Future Aspects Research Articles

Phytochemical and pharmacological review of cynodon dactylon grass with its potential effects

Perennial herb Cynodon dactylon (L) Pers, family: Poeaceae, widespread throughout India. In several Indian languages, it is referred to by different names, including Durva in Marathi, Durba in Bengali, Dhro in Gujarati, Garichgaddi in Telugu, Arukampillu in Tamil, and Shataparva in Sanskrit. In traditional medical systems and ethnomedical practices, Cynodon dactylon plays a significant role. It is used in the form of powder, paste, or juice to treat a wide range of ailments due to its extensive therapeutic properties. Flavanoids, alkaloids, glycosides, terpenoides, triterpenoids, steroids, saponins, tannins, resins, phytosterols, reducing sugars, carbohydrates, proteins, volatile oils, and fixed oils were all found in Cynodon dactylon, according to the phytochemical examination. According to earlier research, Cynodon dactylon has properties that are protective, antimicrobial, antiparasitic, insecticidal, gastrointestinal, antioxidant, immunological, antiallergic, antiinflammatory, antipyretic, analgesic, anticancer, dermatological, diuretic, and immune system-related was found. In given review we studied some pharmacological aspects of Perennial herb Cynodon dactylon as well its versitile potential effect. The wide range of future aspects we can consider as best alternative medicine over chemical drugs.

Bacteria for Bioplastics: Progress, Applications, and Challenges.

Bioplastics are one of the answers that can point society toward a sustainable future. Under this premise, the synthesis of polymers with competitive properties using low-cost starting materials is a highly desired factor in the industry. Also, tackling environmental issues such as nonbiodegradable waste generation, high carbon footprint, and consumption of nonrenewable resources are some of the current concerns worldwide. The scientific community has been placing efforts into the biosynthesis of polymers using bacteria and other microbes. These microorganisms can be convenient reactors to consume food and agricultural wastes and convert them into biopolymers with inherently attractive properties such as biodegradability, biocompatibility, and appreciable mechanical and chemical properties. Such biopolymers can be applied to several fields such as packing, cosmetics, pharmaceutical, medical, biomedical, and agricultural. Thus, intending to elucidate the science of microbes to produce polymers, this review starts with a brief introduction to bioplastics by describing their importance and the methods for their production. The second section dives into the importance of bacteria regarding the biochemical routes for the synthesis of polymers along with their advantages and disadvantages. The third section covers some of the main parameters that influence biopolymers' production. Some of the main applications of biopolymers along with a comparison between the polymers obtained from microorganisms and the petrochemical-based ones are presented. Finally, some discussion about the future aspects and main challenges in this field is provided to elucidate the main issues that should be tackled for the wide application of microorganisms for the preparation of bioplastics.

Exploring research trends of metaverse in education: a bibliometric analysis

PurposeBy a thorough bibliometric examination of the area through time, this paper analyses the research landscape of metaverse in education. It is an effort that is focused on the metaverse research trends, academic production and conceptual focus of scientific publications.Design/methodology/approachThe Web of Science (WoS) database was explored for information containing research articles and associated publications that met the requirements. For a thorough analysis of the trend, thematic focus and scientific output in the subject of metaverse in education, a bibliometric technique was used to analyse the data. The bibliometrix package of R software, specifically the biblioshiny interface of R-studio, was used to conduct the analysis.FindingsThe analysis of the metaverse in education spanning from 1995 to the beginning of 2023 reveals a dynamic and evolving landscape. Notably, the field has experienced robust annual growth, with a peak of publications in 2022. Citation analysis highlights seminal works, with Dionisio et al. (2013) leading discussions on the transition of virtual worlds into intricate digital cultures. Thematic mapping identifies dominant themes such as “system,” “augmented reality” and “information technology,” indicating a strong technological focus. Surprisingly, China emerges as a leading contributor with significant citation impact, emphasising the global nature of metaverse research. The thematic map suggests ongoing developments in performance and future aspects, emphasising the essential role of emerging technologies like artificial intelligence and virtual reality. Overall, the findings depict a vibrant and multidimensional metaverse in education, poised for continued exploration and innovation.Originality/valueThe study is among the pioneers that provide a comprehensive bibliometric analysis in the area of metaverse in education which will guide the novice researchers to identify the unexplored areas.

A comprehensive review of biosurfactant production and its uses in the pharmaceutical industry.

Biosurfactants are naturally occurring, surface-active chemicals generated by microorganisms and have attracted interest recently because of their numerous industrial uses. Compared to their chemical equivalents, they exhibit qualities that include lower toxic levels, increased biodegradable properties, and unique physiochemical properties. Due to these traits, biosurfactants have become attractive substitutes for synthetic surfactants in the pharmaceutical industry. In-depth research has been done in the last few decades, demonstrating their vast use in various industries. This review article includes a thorough description of the various types of biosurfactants and their production processes. The production process discussed here is from oil-contaminated waste, agro-industrial waste, dairy, and sugar industry waste, and also how biosurfactants can be produced from animal fat. Various purification methods such as ultrafiltration, liquid-liquid extraction, acid precipitation, foam fraction, and adsorption are required to acquire a purified product, which is necessary in the pharmaceutical industry, are also discussed here. Alternative ways for large-scale production of biosurfactants using different statistical experimental designs such as CCD, ANN, and RSM are described here. Several uses of biosurfactants, including drug delivery systems, antibacterial and antifungal agents, wound healing, and cancer therapy, are discussed. Additionally, in this review, the future challenges and aspects of biosurfactant utilization in the pharmaceutical industry and how to overcome them are also discussed.

Fixation in Maxillofacial Surgery—Past, Present and Future: A Narrative Review Article

Introduction: The present review explores the existing documentation in the literature related to the fixation of mandibular fractures undertaken in maxillofacial surgery. Methods: English language articles were searched in various databases such as Pubmed, Scopus, Science Direct and Google Scholar. The keyword used for searching are “Mandible Fracture,” “Maxillomandibular fixation,” “Fixation” and “Recent Advancements.” Results about the history of fixation: Extended history into the pre-Christian era, early medieval, through the 17th, 18th and 19th, 20th, 21st centuries have been dealt in the narrative review. Emphasis on the present plating system with focus on present and future prospects like AI, virtual reality as well as Magnesium based plating systems have also been dealt here. Conclusions: The present review spotlights on understanding present, past, and future aspects of fixation of mandibular fractures. Currently, titanium plates are being used and the most popular materials though future holds good prospects for polymer based and magnesium based materials.

Recent Development and Future Aspects: Nano-Based Drug Delivery System in Cancer Therapy

Recent Development and Future Aspects: Nano-Based Drug Delivery System in Cancer Therapy

A review of the various applications and security issues in IoT and its future aspects

A review of the various applications and security issues in IoT and its future aspects

A Review of the Various Applications and Security Issues in IoT and its Future Aspects

A Review of the Various Applications and Security Issues in IoT and its Future Aspects

Development of online application for crime reporting and handling in Malawi police service (chatbot)

A chatbot is a conversational device designed to provide smart communication with humans through speech and text. Chatbots emerge as virtual machines that interact with humans through their dialect, offering both spoken and textual conversation and responses to questions. In recent times, there has been tremendous progress in the development of virtual assistants and chatbots with advanced technologies based on speech recognition. This paper presents a chatbot for the web-based Crime Reporting and Handling System in the Malawi Police Service. The chatbot utilizes a combination of classification and generative models. It features a complaint registration system that allows users to file complaints. A custom named entity recognition model is employed to extract structured information such as location, time, and crime type from unstructured complaints, enabling authorities to comprehend complaints effectively and efficiently. The chatbot strives to provide efficient and user-friendly methods for registering complaints using these techniques, as well as informing individuals about the crime reporting and handling system. Thus, the system aspires to apply Natural Language Processing (NLP) for social good. In this paper, we will discuss how chatbots are designed, the machine learning and deep learning techniques and algorithms used, compare the technologies, and evaluate the performance of chatbots. Chatbots are becoming friendlier to humans, evolving beyond mere communication machines and representing future aspects of human and technology interaction.

Recent insights of PROTAC developments in inflammation-mediated and autoimmune targets: a critical review.

According to the mounting evidence in the literature, pro-inflammatory mediators/targets activate multiple signalling pathways to trigger illnesses that are ultimately responsible for acute pain, chronic inflammatory diseases, and several auto-immune disorders. Conventional drugs have been ruled out since proteolysis-targeting chimeras (PROTACs) are poised to overcome the limitations of traditional therapies. These heterobifunctional molecules help to degrade the targeted proteins of interest through ubiquitination. This review encompasses current and future aspects of PROTACs in inflammation-mediated and autoimmune targets. Different key points are highlighted and discussed, such as why PROTACs are preferred in this disease area, drawbacks and lessons learnt from the past, the role of linkers in establishing crucial degradation, in vitro findings, pharmacokinetics, in silico parameters, limitations of PROTACs in clinical settings, and future outcomes.

Future Aspects of Data-Driven Materials Design Using both Simulation and AI

Future Aspects of Data-Driven Materials Design Using both Simulation and AI

Porous materials as effective chemiresistive gas sensors.

Chemiresistive gas sensors (CGSs) have revolutionized the field of gas sensing by providing a low-power, low-cost, and highly sensitive means of detecting harmful gases. This technology works by measuring changes in the conductivity of materials when they interact with a testing gas. While semiconducting metal oxides and two-dimensional (2D) materials have been used for CGSs, they suffer from poor selectivity to specific analytes in the presence of interfering gases and require high operating temperatures, resulting in high signal-to-noise ratios. However, nanoporous materials have emerged as a promising alternative for CGSs due to their high specific surface area, unsaturated metal actives, and density of three-dimensional inter-connected conductive and pendant functional groups. Porous materials have demonstrated excellent response and recovery times, remarkable selectivity, and the ability to detect gases at extremely low concentrations. Herein, our central emphasis is on all aspects of CGSs, with a primary focus on the use of porous materials. Further, we discuss the basic sensing mechanisms and parameters, different types of popular sensing materials, and the critical explanations of various mechanisms involved throughout the sensing process. We have provided examples of remarkable performance demonstrated by sensors using these materials. In addition to this, we compare the performance of porous materials with traditional metal-oxide semiconductors (MOSs) and 2D materials. Finally, we discussed future aspects, shortcomings, and scope for improvement in sensing performance, including the use of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), covalent-organic frameworks (COFs), and porous organic polymers (POPs), as well as their hybrid counterparts. Overall, CGSs using porous materials have the potential to address a wide range of applications, including monitoring water quality, detecting harmful chemicals, improving surveillance, preventing natural disasters, and improving healthcare.

A Comprehensive Review of Reinforcement Learning Applications in Gaming

Reinforcement learning is one of the most popular models for building agents that deal with the real world but are not distinctly told which actions to perform. In the context of gaming, the application of reinforcement learning thus spans many different categories, from classic arcade games to modern simulations. The aim of this review paper is to present a comprehensive review of reinforcement learning in gaming, its core methods or algorithms, and the results obtained. This paper first lays the groundwork by discussing the basics of reinforcement learning, among which are agents, environments, rewards, and policies. Then we discussed the mathematical framework of reinforcement learning, the Markov decision process, and the Bellman equation. Thereafter, it discusses specific reinforcement learning algorithms that have been successfully implemented in video games. A variety of algorithms has been adapted from the field of reinforcement learning and has shown huge success, like Q-learning, deep Q-networks, and policy gradients. Then we compare the different games and algorithms associated with them and their outcomes. There are also some major challenges with RL in video games, such as computational complexity, environment design, and many more. Finally, the conclusion and future aspects of applications of reinforcement learning in video games are discussed.

Fast Dissolving Oral Films: Formulation, Evaluation and Future aspects

Fast dissolving oral film (FDOF) are drug delivery systems of the new days having one of the highest patient compliance, safety and are economical than most other dosage forms. Hydrophilic polymers when used as a vehicle come in contact with water get hydrated and thus allow drug release. Hydrophilic polymers also show an adherence property post hydration. Thus the hydrating and adhering properties of hydrophilic polymers makes it most suitable for producing fast dissolving oral film. Fast dissolving oral films are made to be administered into the buccal cavity of humans as the buccal cavity if having saliva and saliva help to hydrate the films leading to drug release. The buccal cavity in humans has a very high amount of blood supply system thus aids in faster drug entrance into the blood circulation. The fast dissolving oral films are capable of initiating drug release within seconds, without chewing and drinking. The instant bioavailability achieved bypassing the fast pass metabolism also adds as a salient feature. Various compositions of different polymers lead to differences in drug release rate of the films. Polymers such as Hydroxy Propyl Methyl Cellulose; Poly Vinyl Alcohol; Ethyl Cellulose; Sodium Carboxymethyl Cellulose are some common hydrophilic polymers that are used to produce fast dissolving oral films. Solvent casting; semi solid casting; hot melt extrusion; solid dispersion extrusion are some common methods of production of fast dissolving oral films. Immediate onset of action in a shorter period with improved bioavailability marked fast dissolving oral film, a dosage form of choice.

Corporate Governance Strategy and its Role in Improving the Sustainable Financial Performance of Iraqi Banks

This study aims to demonstrate the role of corporate governance strategy and its effectiveness in improving sustainable financial performance in Iraqi banks. Traditional indicators are ineffective as they rely solely on the financial perspective. These indicators fail to consider current and future values and aspects such as quality, innovation, development, and sustainability, which directly impact customer satisfaction within the economic unit's environment. Furthermore, the absence of a sustainable strategic dimension and the lack of knowledge regarding achieving objectives pose challenges. The study sample consists of the four most active commercial national banks listed on the Iraq Stock Exchange. A total of 80 questionnaires were utilized, based on the absolute balances and income statements spanning from 2018 to 2021. Various statistical methods, including the use of the SPSS program, were employed to analyze the data and examine the relationship and impact between the research variables. The research yielded several conclusions, with the most significant being a positive and strong correlation between corporate governance and its principles, as evidenced by the results of the statistical analysis. Additionally, there was a correlation between sustainable financial performance and its indicators within the sample banks studied.

Thalassemia (Beta-Thalassemia)

Thalassemia is an inherited blood disorder characterized by less oxygen carrying protein (Haemoglobin) and fever red blood cells in the body than normal. There are mainly two types of thalassemia i.e. Alpha and Beta thalassemia about 1-5% of the global population 80-90 million people are the carrier of ß thalassemia which is major concern. In this review article fundamental aspects about thalassemia, it’s history is discussed. This review also focuses upon the types of ß thalassemia, pathophysiology, mechanism of transmission, diagnosis of ß thalassemia . Finally various treatment strategies and future aspects are addressed.

Experimental Study on Gear EP Lubricant Mixed with Al2O3/SiO2/ZrO2 Composite Additives to Design a Predictive System

The friction and wear volume loss is the main cause for a failure & energy losses in heavy-duty gearboxes and it can be controlled by using a modified lubricant mixed with nano additives. This study investigates the wear and friction behaviour of gear EP oil blended with composite nano additives (Al2O3/SiO2/ZrO2) in combination with Zinc dialkyl dithiophosphate. All trials were conducted under various concentrations of composite nanoparticles, at loads of 60-100 N and sliding velocities of 0.65-1.5 m/s. The experimental study on antiwear and anti-friction properties for the oil was conducted on a pin-on-disc apparatus. The design of experiment was developed using response surface approach to investigate optimum friction coefficient and wear volume loss in lubricant. It is found that blending of nano composite add-ons blended with Zinc dialkyl dithiophosphate in gear EP lubricant significantly diminishes a wear volume loss, friction coefficient by 15.62 % and 20.6 % respectively as compared to a base lubricant. The findings of this investigation and the obtained correlations were converted in to customized visual basis based soft tool as a predictor for future aspects.

High‐strength unidirectional cellulose long filament‐reinforced polymer composite for structural engineering applications

AbstractGreen polymer composites that are strong and stiff are desirable across various engineering fields to replace synthetic plastics, hence meeting the requirements for net zero demands. Nanocellulose, a natural and abundant biopolymer, is a promising candidate for the engineering and designing of novel composites with strengths surpassing petroleum‐based derivatives. In this work, we demonstrate the fabrication of a high‐strength, environmentally friendly and hydrophobic biocomposite using a lignin‐based resin and wet‐spun unidirectional cellulose long filaments (CLFs) as reinforcements. The wet‐spun CLFs were knit in the conformation of unidirectional mats and infused with the green hydrogen‐bonded lignin resin to form the prepreg. The unidirectional prepreg was densified using hot pressing whereby the synergistic effect of heat and pressure and the post‐curing process impacted the biocomposite with unique, fascinating features, including excellent flexural strength (389.9 MPa), modulus (38.5 GPa), hydrophobicity (101.0°), antioxidant properties (93.1%), and superior thermal stability. Our design strategy dispenses new insights into engineering lightweight and strong cellulosic materials that can substitute unsustainable plastics used across various engineering fields. Future aspects of this biocomposite include structural and automotive engineering.Highlights All‐green and sustainable unidirectional polymer biocomposite is fabricated. The biocomposite achieves higher strength and modulus than that of plastics. It has outstanding thermal stability, hydrophobicity, and antioxidant properties. The biocomposite is suitable for the replacement of synthetic plastics.

Impact of Nanoplastics on Marine Life: A Review

Minute plastic subdivisions like microplastics and nanoplastics have recently gained considerable attention because of their toxic effects on the environment and human health. Many plastics have been consumed worldwide regularly, and most are thrown away after a single use. They all end up in the sea and ocean, leading to a large debris of plastic garbage in the marine environment. Different physical and chemical processes occur in the marine ecosystem to degrade the macroplastics into micro- and nano-level plastics. Owing to their small size and large surface area, nanoplastics can easily be ingested into the tissues and organs of various marine species (both vertebrates and invertebrates) and accumulate more toxic materials in them than micro and macroplastics. Several reports have been obtained on the toxicity of plastics and microplastics on marine organisms. Still, till now, a cursory report has been found on the potential risk of nanoplastics in connection with marine life. This review highlights the origins of nanoplastics (NPs), their properties, characterization, and impact on marine ecosystems, along with their remediation and future aspects. The review will also untangle and specify the area of nanoplastics on which further research is urgently needed to better understand its toxic effect and eco-friendly restoration on the environment, especially on marine life.

Solar Cells for Ecological Sustainable Development: A Review

Solar energy is considered an environmentally friendly and never-ending renewable source of energy. Solar cells are an essential component of ecological sustainability. This energy can be harnessed for generating electricity without any pollutants even in remote areas. This renewable source of energy has been used to eliminate fossil sources. A solar cell converts solar energy into electrical energy through the photovoltaic effect. Scientists and engineers are continuously making efforts to enhance the efficiencies, decrease the cost of solar cells, and devise technology so that the maximum amount of sunlight is converted into electricity. These efforts culminate into four generations of solar cells – first, second, third, and fourth generations. Different models have been employed to conceptually analyze solar cells, which is also beneficial to enhance the performance of the solar cell. In this study, advancement in the generations of solar cells, their types, manufacturing processes, various models, and future aspects have been discussed.