-related (n = 39) disabilities. No significant between-group differences were observed for most outcomes; however, individuals with vision disabilities reported higher mean levels of felt stigma and positive future disposition than those with mobility-related disabilities. The limited representation of disabilities among participants precludes generalization to individuals with other forms of disability and the cross-sectional design prevents inference about causality. Interventions targeting cognitive processes that underlie suicide risk may be applicable to people with mobility and vision disabilities.

Situational Awareness: Techniques, Challenges, and Prospects

Situational awareness (SA) is defined as the perception of entities in the environment, comprehension of their meaning, and projection of their status in near future. From an Air Force perspective, SA refers to the capability to comprehend and project the current and future disposition of red and blue aircraft and surface threats within an airspace. In this article, we propose a model for SA and dynamic decision-making that incorporates artificial intelligence and dynamic data-driven application systems to adapt measurements and resources in accordance with changing situations. We discuss measurement of SA and the challenges associated with quantification of SA. We then elaborate a plethora of techniques and technologies that help improve SA ranging from different modes of intelligence gathering to artificial intelligence to automated vision systems. We then present different application domains of SA including battlefield, gray zone warfare, military- and air-base, homeland security and defense, and critical infrastructure. Finally, we conclude the article with insights into the future of SA.

Disposition intentions of elective egg freezers toward their surplus frozen oocytes: a systematic review and meta-analysis

To examine the disposition outcomes and disposition intentions of elective egg freezers (EEFs) toward their surplus frozen oocytes and the psychosocial determinants underlying these. A systematic review and meta-analysis. Not applicable. Actual EEFs (women with oocytes in storage), potential EEFs (women investigating elective oocyte cryopreservation or about to freeze their oocytes), and women of reproductive age (women in the community aged ≥18 years). A systematic review was undertaken and electronically searched MEDLINE, Embase, and PsycINFO on the Ovid platform for conference abstracts and peer-reviewed articles, published in English after January 1, 2010. A search strategy combined synonyms for oocyte, cryopreservation, donation, disposition, elective, and attitude. Eligible studies assessed disposition outcomes (how an oocyte was disposed of) and disposition intentions (how women intend to dispose of an oocyte) and/or the psychosocial determinants underlying disposition outcomes and intentions. The Joanna Briggs Institute Prevalence Tool was used to assess the risk of bias. A meta-analysis using random effects was applied to pool proportions of women with similar disposition intentions toward their oocytes. Disposition outcomes and intentions toward surplus frozen oocytes: donate to research; donate to others; discard; unsure. Psychosocial determinants (beliefs, attitudes, barriers, and facilitators) of disposition outcomes and intentions. A total of 3,560 records were identified, of which 22 (17 studies) met the inclusion criteria (8 studies from Europe, 7 from North America, and 2 from Asia). No studies reported on past oocyte disposition outcomes. Seventeen studies reported on the future disposition intentions of 5,446 women. Only 2 of the 17 studies reported on the psychosocial determinants of oocyte disposition intentions. There was substantial heterogeneity in the pooled results, which was likely a result of the significant variation in methodology. Actual EEFs were included in eight studies (n = 873), of whom 53% (95% confidence interval [CI], 44-63; I2, 87%) would donate surplus oocytes to research, 31% (95% CI, 23-40; I2, 72%) were unsure, 26% (95% CI, 17-38; I2, 92%) would donate to others, and 12% (95% CI, 6-21; I2, 88%) would discard their eggs. Psychosocial determinants: One study reported that 50% of these women were aware of friends and/or family having difficulty conceiving, which may have contributed to their willingness to donate to others. Potential EEFs were included in 4 studies (n = 645), of whom 38% (95% CI, 28-50; I2, 84%) would donate to research, 32% (95% CI, 17-51; I2, 91%) would donate to others, 29% (95% CI, 17-44; I2, 89%) would discard, and 7% (95% CI, 1-27; I2, 77%) were unsure. Psychosocial determinants: No studies. Women of reproductive age were included in 5 studies (n = 3,933), of whom 59% (95% CI, 48-70; I2, 97%) would donate to research and 46% (95% CI, 35-57; I2, 98%) would donate to others. "Unsure" and "discard" were not provided as response options. Psychosocial determinants: One study reported that the facilitators for donation to others included a family member or friend in need, to help others create a family, financial gain, to further science, and control or input over the selection of recipients. Barriers for donation included fear of having a biological child they do not know or who is raised by someone they know. No studies reported on the disposition outcomes of past EEFs. Disposition intentions varied across the three groups; however, "donating to research" was the most common disposition preference. Notably, the second disposition preference for one-third of actual EEFs was "unsure" and for one-third of potential EEFs was "donate to others." There were limited studies for actual and potential EEFs, and only two studies that explored the psychosocial determinants of oocyte disposition intentions. Additionally, these data suggest that disposition decisions change as women progress on their egg freezing journey, highlighting the importance of ongoing contact with the fertility team as intentions may change over time. More research is needed to understand the psychosocial determinants of oocyte disposition decisions so fertility clinics can provide EEFs with the support and information they need to make informed decisions about their stored eggs and reduce the level of uncertainty reported among EEFs and the potential risk of psychological distress and regret. PROSPERO 2020: CRD42020202733.

Race/Ethnicity and the Effects of Prior Case Outcomes on Current Dispositions: Continuity and Change in the Dispositional Careers of Juvenile Offenders

This study draws upon the labeling perspective to examine whether there are patterns of continuity and/or change in the severity of juvenile court dispositions, and if these patterns vary by race/ethnicity. Using data on youth referred five times to the Pennsylvania Department of Juvenile Justice between 2000 and 2010 (n = 9089), we examine the presence of latent trajectories of sanction severity across referrals, and whether youth with statistically matched criminal/disposition histories, but of different race/ethnicities, receive disparate future dispositions. Results suggest that juvenile dispositional trajectories are more complex than previously reported, largely in alignment with labeling theory predictions (i.e. escalation in sanction severity). However, trajectories representing stability and de-escalation in sanction severity were also identified. Further, certain youth, predominately of minority status, received more severe dispositions over time, despite having similar histories as White youth, supportive of “sticky labels.” Implications for theory and the juvenile justice system are discussed.

Meaning in life as a protective factor against suicidal tendencies in Chinese University students

BackgroundA substantial increase in rates of suicide worldwide, especially among late adolescents and young adults, has been observed. It is important to identify specific risk and protective factors for suicide-related behaviors among late adolescents and young adults. Identifying specific factors across the masses, not only in the Western, but also in the Asian context, helps researchers develop empirically informed intervention methods for the management of protective and risk factors of suicide.MethodsIn the current study, 2074 students (706 males), filled out the Meaning in Life Questionnaire, with subscales of Search for Meaning (MLQ-S) and Presence of Meaning (MLQ-P); the Future Disposition Inventory-24 (FDI-24), with subscales of Positive Focus (PF), Suicide Orientation (SO), and Negative Focus (NF); and the Beck Hopelessness Scale (BHS). These scales measure protective and risk factors that are linked to suicidal behaviors; while suicidal behaviors were measured by the Suicidal Behaviors Questionnaire-Revised (SBQ-R). Mediation analyses were performed to test the models with both the MLQ-S and MLQ-P as the mediators between a) hopelessness, as measured by BHS and suicidal behaviors; and b) PF, SO, and NF, as measured by FDI-24, and suicidal behaviors.ResultsWe found that only MLQ-P mediated the relation between hopelessness and suicidal behaviors; while both MLQ-P and MLQ-S mediated PF, SO, and NF (as measured by FDI-24), and suicidal behaviors, respectively.ConclusionMeaning in life, including both the presence of meaning in life and search for meaning, can be good protective factors against suicidal behaviors.

Prediction Model in Medical Science and Health Care

The healthcare part has seen an incredible advancement following the improvement of new computer innovations, and that pushed this region to deliver increasingly restorative information, that which brought forth different fields of research. Numerous endeavors are done to adapt to the blast of therapeutic information on one hand, and to acquire valuable learning from it then again. To help in making decisions and to extract useful knowledge this incited specialists to apply all the specialized developments like predictive analytics, learning algorithms, machine learning and predictive analytics. In medical science to determine the risk of building up a disease the prediction models are used so that it can enable early treatment or prevention of that disease. To markers of future disposition to a disease multiple or single analyses are used.

The future disposition Inventory-24: reliability and validity estimates in a large sample of Chinese University students

BackgroundThis study was designed to assess the factor structure, internal consistency reliability, and preliminary psychometric properties of the Chinese version of the Future Disposition Inventory-24 (FDI-24) in a large sample of Chinese university students.MethodsWe translated the English version of the Future Disposition Inventory-24 (FDI-24) into Chinese and examined its factor structure, estimates of internal consistency reliability, and psychometric properties in a representative sample of university students. In particular, students (N = 2,074) from two universities in Shandong Province in China were identified using the multi-stage stratified sampling method. In addition to the FDI-24, we collected preliminary data using self-report instruments that included the Beck Hopelessness Scale (BHS) and a general sociodemographic information questionnaire.ResultsThe results of the internal consistency reliability estimates were adequate regarding the scores on the three FDI-24 subscales: Cronbach’s alpha = .89–.97, Omega total = .85–.96, Revelle’s Omega total = .88–.96, the greatest lower bound (GLB) = .89–.96 and Coefficient H = .86–.94. Bivariate correlation analyses showed evidence for criterion and discriminant validity. The 3-factor oblique-Geomin-rotation solution accounted for 62.92% of the total variance in the exploratory factor analysis (EFA). The exploratory structural equation modeling (ESEM) result showed that the 3-factor model provided adequate fit statistics for the sample data: the robust comparative fit index (R-CFI) was .959, robust Tucker Lewis index (R-TLI) was .946 and robust root mean square error of approximation (R-RMSEA) was .090.ConclusionThe FDI-24 has a satisfactory factor structure, reliability estimates, and satisfactory evidence of concurrent validity estimates for students with different demographic and cultural backgrounds. The FDI-24 holds promise for use in future investigations with Chinese students.

From in vivo to in vitro: How the Guatemala STD Experiments Transformed Bodies Into Biospecimens.

The US Public Health Service's Guatemala STD experiments (1946-1948) included intentional exposure to pathogens and testing of postexposure prophylaxis methods for syphilis, gonorrhea, and chancroid in over 1,300 soldiers, commercial sex workers, prison inmates, and psychiatric patients. Though the experiments had officially ended, the biospecimens collected from these subjects continued to be used for research at least into the 1950s. We analyzed historical documents-including clinical and laboratory records, correspondence, final reports, and medical records-for information relevant to these biospecimen experiments from the US National Archives. In addition, we researched material from past governmental investigations into the Guatemala STD experiments, including those of the US Presidential Commission for the Study of Bioethical Issues and the Guatemalan Comisión Presidencial para el Esclarecimiento de los Experimentos Practicados con Humanos en Guatemala. Identified spinal fluid, blood specimens, and tissue collected during the Guatemala diagnostic methodology and intentional exposure experiments were subsequently distributed to laboratories throughout the United States for use in ongoing research until at least 1957. Five psychiatric patient subjects involved in these biospecimen experiments died soon after experimental exposure to STDs. The same US government researchers working with the Guatemala biospecimens after the exposure experiments ended were also working with specimens taken from the Tuskegee syphilis study. There should be a complete public accounting of whether biospecimens from the Guatemala and Tuskegee experiments are held in US government biorepositories today. If they still exist, these specimens should be retired from such biorepositories and their future disposition determined by stakeholders, including representatives from the communities from which they were derived.

Охраняемые территории как «ядра» рекреационного каркаса Воронежской городской агломерации

The conducted studies reflect the current state of protected areas and the composition of dendroflora. The recommendations for protected areas reconstruction and prospects of their use are suggested. A map of PA (existing and future) disposition for a fragment of the Voronezh ur-ban agglomeration map is made.

Future disposition and suicidal ideation: Mediation by depressive symptom clusters

BackgroundIn line with hopelessness theory, both increased negative expectancies and reduced positive expectancies for the future have been associated with suicidal ideation. This study evaluated two depression symptom clusters as mediators of the relationship between future disposition and suicide: subjective feelings of depression and self-blame. MethodsData from 140 undergraduate students with moderate to severe depression symptoms are presented who completed the Beck Scale for Suicidal Ideation, Beck Depression Inventory, and the Future Disposition Inventory. ResultsOn mediation analysis, subjective depression mediated the relationship between positive disposition and suicidal ideation. In contrast, the relationship between negative disposition and suicidal ideation was mediated by self-blame. The reverse of these relationships was not significant. LimitationsThis is a cross-sectional study of an undergraduate sample and results warrant replication in clinical samples with clinician-administered assessments. ConclusionsFindings suggest two potential pathways to suicidal thoughts with implications for assessment and treatment. Depressed individuals with few positive expectations of the future may benefit from interventions focusing on subjective depression symptoms, such as sadness or anhedonia. For depressed individuals with negative expectations for the future, a clinical focus on negative attributions or self-blame may be warranted.

Divisão do trabalho odontológico em perspectiva: desafio de interpretar as competências dos técnicos

Com mais de cem anos de história, a divisão do trabalho odontológico é um processo afeto a princípios distintos, às vezes antagônicos: o profissional (social) e o administrativo (técnico/econômico). As circunstâncias geradas pelo dinamismo histórico desses princípios contendores recursivamente redefinem as possibilidades de sua operação. No Brasil de hoje, o brutal excedente de cirurgiões-dentistas na composição de força de trabalho odontológico tem gerado anomalias no processo de profissionalização da odontologia brasileira; ineficácia e injustiças no processo de racionalização e expansão da divisão de trabalho (trabalho em equipe) no Sistema Único de Saúde, em particular na atenção básica orientada pela Estratégia Saúde da Família; e a perpetuação de disputas interpretativas sobre os instrumentos normativos do ordenamento jurídico, tal como a lei n. 11.889/2008 que regulamenta as profissões de técnico em saúde bucal e de auxiliar em saúde bucal. Tudo isso são elementos cruciais para o futuro da organização de oferta de saúde bucal na atenção básica, bem como a disposição futura da força de trabalho no processo de transição epidemiológica em curso no país, hoje ainda excludente.

Development and initial psychometric properties of the University of Texas at San Antonio Future Disposition Inventory

We describe the development and initial psychometric properties of a 24-item self-report measure, the University of Texas at San Antonio Future Disposition Inventory (UTSA FDI). This instrument is designed to evaluate future related thoughts and feelings that are associated with suicide-related risk behaviors: positive focus, suicide orientation, and negative focus. The items were generated by clinical and nonclinical samples. The structure of the instrument was defined in a sample of 350 university undergraduate students (Study 1). Using CFA, we confirmed the fit of the 3-factor solution in an independent sample of college age students (n=452; Study 2). Scale reliability estimates were good (all rho's>or=.80) in both studies. Known-groups validation analyses showed that scores on each scale were useful in differentiating the responses of the study groups. Correlates for the scales were identified when scores on measures of suicide-related risk and general psychological symptoms were included as validation self-report instruments.

The consumption and disposition behaviour of voluntary simplifiers

Abstract Voluntary simplicity is a lifestyle choice that has received increasing media attention over time. A defining characteristic of voluntary simplicity is reduced material consumption and the removal of clutter from one's life, thus suggesting the topic of disposition may inform our understanding of voluntary simplifier lifestyle behaviour. This paper explores the disposition activities of voluntary simplifiers in the context of their overall consumption behaviour using a series of in‐depth interviews with 12 current voluntary simplifiers. The findings show that disposition plays an important role in voluntary simplifier behaviour, especially during the initial stages of adopting the lifestyle. The consideration of future disposition activities was also found to influence the day‐to‐day consumption behaviour of participants. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Work-Based Learning and Social Support: Relative Influences on High School Seniors' Occupational Engagement Orientations

This stu dy examined t he efforts of a l arge, urban s chool dis trict t o redu ce future occupational disengagement risks by requiring all high school students to complete 60 hours o f work-based i nternships. T he hypothesis was t hat so cial s upport fr om adult supervisors and mentors positively affected students’ occupational engagement orientations over and above the i nfluence that programmatic experiences provided. The survey data for this study were collected from all seniors in the district’s 17 high schools (N = 1,7 41). Ordinary Leas t Squares (OLS) was a pplied in a h ierarchical regression in four stages. The fi ndings indicated that opportuni ties to receive social support, especially having a mentor, contributed most to seniors’ future dispositions toward occupational engagement. D istrict c areer and tec hnical e ducation ( CTE) students als o exp erienced grea ter s ocial su pport than n on-CTE stud ents. Th e recommendations fo cused on t he n eed for co mprehensive hi gh schoo ls to p rovide more access to supportive adults and personalized supportive learning environments.

Sample Bias Among Women With Retained DNA Samples for Future Genetic Studies

To evaluate whether women who agree to future use of their biologic specimens for genetic studies reflect the larger study population from which they are derived. Women were questioned as to the future disposition of their maternal and fetal DNA samples upon enrollment in a multicenter, observational study originally designed to identify factor V Leiden mutation carriers and prospectively ascertain the estimated rate of pregnancy-related venous thromboembolism and adverse pregnancy outcome. Univariate and multivariate analyses was carried out on the 5,003 of 5,188 enrolled women who indicated their desire regarding future disposition of their DNA samples. Among these 5,003 women, 20.1% desired that their samples be discarded and not available for future genetic studies. Multivariate analysis demonstrated that women who agreed to subsequent use of samples were less likely African-American (odds ratio [OR] 0.6, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.4-0.7) or Hispanic (OR 0.4, 95% CI 0.3-0.5), and more likely to use tobacco (OR 1.2, 95% CI 1.0-1.6) than those who desired that their samples be discarded. Genetic samples from women agreeing to their use in a sample repository may not be representative of the index study cohort. This should be considered in their subsequent interpretation and generalizability. III.

Eligibility of Cryopreserved Human Embryos for Stem Cell Research in Canada

Objective: To determine whether cryopreserved embryos in Canadian in vitro fertilization (IVF) clinics available (in theory) for research use are actually eligible (in practice) for stem cell research in accordance with the Assisted Human Reproduction Act, the Canadian Institutes of Health Research’s Human Pluripotent Stem Cell Research: Guidelines for CIHR-Funded Research, and the Tri-Council Policy Statement: Ethical Conduct for Research Involving Humans.Methods: Copies of current and past patient information sheets and consent forms for embryo cryopreservation, the future disposition of cryopreserved embryos, and the donation of cryopreserved embryos for research were requested from Canadian IVF clinics. Fourteen of 24 clinics (response rate 58%) provided one or more of the requested documents.Results: A review of the documents currently in use showed that, as of May 2005, all 14 responding clinics require an advance directive for the eventual disposition of cryopreserved embryos. Ten of these 14 clinics allow the donation of cryopreserved embryos for research. Only three of these 10 clinics, however, satisfy in writing the disclosure requirements for embryo research at the time of initial consent for the cryopreservation and future disposition of embryos. Only one clinic specifically identifies the option of embryonic stem cell research.Conclusion: Only three of the responding Canadian IVF clinics provide written details about future donation of cryopreserved embryos for research use and about the need for re-contact in accordance with relevant legislation and guidelines. Two of these three clinics, however, include disposition options that may not be legally available. In the event of death or loss of contact, it will not be possible to get project-specific research consent from the legitimate embryo providers as required by law. These same two clinics also fail to mention embryonic stem cell research as one of the research categories. It follows that we have identified only one Canadian IVF clinic with cryopreserved embryos unequivocally eligible for stem cell research, provided the forms we reviewed were used to obtain consent for the cryopreservation of those embryos.

BIG CAT GENOMICS

Advances in population and quantitative genomics, aided by the computational algorithms that employ genetic theory and practice, are now being applied to biological questions that surround free-ranging species not traditionally suitable for genetic enquiry. Here we review how applications of molecular genetic tools have been used to describe the natural history, present status, and future disposition of wild cat species. Insight into phylogenetic hierarchy, demographic contractions, geographic population substructure, behavioral ecology, and infectious diseases have revealed strategies for survival and adaptation of these fascinating predators. Conservation, stabilization, and management of the big cats are important areas that derive benefit from the genome resources expanded and applied to highly successful species, imperiled by an expanding human population.