Fungiform Papillae Research Articles

Morphological and scanning electron microscopic study of the lingual papillae in the Javan Pipistrelle (Pipistrellus javanicus).

There are vast numbers of bats, in terms of both individuals and species, in Indonesia, although the precise species count is currently unknown. These bats demonstrate great variation in feeding patterns, with some being insectivorous, frugivorous, nectar-eating or carnivorous. One of the insectivorous bats found on Java Island, Indonesia, is the Javan pipistrelle (Pipistrellus javanicus). This paper presents a detailed morphological description of the tongue and lingual papillae of P.javanicus, using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and light microscopy (LM). Macroscopically, the elongated tongue of P.javanicus can be divided into three sections: the apex, corpus and radix. On the dorsal part of the tongue (corpus), there is a prominence called the mediodorsal lobe, the lobe begin from the end of apex. On the radix, in the medial part, we describe the presence of a sulcus medianus. The SEM and LM observations show that the apex of the tongue bears three types of papillae: crown filiform, pronged filiform and fungiform. The corpus bears conical and fungiform papillae, whereas the radix bears vallate, large filiform, small filiform and fungiform papillae. Taken together, these results contribute to research on the tongue anatomy and feeding habits of the bat.

Morphological and ultrastructural characteristics of the tongue of wild boar.

The present study aimed to describe the structural and ultrastructural morphological characteristics of the lingual epithelium and the connective tissue cores (CTCs) of wild boar (Sus scrofa). The tongues were processed for light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. In this study, we revealed the filiform, fungiform, foliate, and vallate papillae. The filiform papilla is elongated with a conical shape and its CTC has a conical shape; the fungiform papilla is rounded with a dome-shape and its CTC is flower bud; the foliate papilla is formed by four pairs of epithelial folds and irregular grooves, and its CTC is thin with adjacent conjunctive projections, and taste buds and serous glands in the epithelial layer have been evidenced; and the vallate papilla is oval surrounded by a groove with increases of epithelium surface, and the CTC is formed by numerous connective projections linedby a deep groove. Also noted were serous gland and taste buds on the medial wall of the vallate papilla. The epithelium has the keratinized, granular, spinous, basal, and lamina propria layers. In conclusion, we found new descriptions and shapes of the CTCs of the lingual papillae. In addition, we demonstrated the epithelium structural characteristics, the nuclear distribution between the epithelial layers, and the ultrastructural aspects of the dorsal epithelium of the tongue.

Morphological study of the rabbit gustatory lingual papillae during postnatal life by light and scanning electron microscopy.

This study aimed to investigate the postnatal morphological features of rabbit's lingual gustatory papillae using histological, histochemical, morphometrical and scanning electron microscopical studies. A total of 48 New Zealand rabbits (1, 7, 15, 23, 30, 60days postnatal) were used as the material. Tongue consisted of an apex, body and root with three types of gustatory papillae fungiform, vallate and foliate. Rounded to oval fungiform papillae were distributed on lingual apex among filiform papillae. Two foliate papillae on lateroposterior side have parallel folia increased progressively in number (14-20) with age advancement. Two oval vallate papillae on lingual root surrounded by annular grooves. Histologically, the gustatory papillary epithelium was thin at birth then increased in stratification and cornification from third to fourth week. Vallate and foliate grooves were shallow in newborns then grew deeply by desquamation of their lining epithelium which completely opened and connected with lingual excretory ducts at 23days. Developing serous von Ebner's glands appeared at 23days and became lobulated form 1-2months. They gave a negative reaction with Periodic Acid Schiff-Alcian blue stain, while mucous Weber's glands showed Alcian blue positive reaction. Taste buds were firstly seen at 15days old, increased in number and size and became mature with taste pores from third to fourth week. They distributed dorsally on fungiform and on lateral sides of vallate and foliate. This structural adaptation and maturity of gustatory papillae to meet the functional demands of food ingestion during the transition from suckling to dry matter feeding.

Sodium Imbalance in Mice Results Primarily in Compensatory Gene Regulatory Responses in Kidney and Colon, but Not in Taste Tissue.

Renal excretion and sodium appetite provide the basis for sodium homeostasis. In both the kidney and tongue, the epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) is involved in sodium uptake and sensing. The diuretic drug amiloride is known to block ENaC, producing a mild natriuresis. However, amiloride is further reported to induce salt appetite in rodents after prolonged exposure as well as bitter taste impressions in humans. To examine how dietary sodium content and amiloride impact on sodium appetite, mice were subjected to dietary salt and amiloride intervention and subsequently analyzed for ENaC expression and taste reactivity. We observed substantial changes of ENaC expression in the colon and kidney confirming the role of these tissues for sodium homeostasis, whereas effects on lingual ENaC expression and taste preferences were negligible. In comparison, prolonged exposure to amiloride-containing drinking water affected β- and αENaC expression in fungiform and posterior taste papillae, respectively, next to changes in salt taste. However, amiloride did not only change salt taste sensation but also perception of sucrose, glutamate, and citric acid, which might be explained by the fact that amiloride itself activates bitter taste receptors in mice. Accordingly, exposure to amiloride generally affects taste impression and should be evaluated with care.

101 Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) - Not Just a Motor Disease? Isolated Bitter and Sweet Taste Loss in ALS

Specific taste quality deficits in ALS has not heretofore been described. Case Study: A 71 year old right handed female presented with a two year course of progressive reduction in strength in her hands, arms and legs with difficulty tying shoe laces, opening jars, writing and walking. She described nocturnal muscle spasms involving all extremities. Gradually, over eight months prior to presentation, all food began to taste bad and horribly bitter. Associated with no appetite and a seven pounds weight loss. Abnormalities in Neurological examination: Cranial Nerve (CN) examination: CN IX and X: Gag absent bilaterally. Motor examination: Bulk: atrophy in thenar and hypothenar eminences and intrinsics in both upper extremities. Percussion induced fasciculation and myotonia in both shoulders and arms. Fasciculation of tongue with percussion myotonia of tongue. Strength: Intrinsic 4/5 in both upper extremities, 3/5 in abductor policis brevis bilaterally, 3/5 right gastrocnemius soleus, 4/5 bilateral anterior tibialis. Drift testing: left abductor digiti minimi sign. Gait: Heel and toe walking unstable with circumduction of left leg. Tandem gait unstable. Cerebellar: Holmes rebound phenomena positive in the left upper extremity. Deep tendon reflexes: 1+ left brachioradialis. 1+ left triceps. 3+ right ankle jerks. 0 left ankle jerk. Positive jaw jerk. Chemosensory Testing: Normosmia to: Alcohol Sniff Test (46), Pocket Smell Test (3/3) and Retronasal Smell Index (9). Taste Quadrant Testing: ageusia in the palate to sodium chloride and citric acid. Ageusia throughout the palate, tongue and whole mouth to sucrose and quinine hydrochloride. Fungiform papillae count: left 18, right 20 (normal). Lip biopsy (normal). MRI: T2 flair in bilateral corticospinal tracts, left greater than right in the spinal cord and the brain. EMG: fibrillation, positive waves with fasciculation in all four extremities. Voluntary contraction with polyphasic unstable motor unit action potentials. While Lang found no taste loss in ALS (Lang, 2011), Pelletier found reduction in intensity of taste to all modalities in different sectors of the tongue, but paradoxically demonstrated normogeusia in whole mouth taste perception (Pelletier, 2013). Pathological specimens of those with ALS revealed degeneration in the nucleus parabrachialis medialis and tractus trigeminothalamicus dorsalis (Oyanagi, 2015), suggesting that taste deficit may be due to central white matter abnormalities. Sweet taste is localized in the most posterior and rostral aspect of the right insular cortex, immediately adjacent to bitter (Prinster, 2017), suggesting a neighborhood effect phenomena. Weight loss in ALS may be due to sensory distortion and secondary impairment of appetite. It would be worthwhile to investigate those with ALS for evidence of otherwise overlooked gustatory deficits, correction of which may improve appetite and nutritional state.

Structural and ultrastructural characteristics of the tongue of the Collared Peccary (Pecari tajacu, Linnaeus, 1758).

The tongue is an important organ in species due to its feeding functions, and its structure is influenced by the habitat and diet. The Collared Peccary (Pecari tajacu, Linnaeus, 1758) is a terrestrial mammal that is distributed on the American continents and has an omnivorous diet. This study aimed to describe the morphological characteristics of the tongue, lingual papillae and the connective tissue cores (CTCs) of the Collared Peccary. Eight tongues were collected from the Wild Animals Multiplication Center. The samples (n=6) were processed for three-dimensional analysis of their dorsal epithelium, and their CTCs by scanning electron microscopy and the other samples (n=2) were used to observe ultrastructural characteristics by transmission electron microscopy. Filiform papillae were observed in the lingual apex and body with their conical CTC demonstrating ripples in their extent. Two types of fungiform papillae were observed, the first in the apex and body with a dome-shaped CTC and the second forming a dorsolateral line with a radial pattern CTC. The vallate papillae were bilateral in the caudal region with the CTCs, characterised by numerous projections, and foliate papilla were not observed. We found a new type of papilla anteriorly to the vallate papilla with an irregular groove and a CTC formed by triangular-shaped projections with a duct opening at the top. We concluded that the lingual papillae of the Collared Peccary resemble those papillae of other mammals, however, were revealed another form of their CTCs and a new lingual papillae morphological description.

The possible protective role of pumpkin seed oil in ameliorating tongue mucosal damage induced by orlistat in adult male albino rats: A light and scanning electron microscopic study

Background: Orlistat is an effective anti-obesity drug by reducing fat absorption. The oral cavity and its associated structures are target organs for many abnormalities that develop from orlistat. Pumpkin seed oil (PSO) is a valuable nutritional and health protective agent with prominent pharmacological properties.Aim: Evaluation of the possible protective role of pumpkin seed oil in ameliorating tongue mucosal damage induced by orlistat in adult male albino rats.Materials and Methods: Fifty adult male albino rats were used as a control group, an orlistat group and an orlistat-pumpkin group. Both orlistat (32mg/kg) and PSO (1.5ml/kg) were given orally once daily for four weeks. Specimens of the tongue were processed for light and scanning electron microscopic studies. Immunohistochemical study was performed using anti-proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) antibodies.Results: Specimens of the orlistat group showed an obvious distortion in the filiform and the fungiform papillae and in the covering epithelium of the tongue mucosa. There was a focal loss of the papillae and the epithelial ridges. The epithelial cells showed vacuolated cytoplasm and nuclear alteration. The lamina propria contained congested blood vessels and severe inflammatory cellular infiltration. There was a statistically significant decrease in the epithelial thickness, papillae height, papillae width and in the PCNA-immunoreaction of the epithelium. Scanning electron microscopy showed disfigurement and a focal atrophy of the filiform and the fungiform papillae. In contrast, minimal changes appeared in orlistat-pumpkin group that received PSO before orlistat.Conclusion: Orlistat induced significant structural alterations in the tongue mucosa of albino rats. PSO attenuated these effects and preserved the structure of the tongue mucosa.

Quantitative Analysis of Taste Bud Cell Numbers in the Circumvallate and Foliate Taste Buds of Mice.

A mouse single taste bud contains 10-100 taste bud cells (TBCs) in which the elongated TBCs are classified into 3 cell types (types I-III) equipped with different taste receptors. Accordingly, differences in the cell numbers and ratios of respective cell types per taste bud may affect taste-nerve responsiveness. Here, we examined the numbers of each immunoreactive cell for the type II (sweet, bitter, or umami receptor cells) and type III (sour and/or salt receptor cells) markers per taste bud in the circumvallate and foliate papillae and compared these numerical features of TBCs per taste bud to those in fungiform papilla and soft palate, which we previously reported. In circumvallate and foliate taste buds, the numbers of TBCs and immunoreactive cells per taste bud increased as a linear function of the maximal cross-sectional taste bud area. Type II cells made up approximately 25% of TBCs irrespective of the regions from which the TBCs arose. In contrast, type III cells in circumvallate and foliate taste buds made up approximately 11% of TBCs, which represented almost 2 times higher than what was observed in the fungiform and soft palate taste buds. The densities (number of immunoreactive cells per taste bud divided by the maximal cross-sectional area of the taste bud) of types II and III cells per taste bud are significantly higher in the circumvallate papillae than in the other regions. The effects of these region-dependent differences on the taste response of the taste bud are discussed.

Zika virus infection in chemosensory cells.

Zika virus (ZIKV) is an emerging virus belonging to the genus Flavivirus. ZIKV infection is a significant health concern, with increasing numbers of reports of microcephaly cases in fetuses and Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) in adults. Interestingly, chemosensory disturbances are also reported as one of the manifestations of GBS. ZIKV infects several human tissues and cell types in vitro and in vivo. However, there is no study demonstrating ZIKV infection and replication in chemosensory cells, including olfactory and taste cells. Taste papilla and olfactory cells are chemosensory receptor cells with unique histological, molecular, and physiological characteristics. Here we examined ZIKV infection (PRVABC59) in cultured human olfactory epithelial cells (hOECs) and fungiform taste papilla (HBO) cells in vitro, as well as in vivo mouse taste and olfactory epithelial and olfactory bulb tissues. Interestingly, while HBO cells showed resistance to ZIKV replication, hOECs were highly susceptible for ZIKV infection and replication. Further, we demonstrated the presence of ZIKV particles and expression of viral proteins in olfactory epithelium, as well as in olfactory bulb, but not in taste papillae, of immunocompromised mice (ifnar/-) infected with the PRVABC59 strain of ZIKV. These observations suggest that chemosensory cells in the olfactory neuroepithelium and olfactory bulb may be important tissues for ZIKV replication and dissemination.

Pain reduction in burning mouth syndrome (BMS) may be associated with selective improvement of taste: a retrospective study.

The aim of this study was to examine taste function in patients who reported improvement in their pain level after treatment to determine if pain reduction is associated with change in taste function in patients with burning mouth syndrome (BMS). This retrospective study of patients with BMS was conducted at a private oral medicine clinic. Thirty-nine patients with BMS (31 females and 8 males; mean age 56.1 ± 9.4 years) reported improvement in their pain in 1 to 22 months after the initial visit (mean 5.13 ± 4.18). The most commonly used medication was clonazepam 0.25 to 0.5 mg/day. Twenty-eight patients were treated with a combination of medications. "Salt" and "bitter" responses at the fungiform papillae were increased after treatment (P=.026 and P=.044, respectively). "Salt" responses at the circumvallate papillae also increased (P < .001). Pain reduction was significant after treatment in the morning (P=.002) and in the evening (P < .001). Treatment of BMS can significantly decrease pain symptoms, resulting in improvement in taste function. Pain reduction often requires a combination of medications.

Microscopic structure of the tongue in the lesser hedgehog tenrec (Echinops telfairi, Afrosoricida) and its relation to phylogenesis.

The tongue of the lesser hedgehog tenrec (Echinops telfairi) was evaluated by light and scanning electron microscopy. Dorsal and lateral surfaces of the tongue were densely covered with various types of lingual papillae. Two types of mechanical papillae (filiform and conical) and two types of sensory papillae (fungiform and vallate) were observed. Rostrocaudally, the number of spikes in filiform papillae increased. Filiform, crown-like papillae were found on the radix, as well as large conical papillae with a wide base and a caudally bent single spike. Fungiform papillae were scattered in four rows on the dorsal surface. Three vallate papillae in inverse triangular layout were developed in the area of the lingual radix. Taste buds were found in the sensory papillae, i.e., fungiform and vallate. The lingual glands were predominantly seromucous. These glands were evenly scattered from the caudal portion of the lingual apex to the lingual radix. Purely serous glands were localized close to vallate papillae. A histochemical analysis of glands was performed. Results were compared to the Afrotheria (tenrec's relatives) and Eulipotyphla (animals with similar feeding habits to tenrecs). This study is the first description of the lingual morphology in the member of the Order Afrosoricida. Moreover, it compares the effect of the phylogenetic relation to the effect of the feeding habits on the lingual morphology.

Effect of Quercetin on filiform and fungiform papillae of the tongue of albino rats with induced diabetes

Objective: The aim of the present work was to study the effect of Quercetin on the structure of filiform and fungiform papillae of the tongue in albino rats with streptozotocin induced diabetes.Design: Thirty adult male Wistar rats were divided into 3 equal groups (10 rats each): Group 1 (control group), Group 2: (diabetic group) and Group 3: (Quercetin treated diabetic group). In both groups 2&3 diabetes was induced by single intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (50 mg/kg). After confirmation of diabetes, Quercetin was administrated to group 3 (50 mg/kg/day) orally for 12 weeks. Then all rats were sacrificed and the tongues were dissected out for light microscopic (LM) examination, immunohistochemical examination, histomorphometric analysis and scanning electron microscopic (SEM) examination. Results: LM examination of diabetic group revealed disturbances in filiform papillae with hyperkeratosis. Fungiform papillae exhibited slight elongation with separation between taste bud cells. SEM examination revealed disturbance in the normal orientation of filiform papillae which appeared thin. On the other hand, in Quercetin treated group, there was marked improvement in the shape and orientation of the papillae. However, some changes were observed by LM which included hyperkeratosis and in SEM some filiform papillae appeared thin. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed strong reaction for caspase 3 in diabetic group, while in Quercetin treated group the reaction was mild. Quercetin treatment resulted in significant decrease in both area percentage of immunopositive cells and the optical density of caspase 3 immunostaining which was significantly increased after induction of diabetes. Conclusions: In a rat model, Quercetin can to a great extent overcome most of the detrimental effects of diabetes on the structure of both filiform and fungiform papillae of the tongue.

TRANSIENT LINGUAL PAPILLITIS—CASE REPORT

The transient lingual papillitis (TLP) initially reported in 1996 by Whitaker et al. is an inflammatory enlargement of fungiform papillae characterized by an abrupt onset with 2- to 3-mm masses developing over 1 hour, accompanied by moderate to severe pain, with or without pus. We present a case of TLP in an 8-year-old boy whose major complain was an acute burning sensation on the tongue that initiated almost immediately after contact after he ate a cucumber, accompanied by a severe salty taste perception. We observed multiple erythematous papules all over the dorsum of the tongue. Even without any therapeutic measure, his mother reported that 12 hours later, almost all the signs and symptoms had disappeared; TLP it is very common, and, although it presents a benign pattern of evolution, it is poorly known by doctors, who should be aware of this condition to diagnose and guide the patients properly. The transient lingual papillitis (TLP) initially reported in 1996 by Whitaker et al. is an inflammatory enlargement of fungiform papillae characterized by an abrupt onset with 2- to 3-mm masses developing over 1 hour, accompanied by moderate to severe pain, with or without pus. We present a case of TLP in an 8-year-old boy whose major complain was an acute burning sensation on the tongue that initiated almost immediately after contact after he ate a cucumber, accompanied by a severe salty taste perception. We observed multiple erythematous papules all over the dorsum of the tongue. Even without any therapeutic measure, his mother reported that 12 hours later, almost all the signs and symptoms had disappeared; TLP it is very common, and, although it presents a benign pattern of evolution, it is poorly known by doctors, who should be aware of this condition to diagnose and guide the patients properly.

LATE DIAGNOSIS OF NEUROFIBROMATOSIS TYPE I: WHEN CLASSICAL STIGMAS ARE PRESENT BUT NOT OBVIOUS

A 54-year-old black female patient sought dental care due to a sessile, fluctuating nodule on the left hemiface, normal colored, with an 8-mm width. During clinical examination, a large lump on the dorsum was noticed, which was suggested to be a lipoma by the patient. Fine needle aspiration cytology was carried out followed by an excisional biopsy. Microscopic evaluation diagnosed a nodular neurofibroma, and advised further investigation to rule out the chance of being a case of neurofibromatosis. Additional clinical examination found cafe-au-lait spots, Lisch nodules, multiple subcutaneous nodules on other parts of the body, and enlarged fungiform papillae of the tongue. Neurofibromatosis type I is the most common manifestation of the syndrome, but as shown in the present study, its diagnosis can be difficult because of the discrete presentation of its stigmata, caused by skin and eye color, as well as absence of superficial neurofibromas.

Associations Among Taste Perception, Food Neophobia and Preferences in Type 1 Diabetes Children and Adolescents: A Cross-Sectional Study

Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is one of the most common systemic diseases in childhood which predisposes the patient to serious short-term and long-term complications, affecting all body systems. Taste and olfactory impairments were first described a long time ago in adult patients affected by diabetes (both type 1 and type 2 diabetes). However, studies evaluating taste perception, behavioral attitudes (e.g., food neophobia), and preferences toward foods in children and adolescents affected by T1D are globally lacking. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to assess taste sensitivity, food neophobia, and preferences among children and adolescents affected by T1D and healthy controls in a cross-sectional study. T1D patients presented a significantly lower ability in general to correctly identify taste qualities, especially bitter and sour tastes. Moreover, they were characterized by fewer fungiform papillae compared to controls, as well as a lower responsiveness to the bitter compound 6-n-propylthiouracil (PROP). There were no significant differences in food neophobia scores between the two groups, but differences were observed in the mean hedonic ratings for some product categories investigated. Diabetic patients showed a greater liking for certain type of foods generally characterized by sourness and bitterness, an observation probably linked to their impaired ability to perceive taste stimuli, e.g., sourness and bitterness. These results may help to enhance the understanding of these relationships in populations with elevated diet-related health risks.

The influence of Zingiber officinale Roscoe on the histological changes of soft palatal mucosa in streptozotocin-induced type 3 diabetes rat model

Background: Zingiber officinale Roscoe presents valuable outcomes in some neurodegenerative diseases.Objective: This study aimed to evaluate Zingiber oil extract efficacy in the regression of Type3 diabetes mellitus (T3DM) induced in rat model.Methodology: 28 adult male albino rats were divided into four equal groups: Control-ve group received no injections; Control+ve group received a single bilateral intra-cerebroventricular (ICV) injection of sterile 0.9% saline, T3DM group received a single bilateral ICV injection of streptozotocin (3 mg/kg) dissolved in sterile 0.9% saline; Zingiber treated group five weeks after ICV- STZ, received orally 100 mg/kg/day Zingiber oil extract for two months. Soft palate oral mucosal sections were processed for H&E, fluorescence staining (using thioflavin-T dye) and immunohistochemical (using anti-caspase-3 and anti-VEGF antibodies) examination.Results: Both control groups were almost identical. Some T3DM sections histopathologically displayed inflammatory signs represented by cloudy swelling of keratinocytes, nuclear degenerative signs, apparently increased apoptotic keratinocytes, subepithelial degeneration, chronic inflammatory infiltrates, congested dilated blood vessels, hyperplasia and dilatation of palatal glandular acini and excretory duct. Irregular and decreased palatal fungiform papillae with few vacuolated taste cells were illustrated. Comparing to control groups, significant strong diffuse thioflavin-T fluorescence in oral epithelium, palatal acini, endothelium of blood vessels along with subepithelial amyloid deposits in some T3DM specimens were detected. Likewise, caspase-3 immunoreactivity in oral epithelial and connective tissue cells significantly increased in T3DM group. Similarly, significant positivity to VEGF in oral epithelium and in the significantly increased blood vessels in wall thickness and distribution were exhibited in T3DM sections. All T3DM results were significantly restored in Zingiber group except for the low significant decrease of caspase-3 reactivity in this group.Conclusions: It was concluded that Zingiber oil extract was an appropriate selected approach to ameliorate the possible T3DM associated peripheral tissue insults but most probably in a higher dose or prolonged supplementation.

Morphological study of the lingual papillae in the fruit bat (Rousettus amplexicaudatus) by scanning electron microscopy and light microscopy.

This study was carried on the tongues of ten normal, healthy and adult fruit bats (Rousettus amplexicaudatus, also known as the nyap biasa bat) in Yogyakarta, Java Island, Indonesia. The tongue was protrusible, elongated and flat with a rounded apex, and its width and thickness increased gradually towards to lingual root. There were two main types of lingual papillae, mechanical (filiform) and gustatory (fungiform and circumvallate). The tongue was divided into three parts (apex, corpus and radix), and then, each part was subdivided into three regions (two lateral regions and a median region). There were six subtypes of the filiform papillae-three types on the anterior part (small, scale-like and giant), one type on the middle part (leaf-like papillae) and two types on the posterior part (rosette-shaped filiform and conical filiform papillae)-in addition to transitional papillae presented on the corpus and radix. Two types of gustatory papillae were represented by a small number of fungiform papillae that are scattered among the filiform papillae on the lingual apex and corpus, while three circumvallate papillae on the posterior part are arranged in a "V" shape pointing directly at the larynx.

CORRELATIVE HISTOLOGICAL AND UMAMI TASTE ASSESSMENT STUDY OF GUSTATORY PAPILLAE ON THE DORSAL LINGUAL MUCOSA IN DIFFERENT ANIMAL SPECIES..

Background: A correlative characterization of oral mucosa was carried out in common animal species. Objective: This work aimed to correlate the histological structure of lingual gustatory papillae as well as the immunohistochemical reactivity to a particular umami receptor among different animal species to categorize the best experimental animal models for research. Methods: The dorsal lingual mucosal specimens were obtained from four species (orders) including; chicken (Galliformes), frogs (Anura), camels (Artiodactyla) and rabbits (Lagomorpha). They were processed for routine histological examination; histochemical staining using periodic acid Schiff (PAS) and Masson’s trichrome in addition to immunohistochemical localization of umami metabotropic glutamate receptor-4 (mGluR4) antibody. Results: Chicken, camels and rabbits exhibited keratinized stratified epithelium on the dorsal lingual mucosa with statistically greatest thickness in anterior lingual epithelium of chicken. For frogs, filiform and fungiform papillary walls were formed of mucous secreting columnar monolayer epithelium with a subjacent spindle cell layer. Insignificant differences in PAS staining intensity of dorsal lingual epithelium were noted between chicken anteriorly and rabbits as well as between chicken posteriorly and camels with the greatest significant intensity in frogs reflecting the highest content of glycogen and mucin. Likewise, the density of lamina propria and degree of collagen fibers bundling detected by Masson's trichrome were significantly different among species greatest in chicken and least in frogs. Intraepithelial taste buds were found in chicken while frogs displayed on top of fungiform papillae the largest gustatory disc among vertebrates. Camels and rabbits presented conventional papillary taste buds with the absence of foliate papillae in camels. Chicken and camel were negatively immunoreacted to mGluR4; frogs and rabbits were positively immunoreacted with the strongest reaction in rabbits. Conclusion: It was concluded that the direct association between histological variations of masticatory lingual mucosa and diverse environmental factors would reflect the adaptation capability of the lingual tissue.

Antiapoptic Activity of Cinnamon on Some Organs of 18 Days Rat Fetuses of Diabetic Mother

Diabetes is a public health problem affected pregnant rats associated with developmental defects of their growing fetuses and histopathological abnormalities of their body organs. The traditional application of phytotherapy encourages author to develop the more safety plants which exerts antidiabetic activity and improve the histological structure. The present study aimed to evaluate the intensity of lesions induced in liver, kidney, heart and lingual mucosa of 18-day old fetuses of diabetic mother. Also, how can cinnamon-extract supplementation exert antiapoptic activity and improved the histological picture during in utero treatment. Twenty pregnant rats were used in the present work. They were categorized into four groups (n = 5); control, cinnamon extract group, diabetes, diabetes and cinnamon supplementation. Diabetes was developed by single i.p. administration of streptozotocin (60 mg/kg in citrate buffer pH 4.5 plus 100mg/kg nicotinamide). Cinnamon watery extract (300mg/kg body weight) was daily orally administrered from 6th day of gestation until 18th day of gestation. At the end of treatment, the mother was sacrificed, and their fetuses were removed and liver, kidney, heart and tongue were dissected and preserved in 10% phosphate buffered formalin pH 7.4. Also, immunohistochemistry of caspase 3 and P53 were carried out. At 18th day of gestation, maternal blood glucose levels were monitored in the investigated groups. The present findings revealed that diabetes induced damage of hepatocytes, deformation of renal tubules and renal corpuscles, fragility of myocardial muscles and damage of epithelium lining the lingual mucosa and retarded the differentiation of lingual papillae especially fungiform papillae. Increase average of apoptic cells were detected in the examined tissues of diabetic mother. Cinnamon-treatment reduced the incidence of apoptosis and improved the histological picture of liver, kidney, heart and tongue of fetuses maternally diabetic compared to the control. Image analysis revealed overexpression of immunohistochemical reaction of caspase 3 in liver, kidney and heart as well as caspase 3 and p53 in heart of fetuses of diabetic mother compared to those of diabetic mother supplemented cinnamon extract and control. The authors finally concluded that cinnamon extract showed a hypoglycaemic activity, reduced the streptozotocin associated diabetes and ameliorated the fetal liver, kidney, heart and tongue histological and immunohistochemical picture.

The expressions of some metabolic hormones (leptin, ghrelin and obestatin) in the tissues of sheep tongue.

In this study, we aimed to observe the localization and expression of peptide hormones-leptin, ghrelin and obestatin-in the sheep tongue by immunohistochemistry. For that purpose, tongues of ten adult sheep were used. Leptin expression of moderate intensity was observed in the basal and parabasal epithelial cells of the luminal epithelium, and leptin was strongly expressed in the taste buds of the circumvallate and fungiform papillae and in von Ebner's glands. Ghrelin was primarily expressed in some of the skeletal muscle cells and the smooth muscle cells of the middle layer of blood vessels. A strong expression was observed in the epithelial cells lining the base of the groove surrounding the circumvallate papillae. Obestatin expression was particularly strong in the epithelial cells of the salivary ducts. It was also stronger in the von Ebner's glands than in the seromucous glands. Leptin, ghrelin and obestatin were shown to be produced at varying levels in different cell types, including epithelial, stromal and skeletal muscle cells, as well as in ganglion neurons, neural plexuses and blood vessels in the sheep tongue. Cellular localization and expression of these peptide hormones have not been investigated in many species including sheep.