Fusarium Moniliforme Sheld Research Articles

Mild endoplasmic reticulum stress alleviates FB1-triggered intestinal pyroptosis via the Sec62-PERK pathway

Fumonisin B1 (FB1), a water-soluble mycotoxin released by Fusarium moniliforme Sheld, is widely present in corn and its derivative products, and seriously endangers human life and health. Recent studies have reported that FB1 can lead to pyroptosis, however, the mechanisms by which FB1-induced pyroptosis remain indistinct. In the present study, we aim to investigate the mechanisms of pyroptosis in intestinal porcine epithelial cells (IPEC-J2) and the relationship between FB1-induced endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) and pyroptosis. Our experimental results showed that the pyroptosis protein indicators in IPEC-J2 were significantly increased after exposure to FB1. The ERS markers, including glucose-regulated Protein 78 (GRP78), PKR-like ER kinase protein (PERK), and preprotein translocation factor (Sec62) were also significantly increased. Using small interfering RNA silencing of PERK or Sec62, the results demonstrated that upregulation of Sec62 activates the PERK pathway, and activation of the PERK signaling pathway is upstream of FB1-induced pyroptosis. After using the ERS inhibitor 4-PBA reduced the FB1-triggered intestinal injury by the Sec62-PERK pathway. In conclusion, we found that FB1 induced pyroptosis by upregulating Sec62 to activate the PERK pathway, and mild ERS alleviates FB1-triggered damage. It all boils down to one fact, the study provides a new perspective for further, and improving the toxicological mechanism of FB1.Graphical

Pathogenic complex and recovery of cereal agrocenoses in the Steppe of Ukraine

Topicality. Changes in weather and climatic conditions affect the formation of pathogenic complexes of grain agrocenoses and the species composition of pathogens, which are typical for the Steppe zone of Ukraine. At the same time, changes in cultivation technologies accompanying the transition to new forms of management also play a significant role in the formation of pathogenic complexes. It is necessary to find out the features of the pathogenic mycoflora formation and plant immunity in order to scientifically substantiate measures to stabilize the phytosanitary state of agro-cenoses at the current stage of grain production. Purpose. To divide into appropriate groups of grain crop diseases in the Steppe zone in terms of the nature of development, harmfulness and hy-drothermal dependence of their pathogens. Materials and Methods. In 1999–2019, we conducted surveys of wheat (winter and spring), rye, barley (winter and spring), oats and maize for disease in-festation in the Northern Steppe of Ukraine according to generally accepted methods of phytopathological research. Results. Over the years of research, we identified 123 pathogens, which caused 135 diseases in grain crops. The most diverse composition of pathogens was observed on wheat and maize, 64 and 55 pathogens, and, 33 and 41 diseases, respectively. It should be noted a wide range for specialization of the widespread pathogens in the Northern Steppe of Ukraine. The pathogens of smut infects generally a certain type of grain crops, rusts are somewhat less specialized. Less specialized parasites, such as fungi from the genera Fusarium, Helminthosporium, Alternaria cause the same type of diseases in several plant species, and some of them affect different plant organs. Thus, among the pathogens of Fusarium root rot of wheat, rye, barley and maize, the fungus Fusarium moniliforme Sheld. was identified. On the maize, in particular, this pathogen caused seedling mold, root and stem rot, cob rot, and grain mold. Conclusions. It was established that the hydrothermal regime can affect the development of diseases not only due to its compliance with the pathogen's requirements, but also affect the resistance of plants. The problem of agrocenosis recovery can be successfully solved by adapting modern intensive technologies of growing grain crops that aimed to optimally utilized ecological resources by plants in the Steppe of Ukraine, and prevent the spread of harmful organisms. Key words: winter wheat, maize, pathogens, diseases, hydrothermal conditions, harmfulness

Determination of Fumonisin B1 by Aptamer-Based Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer.

Fumonisin FB is produced by Fusarium moniliforme Sheld, of which FB1 is the most common and the most toxic. The establishment of a rapid detection method is an important means to prevent and control FB1 pollution. A highly sensitive fluorescent sensor based on an aptamer for the rapid detection of fumonisin B1 (FB1) in corn was established. In this study, 5-carboxyfluorescein (FAM) was labeled on the aptamer of FB1 (F10). F10 was adsorbed on the surface of graphene oxide (GO) by π-π stacking. The FAM fluorescence signal could be quenched by fluorescence resonance energy transfer between fluorescent molecules and graphene oxide (GO). In the presence of FB1, the binding efficiency of the aptamer to GO was reduced. Therefore, the content of FB1 in corn samples was determined by fluorescence measurements of mixed FAM-labeled F10, GO and corn samples. This method had a good linear relationship in an FB1 concentration range of 0-3000 ng/mL. The equation was y = 0.2576x + 10.98, R2 = 0.9936. The limit of detection was 14.42 ng/mL, and the limit of quantification was 43.70 ng/mL. The recovery of a spiked standard in the corn sample was 89.13-102.08%, and the time of detection was 30 min.

A predictive model based on a pluviothermic index for leathery pocket and fruitlet core rot of pineapple cv. ‘Queen’

Leathery pocket (LP) and fruitlet core rot (FCR) of pineapple (Ananas comosus L.) caused by Penicillium funiculosum Thom. and/or Fusarium moniliforme Sheld cause significant damage in all production areas, resulting in a major economic impact that affects both the fresh fruit market and the processing sector. The detection of Penicillium and Fusarium in the two main areas of pineapple production in Reunion Island, and representing a large range of climatic conditions, indicated that these fungi responsible for FCR and LP diseases were present throughout the pineapple cycle, whatever the climatic conditions. The proportion of fruits naturally infected by these pathogens was not related to climatic conditions during the infection period, suggesting that the inoculum level was not limiting. As these diseases cannot be reliably controlled, due in particular to the role of climatic conditions, an important research goal is to predict periods of higher disease risk using a model based on weather data. Taking advantage of the great diversity of environments on the tropical island of Reunion (Indian Ocean), we were able to establish a link between a pluviothermic index (PTi: ratio between total rainfall and the average temperature over the fruit development stages), and LP or FCR incidence. Disease incidence was modelled as a function of the pluviothermic index via a Weibull model. The most accurate model was obtained during the open heart to harvest stage. Lastly, the model output can be used by pineapple production stakeholders in farm management strategies and to adapt fruit grading before marketing.

Management of bakanae disease of rice caused by Fusarium moniliforme

Roving survey of paddy (Oryza sativa L.) growing areas of Haryana indicated that the incidence of bakanae caused by Fusarium moniliforme Sheld. has increased considerably since its first record during kharif 1988. It has attained the status of major disease particularly in scented varieties of rice in the state. The disease incidence was significantly low when carbendazim treated and untreated seeds were sown under dry condition compared to conventional method of sowing sprouted seeds in puddled beds. However, in both the seed treatment methods, i.e. dry seed treatment and seed soaking in carbendazim solution at 1 and 2 g/kg seed, the disease was suppressed considerably. Bakanae incidence reduced drastically when paddy nursery was uprooted in standing water compared to uprooting of nursery in vattar condition. In addition to seed treatment, sand mix application of carbendazim in nursery beds at 1 g/m2 seven days before uprooting of seedlings and as seedling dip in 0.1 per cent carbendazim solution for 3 hours before transplanting curtailed the bakanae incidence in transplanted crop. Foliar application of carbendazim at flowering stage reduced the grain infection of F. moniliforme from 73.9 to 35.0 percent. Out of 192 scented rice genotypes, 11 genotypes namely HKR 96-561, HKR 96565, HKR 07-40, HKR 07-53, HKR 08-13, HKR 08-21, HKR 08-22, MAUB 2009-1, PAU 3456-46-6-1-1 and PNR 600, RDN 01-2-10-9 were found highly resistant while 38 genotypes proved moderately resistant. The remaining genotypes were moderately susceptible to highly susceptible.

PISTACHIO DISEASES IN THE SOUTHEASTERN ANATOLIAN REGION

This study was carried out to determine the pistachio (Pistacia vera L.) diseases in southeastern Anatolia. A large number of samples showing various symptoms were examined in 2008. Several diseases were identified, some of which caused considerable damage. Microscopic examination revealed that Septoria leaf spot (Septoria pistacina All.), Verticillium wilt (Verticillium dahliae Kleb.), fruit and panicle blight (Alternaria alternata (Fr.) Keissl.), nut mold (Aspergillus niger Link., Penicillium sp.), Fusarium wilt (Fusarium moniliforme Sheld.), and rust (Uromyces terebinthi (D.C.) Wint.) were present. Pathogenity tests were also carried out on fungi isolated from different plant parts: S. pistacina and U. terebinthi from leaves, A. alternata from fruit and panicle, A. niger and Penicillum spp. from nut, and V. dahliae and F. moniliforme from root. Paecilomyces spp., Cladosporium spp., and Stemphylium spp. were isolated from fruit and Thielaviopsis spp. were isolated from root. However, these fungi did not cause disease. Septoria leaf spot, caused by Septoria pistacina, is found in almost all pistachio-growing areas in the region and is the most common disease of this crop. Verticillium wilt caused by V. dahliae, on the other hand, was observed on young trees or new branches of fully grown trees. A new disorder was detected in the survey area that could potentially kill young trees or new branches of fully grown trees. The disorder appeared as a marginal scorching of leaves that began as early as June and continued to develop during the summer. A yellow band developed between the brown necrotic edge and the inner green tissues of the leaf. Symptoms appeared first on one branch or a portion of one scaffold. Over time, more and more branches of the tree could be affected until the whole canopy was involved. The causal agent of the disorder, called pistachio leaf scorch-like disease, has not yet been identified. Inappropriate agricultural practices and environmental conditions fostered various common aggressive diseases and unidentified or new diseases which may become dangerous in coming years.

Gibberella fujikuroi (Sawada) Wollenweber, the new parasitical fungus on rice in the Republic of Macedonia

The recent observation of Gibberella fujikuroi (Sawada) Wollenworth (teleomorph) (anamorf: Fusarium moniliforme Sheld.) Fusarium fujikuroi Nirenberg (anamorph), F. moniliforme J. Sheld. (synonym), the causal agent of Bakanae disease in rice fields, provides an opportunity to observe the characteristics of the pathogen and the possibility of prevention in Kocani area. Plant material with Gibberella fujikuroi symptoms was collected from rice (Oryza sativa) over the period of 3 years (from 2006 to 2008). Within this study, the presence and damage caused by this pathogenic fungus were confirmed. The objective of this study was a continuous field observation of symptoms in order to establish the percentage of infection and use of laboratory methods for proper protection.

Microbial transformation of phytosterol in corn flour and soybean flour to 4-androstene-3,17-dione by Fusarium moniliforme Sheld

A strain that was capable of transforming the phytosterol in corn flour and soybean flour was isolated from soil and identified as Fusarium moniliforme Sheld. The main transformation product was purified by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and was characterized by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), mass spectrum (MS), and infrared spectrum (IR). The results indicated that the product was 4-androstene-3,17-dione (AD). The production of AD was increased with the increase of initial concentration of corn flour while the yield of AD was decreased. The yield of AD was lower in the media with only soybean flour. Sulfate–phosphate–ferric method (SPF) was first used for determination of the total phytosterol content in corn flour or soybean flour. The measured value by SPF method matched reasonably well with that by HPLC, which indicated the validity of SPF method.

Effect of formulated zimmu (Allium cepa L. × Allium sativum L.) extract in the management of grain mold of sorghum

AbstractBACKGROUND: The in vitro antifungal activity of zimmu (Allium cepa L. × Allium sativum L.) extract against Aspergillus flavus Link., Fusarium moniliforme Sheld, Curvularia lunata (Wakker) Boedijn and Alternaria alternata (Fr.) Keissler, the fungi associated with grain mold of sorghum, was evaluated. An emulsifiable concentrate (EC) formulation of zimmu extract was prepared and its efficacy in controlling grain mold was tested under field conditions.RESULTS: The leaf extract of zimmu exhibited strong antifungal activity against A. flavus, F. moniliforme, C. lunata and A. alternata and caused in vitro fungal growth inhibition of 73.3%, 71.1%, 70.0% and 74.4%, respectively. Foliar application of zimmu formulation 50 EC at 3 mLL−1 (v/v) concentration 60, 75 and 90 days after sowing significantly reduced the incidence of grain mold and increased the grain weight and grain hardness. A significant reduction in the aflatoxin B1 content in sorghum grains was observed when sorghum plants were sprayed with zimmu formulation 50 EC at 0.3% concentration. Western blot analysis revealed that a thaumatin‐like protein (TLP) a molecular mass of 23 kDa that cross‐reacted with zeamatin antiserum was expressed at higher levels in sorghum grains after treatment with zimmu formulations.CONCLUSION: The leaf extract of zimmu exhibited antifungal activity against sorghum grain mold fungi. The formulated zimmu extract was significantly effective in reducing the grain mold incidence in sorghum under field conditions. This formulated zimmu extract offers a novel alternative for eco‐friendly management of grain mold of sorghum. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry

Role of Antagonistic Bacteria in Suppression of Bakanae Disease of Rice Caused by Fusarium moniliforme Sheld

Nine selected bacteria were tested for their antagonistic activity against Fusarium moniliforme , causing bakanae disease of rice. The bacteria significantly suppressed the growth of the fungus in dual culture. The bacteria produced varying amounts of lytic enzymes (chitinase and b-l-3-glucanase), siderophores, salicylic acid and hydrogen cyanide. In greenhouse experiments, the antagonist B-44 was most effective in reducing the bakanae disease infected seedlings followed by PF-9 and PF-13.

Effectiveness of Four New Pyrazole‐pyrimidines on Phytopathogens: Ultrastructural Evidences on Pythium ultimum

Four newly synthesized molecules derived from pyrazole‐pyrimidine were assayed on Botrytis cinerea Micheli, Fusarium moniliforme Sheld and Pythium ultimum Trow. All proved effective in inhibiting the growth of the phytopathogens at all of the test concentrations (10, 20, 50, 100 μg/ml). The most effective compound was 1‐(3)nitrophenyl ‐ 6 ‐ trifluoromethylpyrazolo[3,4 ‐ d]pyrimidine 4(5H)‐thione (CF33). Ultrastructural studies on P. ultimum treated with CF33 revealed alterations in the normal hyphal shape and, at high concentration, plasmolysis and damage to the wall texture was observed. At 20 μg/ml different vesicles were seen in the cytoplasm: some appeared quite dense, and specific cytochemical reactions indicated that they were most likely peroxysomes; other vesicles seem to be vacuoles of varying content. In some cases there was disintegration of the nuclear envelope. The effects on membrane lipids and interference in protein synthesis are hypothesized as possible mechanism of action of the molecule.

Studies of the mixing character and flow distribution in mycelial fermentation broths

AbstractThe influence of two mixing systems on the principal parameters of mycelial fermentations of Aspergillus niger, Fusicoccum amygdali Del. and Fusarium moniliforme Sheld. as well as their metabolite citric acid, fusicoccin and gibberellic acid production was analyzed from the viewpoint of flow energy distribution in a bioreactor.The growth and metabolite synthesis during fermentation was compared under different mixing conditions in the fermenter FU‐8 with a turbine mixing system (TMS) and a counterflow mixing system (CMS). It was found that the growth, productivity and respiration characteristics as well as the morphology of these cultures varied dependent on the mixing system and agitation regime used. The counterflow mixing system was more favourable for large agglomerates (F. amygdali) or soft pellets (A. niger) forming fungi, while the turbine mixing system was more effective for F. moniliforme growing in the form of small clumps and freely dispersed hyphae. Flow characteristics under different mixing conditions were analyzed in a model fermenter.The kinetic energy of flow fluctuations was measured in gassed and ungassed water and different fermentation broth systems by using a Stirring Intensity Measuring Device (SIMD‐F1). The difference of the energy values at different points was better expressed in the fermenter with a turbine mixing system in comparison with that having a counterflow mixing system. High viscous F. amygdali and A. niger broth provided higher energy values compared to water and low viscous F. moniliforme broth. It was observed that the intensity of growth and the intensity of the synthesis decreased at very high energy values, which was obviously connected to the influence of the irreversible shear stress on the mycelial morphology.

Purification and characterization of a novel antimicrobial peptide from maize (Zea mays L.) kernels.

Several small, acid-soluble, basic peptides with anti-microbial properties have been isolated from maize (inbred B73) kernels. One of these peptides (MBP-1) has been purified to homogeneity and characterized. The peptide has a molecular weight of 4127.08 as determined by plasma desorption mass spectroscopy, has no free cysteines, and is predominantly alpha-helical as determined by circular dichroism. The primary sequence of the peptide (33 residues) has been determined by Edman degradation and shows no homology to the thionins, a group of cysteine-rich peptides found in some cereals including wheat, barley, and sorghum, as well as several dicot species. Like the thionins, however, MBP-1 has been found to have antimicrobial properties in vitro. MBP-1 inhibits spore germination or hyphal elongation of several plant pathogenic fungi, including two seed pathogens of maize (Fusarium moniliforme Sheld. and Fusarium graminearum (Gibberella zeae (Schw.) Petsch)), and several bacteria, including a bacterial pathogen of maize (Clavibacter michiganense ssp. nebraskense). A synthetic MBP-1 peptide, air-oxidized and purified by reverse phase chromatography, was equally antifungal as compared with the naturally occurring peptide.

Inhibition of the cadmium-sensitive calcium current and of the mechanical activity of frog heart muscle by fumonisin B 1, a mycotoxin isolated from Fusarium moniliforme Sheld : M.-P. Sauviat, D. Laurent, F. Kohler and F. Pellegrin (Laboratoire de Physiologie comparée, URA CNRS 1121, Bât 443, Université de Paris XI, 91405 Orsay cedex, France).

Inhibition of the cadmium-sensitive calcium current and of the mechanical activity of frog heart muscle by fumonisin B 1, a mycotoxin isolated from Fusarium moniliforme Sheld : M.-P. Sauviat, D. Laurent, F. Kohler and F. Pellegrin (Laboratoire de Physiologie comparée, URA CNRS 1121, Bât 443, Université de Paris XI, 91405 Orsay cedex, France).

Blockage of the sodium conductance by the mycotoxin cyclonerodiol, isolated from Fusarium moniliforme Sheld, in frog skeletal muscle: M.-P. Sauviat, D. Laurent, F. Kohler and F. Pellegrin (Laboratoire de Physiologie comparée, URA CNRS 1121, Bât 443, Université de Paris XI, 91405 Orsay cedex, France).

Blockage of the sodium conductance by the mycotoxin cyclonerodiol, isolated from Fusarium moniliforme Sheld, in frog skeletal muscle: M.-P. Sauviat, D. Laurent, F. Kohler and F. Pellegrin (Laboratoire de Physiologie comparée, URA CNRS 1121, Bât 443, Université de Paris XI, 91405 Orsay cedex, France).

Association of Fusarium moniliforme Sheld. with Rice Seeds and Subsequent Infection in Pakistan

Association of Fusarium moniliforme Sheld. with Rice Seeds and Subsequent Infection in Pakistan

Fumonisin, a toxin from the fungus Fusarium moniliforme sheld, blocks both the calcium current and the mechanical activity in frog atrial muscle

Fumonisin, a toxin isolated from the fungus Fusarium moniliforme sheld, blocks both the calcium current and the mechanical activity in frog atrial muscle. Toxicon 29, 1025–1031, 1991.—The effects of fumonisin, a toxin isolated from the fungus Fusarium moniliforme sheld were studied on transmembrane potentials and currents of the frog heart muscle using the double sucrose gap technique. Fumonisin (280 μM) shortened the plateau duration of the action potential. Under voltage clamp conditions, fumonisin inhibited the Ca current. The block occurred without alteration of either the kinetic parameters or the apparent reversal potential of the current suggesting that the toxin blocked the maximal Ca conductance. Fumonisin reduced mainly the phasic component of the peak tension. The time to peak tension was unchanged whereas its relaxation phase was accelerated at positive membrane potentials suggesting that Na-Ca exchange was accelerated by fumonisin. Dose-response curves for the Ca current and the peak tension indicated half inhibition at about 100 μM fumonisin and a stoichiometric parameter of 1.7, suggesting that more than one toxin molecule interacted with the Ca channel. The data suggested that the effect of fumonisin on the Ca current and the tension might account for cardiac failure reported in animal intoxication by Fusarium moniliforme.

ADULT SURVIVORSHIP, FECUNDITY, AND FACTORS AFFECTING LABORATORY OVIPOSITION OF PISSODES NEMORENSIS (COLEOPTERA: CURCULIONIDAE)

The deodar weevil, Pissodes nemorensis Germar, is a vector and wounding agent associated with pitch canker fungus, Fusarium moniliforme Sheld. var. subglutinans Wr. & Reink., in the southeastern United States (Blakeslee et al. 1981). This univoltine weevil breeds in southern pines that have been stressed by factors such as fire, lightning, or mechanical injury (Baker 1972). The adults feed on phloem after chewing through the outer bark. Females deposit eggs in some of these feeding pits and then plug the hole with macerated phloem (Atkinson 1979). Larvae tunnel under the bark and feed on phloem as they develop.

Genetics of Gibberella fujikuroi. III. Significance of heterokaryosis in naturally occurring corn isolates

Among the stalk rot fungal organisms, Gibberella fujikuroi (Saw.) Wn. (conidial anamorph Fusarium moniliforme Sheld.) was abundant in naturally infected com plants. Numerous phenotypically different isolates of F. moniliforme were recovered from the host. Some of these isolates formed heterokaryons more frequently in a given stage of plant growth. Frequently occurring heterokaryons were termed major and became the subject of this report. The component homokaryons exhibited differences in colony color, texture, growth rate, and sporulation. Based on these differences, ratios of two homokaryons recovered from a single representative of each of the four major heterokaryons were found to be balanced. Representative natural and laboratory-induced heterokaryons were compared for stability and balance of nuclear ratios on MM and SRM (stalk residue medium). Different heterokaryons predominated at different growth stages of the corn plant indicating preferential adaptation. Possible role of these heterokaryons in generating and maintaining natural variability was evaluated.

Genetics of Gibberella fujikuroi. II. Natural occurrence and significance of heterokaryosis in sorghum isolates

Of all the stalk rot fungi, Gibberella fujikuroi (Sawada) Wollenw. (anamorph stage Fusarium moniliforme Sheld.) was most frequently isolated from naturally infected, symptomless sorghum plants. Phenotypically distinct isolates of G. fujikuroi were recovered. This variability is ascribed to heterokaryosis. The homokaryotic components of the most frequently recovered heterokaryons found at a given growth stage were identified on the basis of colony color, texture, growth rate, and sporulation. Nuclear ratios were determined to confirm the presence and stability of heterokaryons. Natural and laboratory-induced heterokaryons were compared on synthetic and natural media, prepared from plant tissue, for stability and other attributes. The occurrence of different heterokaryons at different growth stages suggests genetic adaptation and a possible role of heterokaryosis in generating and maintaining natural variability in this fungus.