Furaltadone Research Articles

Determination of illegal antimicrobials in aquaculture feed and fish: An ELISA study

Antimicrobials are added to the feed or drinking water of food-producing animals to reduce susceptibility to infection, accelerate weight gain, or reduce the amount of food required to gain weight. Some compounds have been banned for food safety reasons, for other agents the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is implementing a plan with industry to phase out a number of antibiotics.The concentrations of crystal violet (CRY), chloramphenicol (CAP), gentamicin (GEN), fluoroquinolone-enrofloxacin (FQ), malachite green (MG), and the metabolites of furaltadone (FU) and furazolidone (FZ) antibiotics (respectively AMOZ and AOZ) were determined in 30 samples both feed and fish from an aquaculture farm in eastern Sicily (Italy) using commercial ELISA Kits. Levels exceeding the method's detection capability were found in all feed and tissue samples. Feed contained all the analytes tested; GEN, CRY and CAP showed the highest mean concentrations, respectively 31.8, 4.05 and 3.67 μg kg−1. The mean concentrations of CAP, CRY, FQ, MG, AMOZ and AOZ in muscle were 0.57, 2.05, 0.14, 0.48, 0.29 and 0.09 μg kg−1, respectively (the assay was not certified to determine GEN in muscle). The higher levels detected in feed are explained by the fact that 50% of farmed fish is used to make fish meal, thus compounding bio-accumulation. Our data show that aquaculture feed and fish contain banned antimicrobials. Consumption of farmed fish may therefore involve a risk for consumers, besides contributing to the growth of antibacterial resistance. Surveys of larger feed and fish samples are needed to achieve a more reliable assessment of consumer risk.

Removal of Four Nitrofurans Drugs from Aqueous Solution by Magnetic Multi-Wall Carbon Nanotubes

Highlights▸ M-MWCNT were synthesized by wet chemical method and used as an efficient adsorbent for removing nitrofurans from aqueous solution.▸ FTIR analysis was employed to investigate the functional group of M-MWCNT.▸ The adsorption process was characterized by kinetics and isotherm analysis.▸ Adsorption of nitrofurans on M-MWCNT was an exothermic and spontaneous process.▸ The adsorption rate was controlled by both outer and inner diffusion.Magnetic multi-wall carbon nanotubes (M-MWCNTs) nanocomposite was synthesized and used for removal of four nitrofurans, such as furazolidone (FZD), nitrofurazone (NFZ), nitrofurantoin (NFT), and furaltadone (FTD) from aqueous solution. A detailed study of the adsorption process was performed by varying pH, sorbent amount, sorption time, and temperature. The results showed that the removal of FZD, NFZ, NFT, and FTD reached 97.76%, 93.13%, 96.47%, 94.24%, respectively, when each concentration of four nitrofurans in the mixture was 10 mg L−1, the dosage of M-MWCNTs was 2.4 g L−1, the pH values was 7, and the time of adsorption was 200 min. That pseudo second-order model could accurately represent the kinetics of the adsorption process, and Langmuir model and Temkin model explained much better the isotherm for adsorption process under different temperatures. The thermodynamic parameters (△H0, △S0, △G0) showed the spontaneous, exothermic, and physical nature of the adsorption process.

Liquid chromatography and ion trap mass spectrometry for simultaneous and multiclass analysis of antimicrobial residues in feed water

This work firstly reported the development of liquid chromatography coupled to an ion trap mass spectrometer (LC-MS ion trap) for the simultaneous determination of nitrofurans (e.g. nitrofurazone (NFZ), nitrofurantoin (NFT), furazolidone (FZD) and furaltadone (FTD)), nitroimidazoles (e.g. metronidazole (MNZ), ronidazole (RNZ) and dimetridazole (DMZ)) and chloramphenicol (CAP) in feed water. Isotope-labeled internal standards for the corresponding target analytes were employed to prevent matrix effects that might lead to signal suppression/enhancement. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis was performed on a Prodigy ODS-3 column, 2.0mm×150mm, 5μm with a guard cartridge at a flow rate of 0.2mL/min, column oven temperature of 40°C, and an injection volume of 10μL. Solid phase extraction (SPE) procedures, factors affecting HPLC separation (e.g. buffer pH and concentrations) and mass spectrometry (MS) parameters were optimized. After an off-line SPE by the OASIS HLB cartridges (with an enrichment factor of 400), the eight antimicrobial agents were separated in 18min using a gradient elution of acetonitrile in acidified water (pH 5.0). MS detection was by an ion trap MS coupled with electrospray ionization (ESI) in tandem mass spectrometry mode (MS/MS) using the nebulizer gas at 35psi, drying gas at 9L/min and drying temperature of 325°C. Method linearity was good (r(2)=0.979-0.999) with acceptable precision (% RSDs=3.4-26.6%) and accuracy (%recovery=88.4-110.1%). Very low limits of detection (LOD) and quantitation (LOQ) were achieved in ranges of 0.002-0.06μg/L and 0.005-0.25μg/L, respectively. The established method is successfully employed by the Department of Livestock Development of Thailand for the monitoring of the drug residues in feed waterbecause of its convenience, reliability and high sensitivity.

An immunochromatographic assay for rapid and direct detection of 3‐amino‐5‐morpholino‐2‐oxazolidone (AMOZ) in meat and feed samples

Furaltadone (FTD) is a type of nitrofuran and has been banned in many countries as a veterinary drug in food-producing animals owing to its potential carcinogenicity and mutagenicity. FTD is unstable in vivo, rapidly metabolizing to 3-amino-5-methylmorpholino-2-oxazolidinone (AMOZ); thus AMOZ can be used as an indicator for illegal usage of FTD. Usually, for the determination of nitrofurans, the analyte is often a derivative of the metabolite rather than the metabolite itself. In this study, based on the monoclonal antibody (mAb) against AMOZ, a competitive immunochromatographic assay (ICA) using a colloidal gold-mAb probe for rapid and direct detection of AMOZ without a derivatization step in meat and feed samples was developed. The intensity of red color in the test line is inversely related to the analyte concentration and the visual detection limit was found to be 10 ng mL⁻¹. The performance of this assay was simple and convenient because the tedious and time-consuming derivatization step was avoided. The ICA detection was completed within 10 min. The ICA strips could be used for 7 weeks at room temperature without significant loss of activity. The AMOZ spiked samples were detected by ICA and confirmed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The results of the two methods were in good agreement. The proposed ICA provides a feasible tool for simple, sensitive, rapid, convenient and semi-quantitative detection of AMOZ in meat and feed samples on site. To our knowledge, this is the first report of the ICA for direct detection of AMOZ.

Detection of antibiotics in feed and farmed fish

Background The consumption of fish products bring significant health benefits, therefore the demand for fish is greatly increased and this request is satisfied by farmed fish. Several studies have reported the presence of pharmacological residues as antibiotics in farmed fish with potential hazardous to the consumer. Use of Crystal Violet (CRI), Gentamicin (GE), Fluoroquinolones (FUQ), Chloramphenicol (CLO), Malachite Green (MG), Furaltadone (FU) and Furazolidone (FZ) is banned by Reg. CE 37/2010 for the severe effects on consumers. Aims The aim of our study was to evaluate the presence of antibiotics banned in the EU in fish muscle and in feed used for their feeding. Methods The sample extraction was carried out by specific ELISA Kits-BioScientific. Detection of antibiotics was carried out by use of a microplates reader Thermo scientific. Results All antibiotics tested were identified in feeds.The mean concentration of ?antibiotics, is 40.44 ppb. In feed prevails use of GE, CRI and CLO (respectively with average of 31.84; 4.05 and 3.67 ppb).The fish tissues showed a positivity to all drugs investigated with a mean concentration of CLO, CRI, VM, FU and FZ respectively of 0.57; 2.05; 0.45; 0.29 and 0.09 ppb. With a mean ? of 3.45ppb. Conclusion Our data showed that feeds used for fish feeding are contaminated by antibiotics banned and this contamination is detected in the muscle of farmed fish. In fact the 50% of farmed fish are used in the production of fish meal, primary component of the feed, hence occurs the bioaccumulation of drugs in the muscle of farmed fish.The consumption of farmed fish therefore may represent a risk to consumers that must be managed by strengthening of targeted checks for the fish- feed quality.

Nitrofurans residue in broiler chicken meat which analysed by an HPLC

Furazolidone (FZD), furaltadone (FTD), nitrofurantoin (NFT) and nitrofurazone (NFZ) are veterinary drugs that belong to the nitrofurans (NFs) group and employed as feed additives for growth promotion and theurapetic treatment of gastrointestinal infections caused by Eschericia coli and Salmonella spp. The occurrence of NFs in animal products will end to cause health problem in human consumed such food. This research conducted to study the analysis of NF residues in chicken meat by a high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and to study the occurrence of NFs residues in samples collected from traditional markets and supermarkets in Bandung, Bogor and Depok. The results of validation method on several parameters for each NF showed that the average of the relative standard deviation (RSD) from the precision study were 2.15 to 2.38%, the R 2 values of the linearity study were 0.9964 to 0.9995; recoveries were 75.90 % to 91.50 % and the detection limits were 12.01 to 37.25 ng/g. The residual level of NFs for 42 field samples showed that 2 samples positive for NFZ (9.09 and 10.74 ng/g), 1 positive for NFT (10.46 ng/g), 4 positive for FTD (16.44 up to 27.21 ng/g) and none positive for FZD. Present results showed that analysis of NFs in broiler chicken meat can be done using an HPLC and the analysis results from field samples showed that these types of drugs were being used for broiler chicken production both as single and/or combination drugs, therefore it is necessary to raise public awareness to monitor the use of NF in livestock production in Indonesia. Kata Kunci : Detection, Residue, Nitrofurans, Chicken Meat, HPLC

Direct detection of 3-amino-5-methylmorpholino-2-oxazolidinone (AMOZ) in food samples without derivatisation step by a sensitive and specific monoclonal antibody based ELISA

AMOZ (3-amino-5-methylmorpholino-2-oxazolidinone) is the metabolite of furaltadone (FTD) which has been banned as a veterinary drug. In this study, three AMOZ derivatives (CPAMOZ) were synthesised and monoclonal antibody against o-nitrobenzaldehyde derivatived AMOZ (NPAMOZ) was produced. The IC50 value of the ELISA for NPAMOZ was 0.17ngml−1. The cross reactivity values of the assay with NPAMOZ, CPAMOZ, AMOZ and FTA were 100%, 61.7%, 14.8% and 10.4%, respectively. As no NPAMOZ or CPAMOZ exist if no derivitizing reagent added and FTA is quite unstable, therefore, 14.8% of cross reactivity with AMOZ makes the ELISA capable of directly detecting AMOZ without derivatisation. AMOZ spiked food samples were analysed by ELISA. Recoveries of 72.6–121.2% and intra-assay coefficients of variation of 6.1–17.7% were obtained. The proposed ELISA which also confirmed by HPLC with a good correlation provides an alternative sensitive and fast quantitative method for directly detecting AMOZ in food samples.

Screening method for the detection of a range of nitrofurans in avian eyes by optical biosensor

An immunobiosensor assay was developed for the multi-residue screening of a range of nitrofuran compounds in avian eyes. A polyclonal antibody which binds at least 5 of the major parent nitrofurans was raised in a rabbit after inoculation with a nitrofuran mimic-protein conjugate. Sample homogenates were extracted into 0.1 M hydrochloric acid and subjected to clean-up by solid phase extraction and micro-centrifugation prior to biosensor analysis. Validation data obtained from the analysis of 21 fortified samples has shown that the method has a detection capability (CCβ) of less than 1 ng eye −1 for nitrofurazone (NFZ). In addition, cross-reactivity data and the analysis of a smaller number of fortified samples have shown that the method will also detect a range of other major parent nitrofurans including furazolidone (FZD), furaltadone (FTD), nitrofurantoin (NFA) and nifursol (NFS). Intra-assay variation ( n = 10) was calculated at 12.9% and 10.1% at concentrations of 1 ng eye −1 and 2 ng eye −1 NFZ respectively. Inter-assay variation ( n = 3) was determined to be 10.8% and 4.7% at the same NFZ concentrations respectively. The cross-reactivity profile and validation data for the detection of these nitrofurans are presented together with the results obtained following the analysis of a small number of incurred samples using the developed method.

Separation and Determination of Nitrofuran Antibiotics in Turbot Fish by Microemulsion Electrokinetic Chromatography

A microemulsion electrokinetic chromatography (MEEKC) method has been developed for the determination of four nitrofuran antibiotics (furazolidone (FZD), furaltadone (FTD), nitrofurazone (NFZ) and nitrofurantoin (NFT)) in turbot fish. The effect of buffer the pH, the concentration of SDS and the concentrations of octane and butan-1-ol were studied systematically. With the optimized experimental conditions (octane, 0.82% (w/w); SDS, 3.48% (w/w); butan-1-ol, 6.48% (w/w); and 10 mM sodium tetraborate buffer (pH 9.70), with 30 kV as the applied voltage) all four analytes were baseline-separated within 8 min. Regression equations revealed a good linear relationship between the peak area of each compound and its concentration. The correlation coefficients of the four analytes were from 0.9945 to 0.9999. The relative standard deviations of the migration times and the peak areas were <1.84 and 5.16% (intra-day). The obtained recovery ranged between 97 and 104%. Moreover, the method was successfully validated and applied to the determination of nitrofuran antibiotics in contaminated fish.

Degradation of biorefractory furaltadone in aqueous solution by ozonation

AbstractBACKGROUND: Furaltadone (FD), a nitrofuran derivative, is a highly effective chemotherapeutic drug. In China the FD wastewater discharged by the pharmaceutical industry is high in organics and biorefractory compounds. The objective of this study was to investigate the degradation mechanism of FD in aqueous solution by ozone oxidation. Preliminary results on the reaction mechanism were obtained using three different spectral analysis techniques.RESULTS: The ozonation mechanism was significantly affected by the pH value. At low pH values the primary reaction is direct oxidation of ozone, an incomplete oxidisation, which can only destroy the FD molecule's conjugated structure. At high pH values the major reaction changes to hydroxyl radical oxidation. FD can be rapidly oxidised into CO2, H2O, NH3, NO$_{3}^{-}$, HCHO, oxalic acid and other aliphatic acids of low molecular weight, which can be entirely mineralised by continued ozonation.CONCLUSION: The pH value significantly influences the mode of FD ozonation. The present experiment suggests a potentially useful pretreatment method for conventional biological treatment of wastewater containing FD. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry

Determination of nitrofurans in animal feeds by liquid chromatography-UV photodiode array detection and liquid chromatography-ionspray tandem mass spectrometry

Within the EU, the use of nitrofurans is prohibited in food production animals. For this reason detection of these compounds in feedingstuffs, at whatever limit, constitutes an offence under EU legislation. This detection generally involves the use of analytical methods with limits of quantification lowers than 1mgkg−1. These procedures are unsuitable for the detection and confirmation of trace amounts of nitrofurans in feedingstuffs due to contamination. It is well known that very low concentrations of these compounds can be the source of residues of nitrofuran metabolites in meat and other edible products obtained from animals consuming the contaminated feed. The present multi-compound method was capable of measuring very low concentrations of nitrofurantoin (NFT), nitrofurazone (NFZ), furazolidone (FZD) and furaltadone (FTD) in animal feed using nifuroxazide (NXZ) as internal standard. Following ethyl acetate extraction at mild alkaline conditions and purification on NH2 column, the nitrofurans are determined using liquid chromatography with photodiode-array detection (LC-DAD). It was observed a CCα ranged from 50 to 100μgkg−1. The liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometric (LC-MS/MS) procedure was used to confirm the identity of the suspected presence of any of the nitrofuran compounds.

Electroreduction and Quantification of Furazolidone and Furaltadone in Different Media

Adsorptive cathodic stripping voltammetry was used for the determination of furazolidone (FZ) and furaltadone (FD) in borax and phosphate buffers, respectively, using HMDE as working electrode. The influence of different factors upon the peak current response such as accumulation potential, scan rate, preconcentration time, pH and other variables was studied.

Ion-Selective Electrode for the Determination of Furaltadone

ABSTRACT A Furaltadone (FD) ion-selective PVC membrane electrode based on the ion-pair complex of FD with sodium tetraphenylborate was prepared with dioctyl phthalate as a plasticiser. The electrode exhibits a linear response with an approximate Nernstian slope (50 mV decade−1 at 20 0C) with the concentration range 2.18 x 10−5–2.18 x 10−4 FD. The effects of ionic strength and pH of the test solution on the electrode performance were studied. The electrode exhibited very good selectivity for FD with respect to a large number of inorganic and organic cations of biological importance. The standard addition method and potentiometric titration were used to determine the FD in pure solution and in pharmaceutical preparations with satisfactory results.

Simultaneous determination of sulfadiazine, doxycycline, furaltadone and trimethoprim by partial least squares multivariate calibration

Quaternary and ternary mixtures of doxycycline (DX), sulfadiazine (SD), furaltadone (FT) and trimethoprim (TM) were determined by application of a multivariate calibration model. Partial least squares (PLS) methods were applied. The optimized model allowed the simultaneous determination of DX, SD, FD, and TM in artificial mixtures and in milk, and also, the simultaneous determination of SD, FT and TM in artificial mixtures and in a veterinary formulation.