Fusarium Semitectum Research Articles

Diseases of Moringa and their Management

Moringa is fairly disease tolerant that is why it is relatively unaffected. However, due to changing climate, Moringa is exposed to disease infections that affect both the quantity and quality resulting to yield loss. Worldwide, there are about 12 diseases affecting moringa which are as follows: brown leaf spot (Cercospora moringicola), septoria leaf spot (Septoria lycopersici Speg.), alternaria leaf spot (Alternaria solani Sorauer), powdery mildew (Leveillula taurica Lev. Arn.), root rot (Diplodia sp.), fusarium wilt (Fusarium oxysporium f. sp. moringae), fusarium wilt (Fusarium oxysporium f. sp. moringae), fruit rot (Cochliobolus hawaiiensis Alcorn), damping off (Rhizoctonia solani Kuehn), dieback (Fusarium semitectum Berk), anthracnose (Colletotrichum chlorophyti Chandra), twig canker (Fusarium pallidoroseum Cooke Sacc.), and rust (Puccinia moringae Koorders). Proper identification of diseases on various plant parts of moringa through their symptoms, including their life cycle alternate host plants whether cultivated and non-cultivated are very important in the management of diseases.

Survey for toxigenicFusarium species on maize kernels in China

Maize is currently the most important crop in China. A major concern in maize production is maize ear rot caused byFusarium spp., which results in yield losses, reduction of seed quality and the accumulation of mycotoxins in the harvested grains. To identify the importance of the differentFusarium species in maize infection, we performed a comprehensive survey on 9,000 asymptomatic and randomly collected maize kernels. Seeds were collected from 12 different provinces covering all major maize growing areas in China and included five maize varieties. In total 1,022Fusarium isolates were retrieved that were identified based on morphological characteristics, by species specific diagnostic PCRs and by EF1-α gene sequencing. Eight different species were identified:Fusarium verticillioides (75.34%),Fusarium graminearum (8.32%),Fusarium proliferatum (7.14%),Fusarium subglutinans (4.11%),Fusarium meridionale (1.57%),Fusarium oxysporum (1.37%),Fusarium semitectum (1.17%), andFusarium asiaticum (0.98%). The distribution ofFusarium species was found to be different in different regions with the largest diversity observed in Hubei province, where all eightFusarium species were isolated. Genetic chemotyping within theF. graminearum species complex indicated that all of the 85F. graminearum isolates showed the 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol chemotype, whereas allF. asiaticum (n=10) andF. meridionale (n=16) isolates had the nivalenol chemotype even when isolated from the same maize field. To our knowledge this is the largest collection ofFusarium isolates from maize and further exploitations of this collection are discussed.

Isolation, Identification, and Preserval of Filamentous Fungi Found at Soils of Viotá, Cundinamarca

Objectives: This study focuses on the isolation, identification, and conservation of strains of filamentous fungi recovered from soils of Viota, Cundinamarca; and the subsequent conformation of a strain collection. Methods: An adaptation of the sampling method proposed by Arias and Pineros was carried out. Identification was carried out by macroscopic, microscopic, and DNA sequencing. Conservation techniques were evaluated based on the index of effectiveness of the behavior of viability, purity, and morphological stability. An ANOVA TUKEY test was performed using both an alpha value of α = 0.05 with 95% confidence to assess significant differences.Results: Of the 125 samples analyzed, 165 isolates were recovered, and nine species were identified: Trichoderma spirale 15.53%; Trichoderma ovalisporum 13.66%; Hypocrea nigricans 13.04%; Penicillium implicatum 13.04%; Penicillium citrinum 11.80%; Fusarium incarnatum 11.18%; Fusarium verticiloides 9.94%; Cunninghamella elegans 6.83%, and Aspergillus cf. versicolor 4.97% that had the lowest number of isolates. Aspergillus, Penicillium, Trichoderma, Fusarium, and Cunninghamela are among the most common genera isolated soils. The most efficient conservation method was cryopreservation, with an efficiency rate of 100%. However, although the cultivation technique had an efficiency percentage of 70%, it is considered that it can be used in collections with limited financial support or as a backup preservation method. Angel, in 2006 supports the use of serial cultivation for periods of time such as those handled in this study (15 days). Application/Improvements: The results obtained will contribute to the knowledge of the diversity of this group and its biotic potentials; for the generation of strategies that promote the development of this region. Keywords: Conservation, Isolation, Identification, Filamentous Fungi, Soils.

Fusarium incarnatum is associated with postharvest fruit rot of muskmelon (Cucumis melo)

AbstractPostharvest fruit rot was observed on muskmelon (Cucumis melo) on market shelves at a melon farm in the city of Hatyai, Songkhla, Thailand. Diseased muskmelon fruit displayed cotton‐like mycelia on wounds and had brown to dark brown internal tissue. Based on morphological characteristics and molecular analysis of internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and translation elongation factor 1‐α (TEF1‐α) DNA sequences, the fungal pathogen was identified as Fusarium incarnatum. This species belongs to the Fusarium incarnatum‐equiseti species complex (FIESC). A pathogenicity test was conducted to verify Koch's postulates, and F. incarnatum was observed to cause fruit rot on muskmelon; symptoms of the disease were similar to those seen in the field. However, only artificially wounded melons became infected, suggesting that F. incarnatum is an obligate wound‐infecting pathogen. To our knowledge, this is the first report of F. incarnatum causing fruit rot of muskmelon in Thailand.

Synthesis of Pullulan-Mediated Silver Nanoparticles (AgNPs) and their Antimicrobial Activities

The synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), using plant extracts, bacteria, fungi and yeasts, and their antimicrobial activities have been widely investigated and well documented. However, pullulan AgNPs and their antimicrobial activities have not received much attention. The objective of this study was to synthesize pullulan AgNPs, characterize them, and test their antibacterial and antifungal activities. Pullulan was extracted from Aureobasidium mangrovei isolated from Oman and, using UV-Vis spectroscopy and Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR), found to be identical to the commercial pullulan obtained from Sigma, USA. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) showed that most of the synthesized particles were poly-dispersed, irregular in shape, and most were spherical with an average size of 9.76 nm. Pullulan-mediated AgNPs were found to have antibacterial activities, and the ANOVA test showed that there were no significant differences between AgNO3, Pullulan and pullulan-mediated AgNPs for all the bacteria tested. Pullulan-mediated nanoparticles were found to have antifungal activity against Curvularia lunata, Fusarium incarnatum, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus ochraceus and Penicillium sp. The ANOVA test also revealed that there was a significant difference in antifungal activity between pullulan and pullulan-mediated AgNPs, pullulan-mediated nanoparticles having shown a higher inhibitory activity than pullulan. Pullulan and pullulan-mediated nanoparticles could be used in the food industry and are safer than silver nitrates.

The inhibitory effect of Eupatorium adenophorum extracts on the pathogen of postharvest disease of banana

The Colletotrichum musae and Fusarium semitectum Berk., Which often occur in banana after harvest were used as the targets. Three components with antibacterial activity extracted from the leaves of the plant were used as "fungicide". The antibacterial effect of the three component substances on the pathogens of anthracnose and shaft rot was studied. The results showed that the inhibitory rates of the components A, B and C at 2 mg / ml on the pathogens of banana anthracnose and shaft rot reached 82.53%, 79.91%, 78.30% and 82.2%, 78.69% and 81.17% respectively. The EC90 values of component A, B and C for banana anthracnose pathogens were 1.70, 1.85, and 1.69 mg / ml. Respectively, the EC90 values for banana shaft rot pathogens were 1.37, 1.38, and 1.64 mg / ml. The antibacterial effect of the three component substances on the pathogen of banana shaft rot was better than that of anthracnose. The three component substances have great potential for controlling post-harvest anthracnose and shaft rot of bananas.

Discovery of novel fungal species and pathogens on bat carcasses in a cave in Yunnan Province, China

ABSTRACT Virulent infectious fungal diseases, in natural and managed landscapes, are increasing. Fungal diseases in humans, animals and plants have caused die-off and extinction events and have become a threat to food security. A caving expedition in Yunnan Province, China, revealed two bat carcasses covered in fungal mycelia. Eleven fungal isolates were obtained from these bat carcasses, and morphological observations and multigene phylogenetic analyses revealed they were Fusarium incarnatum, Mucor hiemalis and Trichoderma harzianum and four new species, Mortierella rhinolophicola, M. multispora, M. yunnanensis and Neocosmospora pallidimors. One of the more alarming findings is that a number of infections related to Neocosmospora, previously associated with human and animal mycotoxicoses, are reported to be increasing, and here we present a new species from this genus, isolated from dead bats. Due to the ecosystem services provided by bats, and the close relationship between bats and humans, future research should focus on the impacts and significance of N. pallidimors to human and animal health, examining its pathogenicity and secondary metabolites. Taxonomic descriptions, color images of the habitat, in situ samples, microstructures and cultures are presented. SEM photographs of microstructures and phylogenetic trees showing the placement of new and known species are also provided.

Fungicide Treatments to Control Seed-borne Fungi of Sunflower Seeds.

Seed-borne fungi in 69 sunflower cultivars were evaluated which comprised 52 confectionery and 17 oilseed types. Seed coats were placed on both NP-10 (Nonylphenol Ethoxylate based surfacant −10) and potato dextrose agar (PDA) media to culture fungi. The rate of contamination among the different varieties was calculated by counting seed coats with fungal colonies. The rate of contamination in the confectionary group (88%) was significantly (p ≤ 0.05) higher than in the oilseed group (71%). Of the 52 confectionery varieties, the dominant fungi recovered were Verticillium dahliae along with Alternaria spp., Fusarium spp., and Rhizopus spp., whereas the oilseed type varieties were contaminated with only V. dahliae. Molecular identification of fungal species via BLAST (Basic Alignment Search Tool) was performed on fungal sequences obtained from PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) analysis. The results included five Alternaria spp. that included Alternaria tenuissima, Alternaria alternata, Alternaria helianthiinficiens, Alternaria longipes, and Alternaria tamaricis, three Fusarium spp. such as Fusarium oxysporum, Fusarium incarnatum, and Fusarium proliferatum, and V. dahliae and Cladosporium cladosporioides. These were identified from pure fungal cultures recovered from seed coats. To efficiently control seed-borne fungi, four broad spectrum fungicides (carbendazim, triadimefon, caprio F-500, and flusilazole) were screened against V. dahliae isolate Gn3, which was isolated from a diseased LD 5009 sunflower plant. Flusilazole was selected based on its low half-maximal effective concentration value (EC50), 78.7 µg/mL. Seeds of diseased LD 5009 plants obtained from two different locations treated with formulated flusilazole fungicide at optimum parameters showed a significant (p ≤ 0.05) increase in seed germination and a decrease in contamination rate from 98% to less than 10%. The results affirmed that confectionery cultivars are much more susceptible to fungal contamination than oilseeds, and also that seed pretreatment is a suitable way to prevent the spread of soil- and seed-borne fungi in sunflower production.

First report of Fusarium incarnatum causing rot disease on lotus in China

First report of Fusarium incarnatum causing rot disease on lotus in China

First Report of Leaf Spot on Cucumber Caused by Fusarium incarnatum in China

Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) is a globally cultivated vegetable crop with great economic and nutritional importance. In May 2019, a new leaf spot disease was observed on cucumber in Jiyang, Shandong Province, China. Disease incidence was estimated at approximately 15% across the survey area. Foliar symptoms began with small pale-yellow lesions, circular to irregular in shape. Subsequently, they developed into large irregular spots, yellow to dark brown, with a gray central area. Finally, the lesions were densely distributed on the leaves. To isolate the pathogen, leaf tissues (5 × 5 mm) were cut from the junction of diseased tissue and healthy tissue, surface disinfected in 75% alcohol for 15 s, soaked in 0.1% mercuric chloride for 1 min, washed with sterile distilled water three times, and cultured on potato dextrose agar (PDA) at 25°C for 3 to 5 days. Seventeen fungal isolates with similar morphological characteristics were obtained and further purified by a single-spore isolation method. The colony of representative isolate SCS6G on PDA was fluffy, white, and showing beige coloration on the reverse side. Macroconidia had three to five septa (more commonly three septa), slightly curved at the apex, ranging from 16.2 to 33.4 × 3.1 to 4.8 µm (n = 100). Microconidia were single celled to one septum, ranging from 6.8 to 17.3 × 2.6 to 4.1 μm (n = 100). Chlamydospores with thick, roughened walls were abundant, singly, in chains or in clumps, ellipsoidal or subglobose. The morphological characteristics and measurements of this fungal isolate were consistent with the descriptions of Fusarium incarnatum (Leslie and Summerell 2006). To validate the species identification, the rDNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region (White et al. 1990), β-tubulin gene (Glass and Donaldson 1995), and partial translation elongation factor 1-α (TEF1-α) gene (Cong et al. 2016) were amplified and sequenced. The ITS, β-tubulin, and TEF1-α sequences of isolate SCS6G were submitted to GenBank (MN493639, MN508785, and MN508784, respectively). BLASTn analysis of the sequences showed 99% identity with F. incarnatum (MN317371, KY509037, and KY509036). Furthermore, phylogenetic analysis based on the alignment of the ITS, β-tubulin, and TEF1-α sequences using MEGA7 revealed that the isolate was grouped in the same clade as F. incarnatum. Pathogenicity tests were performed by spraying a conidial suspension (1 × 10⁵ conidia/ml) on 25 healthy cucumber plants at the five-true-leaf stage. Sterile water served as a control. All samples were placed in a dew chamber for 48 h and then kept in a growth chamber at 25°C. All inoculated leaves showed symptoms similar to those observed in the field after 7 days, but no disease occurred on control plants. The same fungus was successfully reisolated from inoculated leaves and reidentified based on morphology and molecular evidence, thus confirming Koch’s postulates. The pathogenicity test was repeated with similar results. To our knowledge, this is the first report of leaf spot caused by F. incarnatum on cucumber in China. This disease may pose a serious threat to cucumber production in China.

Occurrence of Crown Rot Disease Caused by Fusarium incarnatum on Cucumber (Cucumis sativus) in China

Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.), an important vegetable with high economic value, has become one of the most economically important domestic vegetables in China. In April 2019, a previously undescribed crown rot with about 80% incidence was observed in many vegetable greenhouses in Huaian city, Jiangsu Province. Typical symptoms of the infected fruits appeared to be that young fruit withered and were covered with abundant white mycelia. The symptoms were similar to fruit rot caused by Botrytis cinerea. It is possible that this similarity has caused this disease to be overlooked. The pathogen was isolated as follows: diseased tissues were washed with sterile water, and potato dextrose agar (PDA) plates were inoculated with mycelium from diseased fruit. After incubation for 7 days at 25°C in the dark, the spores were isolated from each colony, and a single spore was isolated for pure culture. After single-spore isolation, 56 isolates with similar morphological characteristics were obtained. After incubation for 7 days at 25°C, the colony with abundant whitish to yellowish aerial mycelia produced pale brown to dark brown pigment and numerous falciform macroconidia (20.4 to 59 × 2.9 to 5.1 μm) in PDA plates. Moreover, macroconidia (three to five septa) exhibited pronounced dorsiventral curvature, with a tapered and elongated apical cell and prominent foot-shaped basal cell. These morphological characteristics of the isolates are consistent with Fusarium incarnatum described in previous studies (Gai et al. 2016; Ramdial et al. 2016). For molecular identification, the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of ribosomal DNA, a partial elongation factor-1 alpha (EF-1α) gene, Histone 3 gene (H3) and β-tubulin gene of 16 isolates were amplified and sequenced using the primer pairs ITS4/ITS5 (Lu et al. 2014), EF-1/EF-2 (O’Donnell et al. 1998), H3-1a/1b, and Bt2a/2b (Glass and Donaldson 1995), respectively. The sequences of each gene for 16 isolates were completely consistent and deposited in NCBI GenBank nucleotide database (MN227262 for the ITS region, MN233576 for β-tubulin gene, MN233577 for EF-1α gene, and MN233578 for H3 gene) and showed 99.65, 100, 100, and 100% identity to F. incarnatum species (MH979697 for ITS region, KJ020861 for β-tubulin gene, JX269001 for EF-1α gene, and MH979696 for H3 gene), respectively. To confirm the pathogenicity of the isolates, 10 μl of conidial suspension (10⁶ conidia/ml) of each isolate was inoculated on nine healthy fruits wounded with a sterilized needle, and another nine fruits were inoculated with sterilized water as controls. Six isolates and two cucumber cultivars were tested. All the inoculated fruits were placed under 25°C and 90% relative humidity. After about 5 to 7 days, they were similar to the symptoms observed on cucumber fruit in the greenhouses, but no symptoms were observed on the control fruits. The experiment was performed three times. Furthermore, F. incarnatum was reisolated from the infected cucumber fruits, fulfilling Koch’s postulates. To our knowledge, this is the first report of F. incarnatum causing crown rot on cucumber in China. Although cucumber crown rot is reported as an emerging vegetable disease, it is serious in cucumber greenhouses, causing severe economic losses to the cucumber industry in China.

Lipase production from mutagenic strain of Fusarium Incarnatum KU377454 and its immobilization using Au@Ag core shells nanoparticles for application in waste cooking oil degradation.

In the present study, lipase production from mutated strain of Fusarium incarnatum KU377454 was optimized through central composite design (CCD) based response surface methodology (RSM). The maximum lipase production (4.01IU/mL) was obtained within 4days of incubation using 0.1% CaCl2 concentration and 8% wheat bran concentration. Further, salting out technique was applied for partial purification of lipase. The partially purified lipase was immobilized using Au@Ag bimetallic nanoshell. The characterization of immobilized lipase was carried out by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), Fourier transformed infrared (FTIR), energy dispersive X-ray (EDX), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and thermo gravimetric analysis (TGA). The immobilized lipase could retain its 95% of activity after 15days of storage at 4°C. Subsequently, Au@Ag immobilized lipase was used for the degradation of waste cooking oil (WCO), which showed higher WCO degradation (85%) compared to the free lipase mediated waste cooking oil degradation (71%). The immobilized lipase could be reused for five times without any loss of its activity.

Biocontrol of Bean and Wheat Aphids by Fungi Isolated from Indigenous and Invasive Insects Collected from Different Locations in Minia Governorate, Egypt

A total of 26 fungal strains were isolated from aphids and tomato leaf miner as indigenous species and from red palm weevil and peach fruit fly as an invasive insect. Fungal strains tested for their abilities to attack both bean and wheat aphids. The mortality of aphids due to thesefungi was estimated. Results showed that eight entomopathogenic fungi Scopulariopsis brevicaulis, Verticillium sp., Fusarium chlamydosporum, Fusarium proliferatum, Fusarium semitectum, Pochonia chlamydosporia var. catenulata, Fusarium solaniand Fusarium verticillioides exhibited high virulence 60-100%. However, Scopulariopsis brevicaulis, Verticillium sp., Fusarium chlamydosporum and Fusarium solani proved to be the most virulent species against the target aphids inducing 90%-100% mortality.

Biological Evaluation of Selenium Nanoparticles biosynthesized by Fusarium semitectum as antimicrobial and anticancer agents

Nanotechnology is considered one of the most frontiers in scientific sector, which increasingly attracted researchers’ interest due to its variable and valuable applications in all areas. Recently, green nanotechnology is serving as an important technique that making the processing more friendly, safe and clean. Selenium is one of the most important dietary supplements in the human diet. It is incorporated into the synthesis of many antioxidant enzymes. Therefore, selenium has become antagonistic to many diseases relying on oxidative stress such as cancer, brain and heart illness. In this study, biogenic selenium nanoparticles (Bio-SeNPs) physicochemical characteristics such as formation, morphology and biological activity of Bio-SeNPs as antimicrobial, antioxidant and anticancer were investigated. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) micrograph of biosynthesized Bio-SeNPs by Fusarium sp. showed an average length of 61.18 ± 15.85. Antioxidant activity in vitro had showed higher (2,2’-azino-bis(3-rthylbenzothiozoline-6-sulforic acid) ABTS radical scavenging ability and powerful antioxidant potential (5.656 ±0.12 mmol trolox/g) than (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) DPPH (1.362 ± 0.09 mmol trolox/g) as well as Bio-SeNPs possess potent antibacterial potential against burns wound infections and selective anticancer potentials against colon, skin and lung cancers without effect on human normal cells. These findings demonstrate the positive effects of Bio-SeNPs as a promising candidate for future therapeutic applications.

Identification and characterization of type III polyketide synthase genes from culturable endophytes of ethnomedicinal plants

Endophytic fungi provide benefits to host plants by producing a diverse class of secondary metabolites (natural products). Arrays of polyketide natural products are synthesized by specific classes of polyketide synthases (PKS I, II and III) in host organisms. In the present study, we attempt to screen and identify type III PKSs in culturable fungal endophytes isolated from the ethno medicinal plants including Arbus precatorius, Bacopa monnieri,Citrus aurantifolia and Datura metel to detect the genetic potential of endophytic fungi in producing bioactive compounds. A total of seventeen endophytic fungal strains belonging to eight genera were identified using fungal morphology and rDNA-ITS phylogenetic analyses. A CODEHOP-PCR based strategy was followed to design degenerate primers for the screening of type III PKS genes from fungal endophytes. We had successfully amplified partial PKS genes from eight endophytes. The amplified PKS sequences showed 60–99% identity to already characterized/putative PKS genes. From the partial sequence of FiPKS from Fusarium incarnatum BMER1, a full-length gene was amplified, cloned and characterized. FiPKScDNA was cloned and expressed in E. coli Lemo21 (DE3) and the purified protein was shown to produce pyrones and resorcinols using acyl-CoA thioesters as substrates. FiPKS showed the highest catalytic efficiency of 7.6 × 104 s−1 M-1 with stearoyl CoA as a starter unit. This study reports the identification and characterization of type III PKS from endophytes of medicinal plants by CODEHOP PCR.

First report of Stachys sieboldii angular leaf spot caused by Fusarium incarnatum–equiseti species complex in Guizhou Province, China

First report of Stachys sieboldii angular leaf spot caused by Fusarium incarnatum–equiseti species complex in Guizhou Province, China

Green Synthesis of Iron Oxide Nanoparticles Mediated by Filamentous Fungi Isolated from Sundarban Mangrove Ecosystem, India

In the present study, biosynthesis of iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) was achieved using three manglicolous fungi, STSP10 (Trichoderma asperellum), STSP 19 (Phialemoniopsis ocularis) and STSP 27 (Fusarium incarnatum) isolated from estuarine mangrove sediment of Indian Sundarban. Synthesised IONPs were initially monitored by UV-Vis spectrophotometer and further characterised by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, which provides information regarding proteins and other organic residues involved with iron nanoparticle. The morphology of iron nanoparticle were found to be spherical with average particle size ranging between 25 ± 3.94 nm for T. asperellum, 13.13 ± 4.32 nm for P. ocularis and 30.56 ± 8.68 nm for F. incarnatum, which were confirmed by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Energy-dispersive x-ray analysis (EDX) analysis was performed during FESEM study to confirm the presence of elemental Fe in the sample. X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern has shown that the IONPs are iron oxide in nature.

First Report of Fusarium incarnatum Causing Peony Root Rot Disease in Henan, China

First Report of <i>Fusarium incarnatum</i> Causing Peony Root Rot Disease in Henan, China

Studies on a better laccase-producing mutant of Fusarium incarnatum LD-3 under solid substrate tray fermentation.

Forty-seven (47) mutant strains were generated from the wild-type fungus, Fusarium incarnatum strain LD-3 after exposure to ultraviolet radiation (UV) and a further seventeen (17) mutants were generated after exposure to ethyl methane sulfonate (EMS). Amongst these, the mutant strain, identified as UC-14, was the most promising laccase producer and produced threefold more laccase than the wild strain LD-3. Solid substrate tray fermentation using wheat straw and rice bran showed a twofold increase in laccase productivity and a fivefold loss of total organic matter (TOM) by mutant UC-14 over the wild strain LD-3. The mutant strain UC-14 also showed 25% and 54% weight loss of TOM after 36 days of fermentation which was 10% higher than the wild-type LD-3. Scanning electron microscopy suggested that the delayed condidiation in mutant strain UC-14 may be responsible for better laccase production.

First Report of Fruit Spot of Toxicodendron sylvestre Caused by Fusarium incarnatum in China

First Report of Fruit Spot of <i>Toxicodendron sylvestre</i> Caused by <i>Fusarium incarnatum</i> in China