Fungus Aspergillus Flavus Research Articles

Thermoacidophilic β-fructofuranosidase induced with soybean meal produced by a new Aspergillus flavus isolated from the Atlantic Forest

High production of β-fructofuranosidase was obtained with the new fungus Aspergillus flavus isolated from the Atlantic Forest under solid state fermentation supplemented with soybean meal (53.36 U/ml). This beta-fructofuranosidase obtained after six days of cultivation with soybean meal was partially purified by DEAE-Sephadex ion exchange chromatographic columns, with a final yield of 19%, with an apparent molecular mass of 37 KDa by SDS-PAGE. The optimum pH and temperature for enzyme activity were 5.0 and 60 °C, respectively. The enzyme showed stability with 70% residual activity after 12 hours in the acid pH range (5.0 and 5.5), while at temperatures from 45 ºC to 55 ºC the enzyme showed stability greater than 50%. Therefore, the characteristics of this thermoacidophilic β-fructofuranosidase from A. flavus presents potential for use in several biotechnological processes.

Investigating the effect of acoustic waves on spoilage fungal growth and shelf life of strawberry fruit

The effects of acoustic waves on growth inhibition of food spoilage fungi (Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus parasiticus and Botrytis cinerea) on the medium and strawberry surfaces were investigated. Firstly, single-frequency sound waves (250, 500, 1000, 2000, 4000, 8000, 12,000 and 16,000 Hz) were induced on inoculated medium with fungi spores for 24 h and growth diameter of each mold was evaluated during the incubation period. In the second stage, the sound waves with two frequencies of 250 Hz and 16,000 Hz were induced on inoculated strawberries with fungi spores at 5 °C for different times (2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 days). The results from the first stage indicated that the sound waves inhibited the growth of A. niger (20.02%) at 250 Hz and B. cinerea (4/64%) at 4000 Hz on potato dextrose agar (PDA) surface. Also, comparison of the growth diameter of some species of Aspergillus revealed various responses in presence of 250 Hz frequency. In the second stage, applying a frequency of 250 Hz over a period of 10 days proved to be more effective in inhibiting the growth of A. niger and B. cinerea on strawberries inoculated with fungal spores. Consequently, the shelf lives of the strawberries significantly increased to 26 days and 18 days, respectively, under this treatment. Based on the findings, it is concluded that sounding with acoustic waves can be used as a green and cheap technology along with other technologies to improve food safety.

Synthesis of Manganese(II), Iron(III), and Vanadium(IV) Complexes with New Schiff Bases and their Spectroscopic and Thermal Studies and Evaluation of their Antimicrobial Activity

Heterocyclic 3-acetyl coumarin with hydrazide derivatives and their metal complexes are a substantial family of pharmaceutical drugs used to treat infection, anti-inflammatory issues, diabetes, and neurological disorders in the field of medicinal chemistry. Cyclization of 5- floro-2-furaldehyde, ethyl acetoacetate, and urea or thiourea by LaCl3.7H2O, addition of hydrazine to form amine derivatives were performed, and respective Schiff base derivatives (L1, L2) were produced by adding acetyl coumarin in an ethanolic solution at ambient temperature. New ligands and its complexes of the V (IV), Fe (III) and Mn (II) ions were characterized using (FT-IR, UV, MS) and nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-NMR) as well as elemental analysis (CHN). The synthesized complexes chelate with ligands L1, L2 via (N, O2) atoms. The structural geometry of the complexes was illustrated in the solid phase using FT-IR and UV-VIS spectroscopy, elemental analysis (CHNS), and flame atomic absorption, in addition to magnetic susceptibility and conductivity measurement. The antibacterial activity of the newly prepared ligands and their metal complexes was evaluated against Pseudonomous aerugionosa as a gram negative and Bacillus subtilis as a gram positive microorganism. Moreover, the antifungal activity against two fungi Aspergillus flavus, and Saccharomyces cerevisiae was studied for all compounds. The coordinated ligands significantly increased their bactericidal and fungicidal action compared to the free ligands, which did not exhibit any activity against the selected fungal and bacterial strains. The results focused on the synergetic relationship between the metal ion and the ligand, in addition to the structural variation.

Effect of depolymerized lignin on the cellulosic/hemicellulosic precursors for fungal secondary metabolite (kojic acid) production

There are very few reports on kojic acid production from lignocellulosic biomass and mostly unexplored why there was a low product yield. This study demonstrates the experimental evidence of the effect of lignin on utilizing lignocellulosic sugar substrates. The fungi Aspergillus flavus BU20S used in this study was able to produce kojic acid from glucose (2.50 ± 0.07 g/L), xylan (1.40 ± 0.09 g/L), and xylose (2.66 ± 0.24 g/L). The product formation was significantly reduced (> 90 %) in the presence of rice straw-derived lignin with glucose as well as with xylan and xylose. The screening of glucose (2–10 g/L) + lignin (500–1500 mg/L) combinations in a central composite design using Design Expert® v.12 also showed that the product response was lower when the lignin was high (1500 mg/L). It concludes that the secondary metabolic route in fungi is greatly affected in the presence of lignin in the medium.

Sugar Cane Vinasse as a Renewable and Sustainable Feedstock for Lipid Production from Aspergillus Niger and Aspergillus flavus

Background and Aims: In the search for sustainability and the use of renewable energies, biodiesel has stood out as a notable alternative to the growing energy demand of modern society. Microbial fat synthesis for lipids has been a possibility to produce this biofuel. In this context, the research work aimed to cultivate Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus flavus fungi in commercial and homemade broth, plus variable concentrations of sugarcane vinasse as a substrate to extract lipids produced using different extraction techniques and solvents.
 Methodology: The fungi were grown in a commercial medium and a homemade one made with potato extract. After cultivation, they were submitted to two pre-treatments: the Bead Mill technique and the Ultrasound technique. The extraction of lipids produced in a commercial medium was performed via Soxhlet with a mixture of solvents. Therefore, the lipids produced in a homemade medium were extracted with the adapted Bligh-Dyer method.
 Results: The species grew to the different culture media submitted, but the home culture medium increased the reproductive. The industrial residue proves to be a good alternative as a supplement to the culture medium, helping to reduce costs and preserve the environment. The extraction by Soxhlet showed satisfactory results when the fungi were grown in a commercial medium, with Aspergillus niger being extracted from the ethyl acetate solvent, obtaining a yield of 18.78%, and for A. flavus extracted with dichloromethane/methanol (9:1) and chloroform, bringing yield of 32.98% and 32%, respectively. Although extraction by Soxhlet showed some excellent results, extraction with the Bligh-Dyer method demonstrated better lipid fractions ranging from 25% to 67% and reduced energy expenditure, indicating a promising use, cost, and benefit.
 Conclusion: Filamentous fungi of the genus Aspergillus can be used to produce biodiesel as they proliferate and can produce the same amount of lipids as a vegetable, which requires a much larger area of soil, for example.

Evaluation of fungicidal efficacy of free and nano-encapsulated chitosan against <i>Aspergillus flavus</i> isolated from rice (<i>Oryza sativa</i>) seed

Grains are exposed to contamination by mycotoxins, both in the field and during storage. Aflatoxins produced by Aspergillus species are the most harmful and carcinogenic mycotoxins in grains. Synthetic fungicides are widely used for the control of mycotoxigenic fungi in grains. However, rising public awareness about the toxicological effects of fungicides on human health necessitates the development of non-toxic bio-fungicides. In this connection, reports have shown that chitosan synthesized from shell waste has the potential to serve as an alternative fungicide. Therefore, this study investigated the fungicidal efficacy of free and nano-encapsulated chitosan against aflatoxigenic fungus (Aspergillus flavus). High molecular weight chitosan was purchased, and the in-vitro antifungal efficacy of chitosan against A. flavus was tested using the food poisoning method. Nano-encapsulated chitosan was synthesized using the ionic gelation method, the particle size was determined, and invitro inhibition against A. flavus was investigated. The results revealed that nano-encapsulated chitosan with particle sizes of 525.4 nm, 468.3 nm, and 711.7 nm were obtained. In-vitro mycelial A. flavus growth inhibition of 100% was recorded at 1.5% and 2.0% of free chitosan, while at 0.5% and 1.0% of free chitosan, 45% and 75% inhibition were observed, respectively. Nano-encapsulated chitosan with particle size (nm) of 525.4, 468.3, and 711.7 at 0.50% recorded 61%, 84% and 87% inhibition, respectively. However, at 0.25%, the rate of inhibition was 64%, 78% and 67%, respectively. This study showed that free chitosan and nano-encapsulated chitosan are potential antifungal agents for the control of A. flavus.

Novel terephthalaldehyde bis(thiosemicarbazone) Schiff base ligand and its transition metal complexes as antibacterial Agents: Synthesis, characterization and biological investigations

The synthesis and structural characterization of mixed ligand metal complexes from terephthalaldehyde bis(thiosemicarbazone) (TPTSC) (L1) and alanine (L2) by using ultrasonication are reported. The ligand and their transition metal complexes were characterized on the basis of their elemental, FT-IR, magnetic moment, molar conductance, mass spectra, and SEM analysis. The mixed ligand complexes are in the ratio 2:1:2 [M:L1:L2] ratio as found from the elemental analyses and found to have the formulae [M2L1(L2)2].nH2O where M = Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II), Cd(II) and Zn(II), L1 = TPTSC and L2 = alanine. The molar conductance data show that complexes are non-electrolytes. FT-IR spectra show that the Schiff base is coordinated to the metal ions in a bidentate manner with N and S donor sites of the terephthalaldehyde bis(thiosemicarbazone) and second ligand alanine coordinated to the metal ions via its N and O of amino acid. The geometrical structure of these complexes is found to be tetrahedral. The antimicrobial activity of the synthesized Schiff base ligand and mixed-ligand metal complexes have been screened against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria and two fungi species were tested. Mixed ligand complexes exhibited significant antibacterial activity against Klebsiella Pneumoniae, Salmonella typhi, Enterococcus Faecalis, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and the fungi Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus niger. Further, these compounds have been screened for their anticancer activity using Human Breast Cancer Cell Line MDA-MB-231.

Inactivation of isolated fungi on Erythrina velutina Willd. seeds through atmospheric plasma.

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of atmospheric plasma application on the inactivation of fungi on the surface of Erythrina velutina seeds and on isolated fungal colonies. Two experiments were conducted using a completely randomized design. First, plasma was applied to the surface of the seeds using helium gas and atmospheric plasma for 3, 6, and 9 min in addition to the control (untreated seeds), constituting seven treatments with five repetitions each. In the second experiment, Petri dishes containing the inoculum of different fungi were treated with atmospheric air plasma for 3, 6, and 9 min (Air-3, Air-6, and Air-9) and were compared with untreated fungi in Petri dishes without treatment (control), totaling four treatments and five repetitions each. We found that the application of atmospheric air plasma to E. velutina seeds for 9 min had an antimicrobial effect on the fungi Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus, Fusarium sp., Brachysporium sp., and Rhizopus sp. The formation of fungal colonies isolated from E. velutina seeds was also inhibited by 3 min of exposure to atmospheric air plasma, except for A. niger, whose inhibition occurred after 6 min of exposure to atmospheric plasma.

Effect of Standard and Nano-Urea on the Inhibition of the Fungus Aspergillus flavus Growth and Reduction of Aflatoxin B1 Production in the Laboratory

Hussein, A.H. and H.Z. Hussein. 2024. Effect of Standard and Nano-Urea on the Inhibition of the Fungus Aspergillus flavus Growth and Reduction of Aflatoxin B1 Production in the Laboratory. Arab Journal of Plant Protection, 42(2): 184-188. https://doi.org/10.22268/AJPP-001235 The results obtained from this study showed that the standard and nano-urea at concentrations 1, 2, and 3% inhibited the growth of Aspergillus flavus on PDA medium by 54.90, 72.55 and 100% for normal urea, and 60.78, 100 and 100% for nano-urea, respectively, compared with normal growth in the control treatment. The results obtained also showed that adding the most effective concentrations of normal and nano urea to corn kernels with A. flavus and stored for 30 days led to the inhibition of Aspergillus flavus growth and reduced aflatoxin production by 73.22 and 78.30%, respectively, as compared to the control treatment. In addition, results showed that adding regular urea at a concentration of 3% and nano-urea at a concentration of 2% to maize grains contaminated with AFB1 and stored for 30 days led to the reduction of aflatoxin B1 production by A. flavus by 78.74 and 83.36%, respectively, compared to the control treatment. Keywords: Maize, Reduction ratio, Inhibition ratio, Nanotechnology, HPLC.

Microbiological analysis of peanuts commercialized in the city of São José dos Campos - SP in Brazil

Through microbiological analysis in peanuts sold in the city of São José dos campos - SP; Brazil, the presence of Aspergillus flavus was verified through growth in PDA Agar Dextrose and Sabouraud Dextrose culture media. Peanuts were collected in bulk, with two samples from all different points of trade about 50g per sample, totaling 13 points collected in the city of São José dos Campos - SP; Brazil, (totaling 26 samples collected). The samples were separated into groups (group A with 13 samples), (Group B with 13 samples), soon the (group A), were seeded in PDA Dextrose acidified culture medium ph 6.5 and group B in Sabouraud Dextrose culture medium, soon they were incubated for seven days at 30º C temperature. We obtained as results the culture media positive in two samples of (group A) and two samples in (group B), thus we observed the growth of Aspergillus flavus. Thus, we concluded that four peanut sales points commercialized in the city of São José dos Campos contained samples contaminated by Aspergillus flavus fungi, presenting a great risk of toxicological and pathological contamination to consumers of this product.

Effect of Mushroom Agaricus bisporus on the Biodegradation of Agricultural Residues and the Quality of the Resulting Compost

This study was conducted in 2022 in the laboratories of the College of Agriculture / University of Kufa, and aimed to use various agricultural residues to grow the mushroom Agaricus bisporus, in addition to using the same plant residues as biological fertilizers for plant growth. It was found that the growth medium prepared from wheat straw led to the best radial growth rate of white mushroom A. bisporus, after 6 days of inoculation, followed by rice straw and rice husks media. The results showed that the vegetative growth of A. bisporus is not pathogenic to the seeds of cress, wheat and barley and did not cause the seed rot. The results showed that there was an increase in the percentage of protein, fiber and chitinase enzyme in wheat straw decomposed by the mushrooms compared to the normal straw not treated with mushrooms. The antagonism of edible mushroom A. bisporus with a number of pathogenic fungi was tested on P.S.A. It was found that mushrooms had a high antagonism that of level 2 according to the Bell scale against the pathogenic fungi Alternaria sp, Aspergillus flavus, Penicillium sp and Fusarium solani, and of level 3 against Aspergillus niger, after 5 days of growth on the medium.

Efficiency of Some Clays and Organic Materials on the Reduction of Aflatoxin B1 Produced from Isolates of the Fungus Aspergillus flavus Contaminating Corn Grains

The study was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of certain types of clay minerals, activated charcoal made from common reed and date palm kernel, in reducing the levels of aflatoxin B1(AFB1) produced by Aspergillus flavus that contaminated corn grains in a liquid medium, Yeast Extract Sucrose (YES). The results showed the presence of nine species of fungal genera that contaminated corn grains, with the Aspergillus spp being the most predominant, accounting for 42%, followed by the Penicillium spp with 27%, and the Fusarium spp with a 21%. The genera Rhizopus spp, Mucor spp, and Cladosporium spp had a prevalence of 5%, 4%, and 1%, respectively. The results of the thin-layer chromatography (TLC) test, which was used to isolate A. flavus fungi from corn grains and detect the presence of AFB1, showed variations in their ability to produce AFB1. Seventy-five percent of the diagnosed A. flavus isolates showed the ability to produce AFB1. The results indicated that all types of minerals used in the study were effective in reducing the levels of AFB1 in liquid media. Top of Form Similarly, activated charcoal from common reed showed a high potential for AFB1 reduction, where the highest reduction percentage was 93.90% for the activated charcoal from fermented reed at a concentration of 30 mgml−1.

Cold Plasma Silver Sputtering Strategy for the Protection of Corn Grain from Aspergillus flavus and Aflatoxin B1 Contamination

This study evaluated a new and unique method of sputtering corn grains with cold plasma to resist the growth of the fungus Aspergillus flavus and prevent or reduce its production of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1). Sputtering grains depended on the sputtering time, that is, 1, 2, and 3 min. In addition, coating the grains with silver powder and Arabic gum (Bulk), Arabic gum alone, and a control (without any addition) was done. All levels of sputtering had no impact on the germination of corn grain in the laboratory, which was 100%. The field experiments also showed 100% germination of sputtered corn seeds. There was no significant impact on plant growth, and the average weight of the plants was 613 g in controls, followed by 2 min sputtering treatment (571 g), then the 3 min treatment (569.9 g). However, plant height was highest for the 3-min sputtering treatment (150.5 cm), significantly different from all other treatments. After this treatment, the highest number of leaves/plant (42.6 leaves/plant) was also recorded with high chlorophyll content (111.61 spad.). The most encouraging result was that sputtering treatments at all three levels (1, 2, and 3 min) gave high protection to yellow corn grain against the growth and development of the toxic A. flavus compared to the controls. The average AFB1 concentration recorded was 4.1, 2.5, and 2.3 ppb in the sputtering treatments of 1, 2, and 3 min, respectively. On the contrary, the average concentration of AFB1 was 147.99 ppb in the controls.. KEYWORDS :Aflatoxins, Aspergillus flavus, Corn, Fungal diseases, Plasma, Sputtering

Quantification of Aflatoxin B1 by thin layer chromatography in present peanut samples contaminated by Aspergillus flavus commercialized in Brazil

The quantification of aflatoxin B1 was performed in (CCD) samples of peanut grains positive in culture media for Aspergillus flavus fungi from the city of São José dos Campos - SP; Brazil, comparing the results with the reference values of aflatoxin B1 allowed by ANVISA legislation. According to previous research, we obtained 4 positive samples in culture medium for Aspergillus flavus fungi, where these samples for this study were ground and then performed the following 4 steps of (Extraction, Extract Purification, Liquid Extraction and Thin Layer Chromatography) - Eluted with 5 ml of chloroform, polar substance capable of diluting the aflatoxin B1 being polar substances, after that they were revealed the silica plates in UV light - 366 nm where it was determined the values of Rf (Retention Factor) give each sample, then the results were applied in the formula of quantification of aflatoxin B1. We obtained positive results for 1 sample of the 4 with presence of A. flavus in the culture medium of peanut grains, but only in sample 11 we obtained the presence of aflatoxin B1 in high quantity with about 25.5 µg/kg, It concludes that the contaminated sample is above the ANVISA reference values, causing great pathological and neoplastic impact to the health of human beings, affirming that still there was limitrophic presence of aflatoxin B1 in sample 10, causing serious pathological and neoplastic problems, attributing that this present study and research stimulates and gives the basis of stimuli for unedited creation of anti-aflatoxin B1 serums.

Identification of Peanut Kernels Infected with Multiple Aspergillus flavus Fungi Using Line-Scan Raman Hyperspectral Imaging

Identification of Peanut Kernels Infected with Multiple Aspergillus flavus Fungi Using Line-Scan Raman Hyperspectral Imaging

A New Benzaldehyde Derivative Exhibits Antiaflatoxigenic Activity against Aspergillus flavus.

Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is the most potent naturally occurring carcinogen for humans and animals produced by the common fungus Aspergillus flavus (A. flavus). Aflatoxin (AF) contamination in commodities is a global concern related to the safety of food and feed, and it also impacts the agricultural economy. In this study, we investigated the AFB1-inhibiting activity of a new benzaldehyde derivative, 2-[(2-methylpyridin-3-yl)oxy]benzaldehyde (MPOBA), on A. flavus. It was found that MPOBA inhibited the production of AFB1 by A. flavus, with an IC50 value of 0.55 mM. Moreover, the inhibition of conidiation was also observed at the same concentration. The addition of MPOBA resulted in decreased transcript levels of the aflR gene, which encodes a key regulatory protein for the biosynthesis of AF, and also decreased transcript levels of the global regulator genes veA and laeA. These results suggested that MPOBA has an effect on the regulatory mechanism of the development and differentiation of conidia, leading to the inhibition of AFB1 production. In addition, the cytotoxicity study showed that MPOBA had a very low cytotoxic effect on the Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cell line. Therefore, MPOBA may be a potential compound for developing practically effective agents to control AF contamination.

Role of mitochondrial farnesyltransferase gene in the prevention of the food spoilage fungi Aspergillus flavus by the antimicrobial natural preservative perillaldehyde

Aspergillus flavus, one of the most widely distributed and abundant genus of Aspergillus worldwide, poses an evident threat as a source of food contamination in grains and cereals. Perillaldehyde (PAE), a volatile essential oil extracted from the stem and leaves of Perilla frutescens L., exhibits potent antifungal activity. In our study, we investigated the role of Cox10, a key enzyme in the heme A synthesis pathway crucial for maintaining mitochondrial function. We found that cox10 is a sensitive gene of A. flavus in response to PAE by gene expression assay and GFP fluorescent localization tagging, and then we found that the deletion of this gene affects the growth and development of A. flavus, but the drug resistance is elevated. Through transcriptome sequencing and its experimental validation, the molecular mechanisms of stress triggered by the deletion of cox10 were further clarified, such as the decrease in intracellular drug content due to the increase in the expression of drug efflux proteins, and the increase in the thickness of cell wall due to the increase in the content of cell wall chitin. Clearly, cox10 plays a critical role in regulating various cellular processes of A. flavus, including growth, reproduction, development, as well as pathogenicity and drug resistance. These significant findings establish a solid theoretical foundation for the development of environmentally friendly, safe, and effective antifungal agents to combat A. flavus contamination.

Acute aflatoxin B1-induced hepatic and cardiac oxidative damage in rats: Ameliorative effects of morin

Aflatoxins (AFs) are secondary metabolites produced by the fungus Aspergillus flavus, of which Aflatoxin-B1 (AFB1) appears to be the most cancerogenic and of the highest toxicity. AFB1 causes serious effects on several organs including the liver. Morin is a flavonol that exists in many fruits and plants and has diverse biological properties including anticancer, anti-atherosclerotic, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, and multi-organ protective activities. The present study aims to evaluate the potential protective effects of morin against acute AFB1-induced hepatic and cardiac toxicity in rats. Forty rats were divided into five groups (n = 8) as follows: control received the vehicle, morin was orally administered 30/mg/kg body weight (MRN30), the AFB1 was administered orally at a dose of 2.5 mg/kg, twice on days 12 and 14 of the experiment for the 3rd, 4th, and 5th groups., AFB1-MRN15 was orally given morin at a dose of 15 mg/kg body weight, and AFB1-MRN30 orally received morin at 30 mg/kg body weight. The results indicated a significant decrease in serum AST, ALP, LDH, GGT, CK, CK-MB, 8-OHdG, IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-a levels in MRN30 compared to AFB1, and AFB1-MRN15 groups. However, the results indicated non-significant differences in the serum levels between MRN30, control, and AFB1-MRN30 groups. Meanwhile, regarding the hepatic and cardiac parameters, there were significant differences in the levels of MDA, NO, GSH, GSH-Px, SOD, and CAT in MRN30 compared to AFB1, and AFB1-MRN15 groups, overall implying the protective effects of morin. To conclude, morin at a dose of 30 mg/kg b. wt. showed significant enhancements in acute AFB1-induced hepatic and cardiac toxicity in rats, which could play a role in limiting the public health hazards of AFs.

Biosynthesis Nanoparticles and study the effect against some contaminated fungi

This study aims to isolate some contaminated fungi (Aspergillus flavus, Arthroderma insingulare, Alternaria Alternata, Penicillium Chrysogenum, Penicillium expansum, Candida krusei, Candid famata) and treat them with nanoparticles synthesis from synephrine. The characterization of the prepared nanoparticles was done with Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, Atomic force microscopy (AFM), and Scanning electron microscopy(SEM). The most effect of NPs was observed in percent 1: 2, and the most affected fungus affected by NPs was Arthroderma when the diameter in control was (9.767) while in NPs was (5.233). Keywords: Biosynthesis, Nanoparticles, contaminated fungi

Study of the effect of Synephrine against some contaminating fungi

This study aims to identify fungi (Aspergillus flavus, Arthroderma insingulare, Alternaria alternata, Penicillium chrysogenum, Penicillium expansum, Candida krusei, Candida famata). Those were identified according to morphological and microscopic examination. The yeast is identified by Vitek. Synephrine can be used as an antifungal. It was extracted from the leaves of Citrus aurantium.The diameter of Aspergillus flavus (6.767), Arthroderma insingular (6.467), Alternaria aiternata (6.733), Penicillium expansum (6.700), Penicillium chrysogenum (6.900), Candida famata (1.133), Candida krusei (1.233). Keywords: Synephrine, contaminated fungi, Exposure