Sport Funding Research Articles

Sports Development Management in the Republic of Armenia: The Structure and Statistics

Sports is one of the many branches of the national economic complex and represents a complex and unique socio-economic system, the activity of which is characterized by multifaceted social and state relations. It should be considered that the management structure of any socio-economic sector of the state is largely determined first by the state policy, the very structure of the state. It should be organically integrated into the sports movement management system. The state body responsible for the development of sports in Republic of Armenia (RA) is the Ministry of Education, Science, Culture and Sports (MESCS), which is entrusted with the functions of implementing state policy and legal regulation, as well as providing support to sports organizations and sports federations. The main goal of its activity is the formation of a positive attitude of society, the state and the entire nation towards sports as an effective means of maintaining and strengthening human health, an integral part of universal culture, and as a factor, especially in the physical and moral education of children and young people. The Ministry carries out the functions of state policy and legal regulation in physical culture, sports and youth issues and the processes of developing and implementing them. Along with that, public sports organizations in the form of NAOC of Armenia and national sports federations and units play an important role in the development of sports in the republic. Funding for mass sports and high-performance sports is increasing year by year in Armenia, which is aimed at increasing the number of events, as well as increasing the number of incentives for the achievements of people who do sports and high-level athletes.

Luck in High-Stakes Firm Lottery Allocation: A Natural Experimental Test of Coasean Efficiency and Invariance in a Prominent Sport Finance Setting

The NBA Player-Draft is a prominent sport-finance setting, with large rents allocated to teams. Several properties make this setting ideal to study the Coase Theorem in a cartelized-firm setting, where the Theorem’s empirical credence and overall relevance to real-world financial settings continue to be questioned. Identification of a high-stakes, salient setting featuring exogenously-assigned property rights has proven elusive. While several studies examine the Coasean implications of professional sports league drafts, we find draft rights are endogenously-assigned. We cultivate, verify, specify, and examine an exogenously-assigned draft right—draft lottery luck—for the 2000-2015 NBA Drafts. Given its revealed exogeneity, we utilize variation in annual lottery luck as a natural experiment to study the Coase Theorem and find robust evidence for “instantaneous” Coasean efficiency (as in efficiency of the efficient market hypothesis) but also evidence that Coasean invariance, with respect to firm profits, fails. Secondary analysis reveals respective mechanisms and sport-financial implications.

CORPORATE SPONSORSHIPS AND ARSENAL F.C.S FINANCIAL EVOLUTION

This research highlights Arsenal Football Clubs strategic use of corporate sponsorships to enhance financial stability and global brand visibility. Key deals, including the Emirates Stadium naming rights and partnerships with Nike, Puma, Adidas, and PRIME, have transformed Arsenal into a commercial powerhouse. The clubs adaptability in leveraging innovative sponsorships, like the PRIME and Sobha Realty agreements, underscores the importance of strategic partnerships in modern football. Arsenals approach serves as a model for financial success and sustainability in sports finance.

Making Country Proud: The Role of Athletics in the Development of Eldoret City, Kenya

This study examined the impact of athletics on the development of Eldoret City from 1920-2020. The study was informed by the need to discuss in detail and document the development of athletics among the Kalenjin community in Kenya. To realize the above, the study utilized Social Constructivism and Self-efficacy theories. The study was guided by one objective: the development and impact of athletics among the Kalenjin community in Kenya from 1920 through 2020. The literature reviewed, global, regional, and local, helped identify the knowledge gap, hence the study’s justification. The philosophical paradigm that anchored this study is constructivist philosophy. The study is qualitative and has an applied historical research design. The sampling procedure entailed using purposive and snowball sampling to arrive at knowledgeable informants. The sample size of 20 informants was determined by saturation. Data collected was from primary and secondary sources. Primary sources entailed archival materials such as artefacts and photographs, while unstructured interview schedules were used to collect oral data. The secondary sources were the books, theses, journals, magazines, and newspapers. Using the qualitative method, the study analyzed data thematically and presented the findings through narration, direct quotes and descriptive texts. Photographs were also used to present the findings. According to the research findings, the Kalenjin community had traditional sports activities, primarily athletics. The thrust of the athletics was reminiscent of their cultural aspirations. Further, the study established that the development of athletics grew gradually in phases marked by the arrival of the European colonialists, the internationalization of sports in the 1950s and the emergence of Kenya as a world athletics player. The study additionally found that scholarship, employment opportunities, and acquisition of wealth through diverse investments are evident in Eldoret City. The town has recently grown into the 5th Kenyan City following a significant economic contribution from the athletics arena. The rise of the Kalenjin diaspora and the attraction of multinationals to local athletics constitute substantial socioeconomic and political impacts on athletics among the Kalenjin. The study thus recommends that the government improve funding for sports and fully implement the existing laws and policies

Особенности финансирования спорта в Бразилии

The article presents an analysis of the sports financing system in Brazil. The state and non-state sources and main areas of financing are considered, as well as the distinctive features of the Brazilian sports financing system are identified. The high role of lottery revenues among sources of sports financing is noted. Special attention is paid to the analysis of the mechanism of indirect financing, implemented in the form of tax incentives for sponsors and benefactors who direct funds to sports. It is concluded that the Brazilian experience can be useful for Russia in terms of regulation and practice of implementing the mechanism of tax incentives for sports support, as well as the management and distribution of lottery revenues.

The effectiveness of public administration of sports in rural communities under decentralization (experience for Ukraine)

The aim of this study was to examine the effectiveness of public administration of sport in rural communities of Ukraine through the prism of a comparative analysis of the experience of European countries in this sphere. General scientific methods (analysis and synthesis) and public management methods (expert assessment, comparative analysis) were involved. The results showed that before the beginning of decentralization, the Ukrainian system of financing and management of sports developed according to the French model—with a certain centralization of the management of state structures and vertical reporting. At the same time, it has been established that under the new realities such a system will not be able to function, which is already noticeable based on reports on the financing of the industry. Starting from 2015, local budgets (including those of rural communities) gradually invested much more in the development of sports than the state budget. Accordingly, a logical step would be their initiative in the development of the sports sphere, particularly in mass sports. Based on the practices of European countries, the Ukrainian authorities need to introduce practices of more active involvement of sponsors.

The business of sport

An increasing number of undergraduates envision careers in sports that involve them being professional athletes. Attorney Alicia Jessop is a tenured professor at Pepperdine University, California, in the Sport Administration program. There, she teaches sport law, sport sponsorship, and sales and sport finance.

Listening to Stakeholders' Voices on Funding Social Inclusion in Sport for People with Disabilities-Proposal for Criteria.

The value of sport is extensively documented; however, there are still groups who do not have the opportunity to enjoy the benefits of sport due to lack of investment, particularly important for people with disabilities. A gap persists in understanding the effectiveness of inclusive sport programs in addressing equity-related targets, particularly on the effective methods of financing inclusion in sport for individuals with disabilities. Therefore, providing a platform for stakeholders to express their perspectives becomes crucial. Through focus groups and the World Café approach, the aim of this study was to gather insights from athletes, parents, professionals, and sport club managers regarding the funding of inclusive sport for people with disabilities. A total of 72 participants took part in nine focus groups in Portugal, Slovenia, and Hungary: 27 athletes with disabilities, 22 coaches, other technicians and parents, and 23 club managers/directors. Findings were divided into five topics: (1) perspectives on current funding satisfaction; (2) perspectives on sources and criteria for funding; (3) perspectives on ideal funding; (4) perspectives on ideas to reach decision-makers; and (5) proposals on ideal criteria for funding. Based on these findings, six measurable criteria for fair funding allocation were suggested that could develop a properly weighted system of criteria for decision-makers to assess the allocation of funding among inclusive sport organizations with the potential to catalyze broader policy and societal changes. Additionally, there is a pressing need to develop a funding model for inclusive sport for individuals with disabilities.

Placing community at the heart of community sport development: introducing the community sport development framework (CSDF)

It is widely accepted that the primary purpose of community sport development (CSD) is to increase participation rates in sport and build capacity to facilitate sporting opportunities. However, in England, Government funding for community sport has often been legitimised on the basis that it can also address a range of broader policy concerns. Despite this, there remains a lack of clarity regarding the precise boundaries of CSD, which has led to a variety of frameworks being presented to conceptualise and illustrate how CSD delivery might best occur. The aim of this paper is to reconceptualise CSD by proposing a model that places community at the heart of efforts to utilise sport to address wider social concerns. Our aim is to highlight the social, political, and economic interconnections that impact contemporary CSD work, and to underline the importance of maintaining a central focus on communities as the basis for CSD.

Globalisation of Professional Sport Finance

The objective of the present paper is to put a milestone on the roadmap toward a global economic system of professional sport, at least as regards its financial dimension, i.e., its model of finance, its ownership, and some new trends in global sport finance. Professional sport went through a radical change during the 1990s when switching from gate receipts to TV rights revenues as its major source of finance and from local/domestic to internationalised/globalised sources of revenue. This change was more marked in European soccer (football) before spreading throughout other professional sport disciplines. In fact, the whole distribution of sport financing was restructured as shown in this paper. Starting from this evidence of the first stage of sport finance globalisation, it appears that new transformations have been at work in sport finance more recently. In particular, soccer moved from globalisation of flows (revenues, finance) to asset globalisation in terms of club ownership. At last, this paper discusses the emergence of new trends in global sport finance such as treating professional (soccer) players as financial assets and crypto-assets penetrating the sports business.

The Determinants of Prices of Fan Tokens as a New Sports Finance Tool

In the Covid-19 era, the income sources of sports clubs decreased, but the importance of fan tokens as new communication, management, and income source for sports clubs increased with Blockchain technology. For this reason, the relationships between fan token prices and club success, transaction volume, and attractiveness factors were examined and the important determinants of fan token prices were tried to be revealed. To determine the most suitable methods for panel data model, first of all, cross-section dependence, homogeneity, and unit root tests were carried out. Then the durbin test was performed and it was concluded that the variables were cointegrated. Finally, the coefficients were examined with the PMG/ARDL test and it was observed that the most important determinants of fan token prices were club success and transaction volume, respectively. While these factors affect fan token prices positively, the effect of the attractiveness factor is seen as less important and negative compared to other factors. In addition, in the error correction model established, the existence of a long-term equilibrium relationship between the variables was confirmed. It was concluded that the short-term deviations returned to the equilibrium after approximately 21 days.

Refugees in European grassroots football

Since 2015-2016, when the European continent underwent an unprecedented peak in demands for asylum, grassroots football clubs have been at the forefront in offering refugees a place of first contact with their new host society. The perception of the impact that their initiatives may have had on their target population is however almost exclusively based on some widely shared basic assumptions drawn from anecdotal evidence and, marginally, on a small body of literature grounded in local studies of ethnographic nature. The article recapitulates the inception and implementation of an original mixed-method research survey within the framework of two successive practice-oriented projects led by civil society actors and supported by the ERASMUS+ Sport funding scheme. Following a literature review, it describes the survey design, analyses the findings, and discusses the added value and limits of this research focused on the principal target group of volunteers in European grassroots football.

FINANCING SPORTS FROM THE BUDGET OF THE REPUBLIC OF SERBIA

Sport as a free human activity focused on the development of psychophysical abilities is expressed through competition with others and the pursuit of achieving the best possible results. Sport is a category of great importance for the development and prosperity of the entire society. The level of sports involvement is the best indicator of a society's development. The economic and other benefits that sport brings to the state require the state itself to create favorable conditions for the development of sports and, of course, to support them financially. The state does this by allocating a certain amount from the budget intended for the financing of all aspects of sports and other related segments of sports. This paper specifically analyzes the funding of sports from the budget of the Republic of Serbia. In Serbia, sports are largely financed from the budget of the Republic of Serbia, although the responsibility for funding sports also lies with Autonomous Provinces and local selfgovernments. The goal of this paper is to emphasize the importance of funding sports from the budget of the Republic of Serbia, as well as to promote and seek additional non-budgetary sources of funding.

To the problems of the development of sports legal relations in Ukraine

Sports legal relations in Ukraine are at the stage of formation. Their development is accompanied by a number of factors that complicate, and sometimes make impossible, the formation of a modern, stable system, the reproduction of models of sports legal relations based on the example of the leading world and European states.
 Such factors include the imperfect system of legislation in the field of sports, the lack of a coordinated and productive mechanism for the cooperation of the parties to sports legal relations, insufficient material and technical support, the low development of the sports industry, the lack of a mechanism for involving the population in regular physical education, an insufficient number of highly qualified staff, outdated and ineffective sports infrastructure for sports or its absence at all, in particular, sports facilities that would meet international standards, etc.
 The article emphasizes that the Ukrainian state should take care of the development of physical culture and sports, create and establish mechanisms for regulating sports legal relations, raise the country’s prestige in the international sports arena.
 Considering this, a number of trends in the development and improvement of sports legal relations in Ukraine have been suggested. In particular, regarding the distribution of powers in the management of sports organizations and federations, the effective and transparent distribution of budget funds with the involvement of other sources of sports financing, the construction of new, as well as the reconstruction and repair of existing sports infrastructure in accordance with international standards, the development of mechanisms for the development of a network of children and youth sports schools and sports clubs of various forms of ownership, provision of conditions for professional training and professional development of competitive sports managers, establishment of close cooperation with the mass media for the purpose of popularizing sports, etc.

Ensuring compliance of physical culture and sports services with quality standards in small and medium-sized territorial communities on the example of Slobozhanshchyna, Dnipro and Zaporizhzhia Regions

The purpose of the article is to investigate the peculiarities of ensuring compliance of physical culture and sports services with quality standards in small and medium-sized territorial communities of Slobozhanshchyna, Dnipro and Zaporizhzhia regions. It was revealed that the management of physical culture and sports takes place on the basis of a developed system of standards, which is characterized by requirements for conducting pedagogical activities with the provision of physical culture and sports services. The need to comply with the standardization of educational requirements for physical culture and sports in territorial communities is explained by the need to improve the quality of provided physical culture and sports services, in particular through the development of special programs to improve the professional qualifications of physical culture teachers in regional sports facilities. The expansion of the powers of the authorities of territorial communities made it possible to develop individual models of the development of physical culture and sports, taking into account the needs of the population of a specific territorial community. Compliance with the requirements in the process of standardization of physical culture and sports provides an opportunity to improve the quality of provided physical culture and sports services in regional sports facilities. The practical significance and prospects for further research are explained by the need to develop and implement new innovative standards in order to improve the quality of provided physical culture and sports facilities in regional sports facilities. The problem of finding opportunities for expanding the powers of territorial communities regarding the quality management of physical culture and sports services, increasing financing of physical culture and sports with the aim of improving the material base and attracting highly professional workers for the training of athletes and the implementation of sports and health activities of the population needs further study.

Public policy toward professional sports stadiums: A review

AbstractThis article informs public policy toward professional sports stadiums, which state and local governments routinely subsidize. Our analysis provides a history of stadium construction and funding in the U.S., documenting trends that portend a forthcoming new wave of stadiums. Despite robust evidence that stadiums are not economic development catalysts and confer limited social benefits, public outlays persist and exhibit a positive growth trajectory, which could prove costly to government budgets in coming decades. We review contemporary justifications for public subsidies, focusing on proposed salutary development and budgeting strategies. Economic research continues to demonstrate that stadiums remain poor public investments, and optimal public funding of professional sports venues is substantially less than typical subsidy levels. We examine economic, political, and institutional factors that contribute to the disconnect between research and policy, and we provide recommendations to promote sound public policy.

Sustainable Management of the Public Financial Model for Sports Support in Slovakia

Sports represent an undeniable value associated with people’s health and leisure time. Therefore, research on sports management related to the overall setting of a sustainable sports funding model from public resources is vital. This article’s aim was to evaluate the sustainability of this form of sports funding in Slovakia. Since there is no complete, transparent database of the allocated subsidies at the national, regional, and local levels in this country, an important part of the research was the collection of diverse pieces of data. As part of the methodology, the research combines geographical and temporal comparisons of public sports funding at all levels of management. Multiple interviews with members of the professional sports community also provided important qualitative inputs. Due to the identified shortcomings in the current state of the model of public sports funding in Slovakia, it is considered unsustainable. Therefore, the article also contains specific recommendations for the improvement and gradual removal of the identified sustainability barriers. These implications lead to the future creation of a database clearly capturing public sports funding, with rules for its permanent operation and updating. To strengthen the transparency aspect, the database can be powered by blockchain technology.

Sport Funding Through Stamps: Finding Unlikely Revenue Streams

Sports can be expensive. Ice time for hockey practice to $200 tennis racquets can discourage some participants. From billion-dollar teams and venues to Olympic Games costing billions as well, where will sports get all the money they need to operate? One vehicle that has been used successfully for almost 100 years has been postage stamps. Funds were not generated just from selling Olympic themed stamps that generated some money for the postal service or maybe a government. The bulk of funds associated with sport-related stamps fundraising has been through semipostal stamps. Semipostal stamps provide for an additional charge over the face value with those funds going to a worthy cause. Worth causes over the years have included tuberculosis research/treatment, disease prevention, supporting the Red Cross, feeding the poor, or winter heating aid. Another beneficiary has been sports. Researching Scott Stamp Catalogues from the 1920s through 2015 has highlighted 60 countries who have issued 920 semipostal stamps to fund everything from Olympics to youth sports, sport venues, and even sport equipment purchases. This article examines how these stamps have been used successfully in the past and how they are still being used. Furthermore, one country, Germany, has been issuing sport-related semipostal stamps for over 50 years and has generated millions of dollars and sold over 250 million sport-related semipostal stamps.

The system of Hungarian sport financing, with special regard to public finance aspects

Sport, as a sector of national strategy, has a key role in the economic and social development of Hungary and in the successful achievement of its national economic and national policy goals. The promotion of sport, sports activities, the creation and putting in place of the conditions for playing sport is – among other things – a public task of the state, which also implies state funding and the management of public funds. Transparency, accountability and integrity are the most important principles for the use of public funds, and should be a key priority for sports funding. Sports financing needs to move from an extensive to an intensive phase, and the introduction, development and widespread use of the latest innovative technologies in the field of sport must be prioritised. Spending and investment in sport, in the sport sector, and the further conscious and thoughtful development of the sport ecosystem can be seen as a multiple return on investment.

Key drivers of the evolution of the sports management model demonstrated by an example of Armenia and EU Countries

The problem of the successful functioning of organizations and institutions, including sports-related ones, has become more acute in view of growing turbulence of the exogenous and endogenous environment. Building modern management model and its implementation in the sports industry is a key tool for solving this problem. The aim of the article was to determine the specifics of building modern management model and its implementation in the sports industry. The research involved the method of synthesis, stakeholder analysis, statistical analysis. The method of strategic analysis formed the methodological framework of the study. The study identified key drivers for the development of the sports management model in terms of technological and social innovations, as well as social entrepreneurship. The key role of the relationship between the micro and macro levels in the context of the model is emphasized. The relationship between the state policy in the field of sports and the management goals of sports organizations is identified. The effectiveness of the proposed changes in the sports management model was assessed on the basis of the EU statistics. The study proposes that sports management model should have a balanced structure in the context of blocks of strategic and operational management with a particular focus on human capital management, financial and operational efficiency. In particular, it is noted that EU experienced a significant increase in GDP growth associated with the sports industry from 1.93% (2015) to 2.16% (2020) due to sport management model’s enhancement. The analytical tool was built on the basis of the assessment of strategic gaps between the current and target state in the context of the model. Keywords: Digitalization, Technological innovations, Social innovations, Sport management, Sports financing, Grant, Stakeholder.