Fundamentalism Research Articles

Construction of Education Based on Religious Moderation: Role of Islamic Education Leadership in Promoting Tolerance and Social Harmony

This research focuses on the implementation of religious moderation-based education at An-Nawawi Berjan Purworejo Islamic Boarding School, with an emphasis on the role of Islamic education leadership, especially KH Ahmad Chalwani. In the era of globalisation and the complexity of multicultural society, Islamic educational institutions have an important role in building attitudes of tolerance and social harmony. The religious moderation approach is recognised as effective in developing inclusiveness, tolerance and respect for religious diversity. This research used a qualitative approach with a case study design, involving the leadership, teachers, and students of An-Nawawi Berjan Islamic Boarding School in Purworejo. Data were collected through interviews, direct observation, and document analysis, then analysed thematically to identify key patterns. The findings show successful integration of the principles of religious moderation in the curriculum, school policies, and daily teaching practices, which enhances students' understanding and participation in appreciating religious diversity. Discussion of the findings highlights the importance of religious moderation-based education in responding to the challenge of religious extremism. The contribution of Pondok Pesantren An-Nawawi Berjan Purworejo in promoting inclusive and tolerant education sets an example for other educational institutions in building a harmonious society amid increasingly complex religious diversity. This research confirms the relevance and essentiality of religious moderation-based education in the context of Islamic education, as well as providing practical guidance for stakeholders in strengthening the values of moderation, tolerance and diversity in education and society.

СОЦИАЛЬНЫЕ ПРОЯВЛЕНИЯ КАК ТРИГГЕРЫ ВОЗНИКНОВЕНИЯ ЧРЕЗВЫЧАЙНЫХ СИТУАЦИЙ И СЦЕНАРИЕВ ИХ ВЗАИМНОЙ ТРАНСФОРМАЦИИ

The results of the analysis of the reports are presented on the state of protection of the population and territories of the Russian Federation from natural and man-made emergencies for the period from 2012 to 2021 and the approved criteria for classifying emergencies, which was carried out in order to establish the need to develop and substantiate new approaches to accounting and systematization of emergencies. It is proposed to consider not only man-made and natural processes, but also genetically combining them with social ones, manifestations of political, environmental and religious extremism and terrorism, necessary for accounting as biological and social emergencies, as one of the main stimulators of the occurrence of emergencies, as well as scenarios for the mutual transition of their different types.

The Dynamics of The Relationship between Religious Identity and Fundamentalism in Predicting Muslim Prejudice against Christian in Indonesia

Many empirical studies have explored the relationship between religious identity, fundamentalism, and prejudice. However, very few investigations have been conducted into whether the relationship between fundamentalism and religious identity generates prejudice; this is because fundamentalism is often seen as a particular form of religious identity. This research positions religious identity and fundamentalism as two separate things, stemming from an awareness of contemporary developments that a fundamentalist does not always display “hard” or “extreme” expressions of religious identity. This study also analyzes the two within the context of a mutually explanative relationship (Religious identity → Fundamentalism, and Fundamentalism → Religious identity). 639 Islamic college students (372 males, 267 females) recruited with convenience sampling method participated in this study. Using a correlational design, the data were analyzed using hierarchical regression analysis to determine the role of gender, age, and religious fundamentalism in predicting prejudice. Furthermore, mediation analysis was carried out twice, by placing fundamentalism and religious identity, exchangeably, as mediating variables to predict prejudice. Results showed that (1) Age and gender did not significantly contribute to the prejudice. However, the prejudice can be predicted by religious identity and fundamentalism, (2) Fundamentalism is a mediator between religious identity and prejudice, (3) Religious identity is a mediator between fundamentalism and prejudice. This finding indicates that inter-religious prejudice can emerge as a reflection of both (1) fundamentalism through religious identity, as well as (2) religious identity through fundamentalism. The use of mediation analysis in this research sheds light on the complex interplay between religious identity, fundamentalism, and prejudice. It reveals that both fundamentalism and religious identity can mediate the relationship between each other and prejudice. This insight into the mediation processes can help researchers and policymakers better understand the mechanisms behind inter-religious prejudice.

A Review of Research on the Role of Different Types of Religiosity in Terror Management

This review paper aims to reveal the role of different types of religiosity based on research addressing religiosity in terms of in-group and out-group distinction within the scope of Terror Management Theory (TMT). Studies point out two important results of the phenomenon: the first is the fact that general religiosity focusing on only one aspect of religiosity (religious belongingness, afterlife belief, etc.) to measure religiosity increases worldview defense, supporting the hypothesis of mortality salience. The second is the fact that different religious orientations (intrinsic, fundamentalist, etc.) cause various reactions, depending on their unique characteristics when mortality is salient. In the current study, possible reasons for the differences between research findings are discussed. In order to clarify the roles that different types of religiosity play in terror management, a classification based on the strong-flexible and exclusive-inclusive poles of the “belief” and “belonging” dimensions suggested by Sarouglu has been proposed. It has been argued that religiosity types would function in terror management in different ways, depending on the classification in which they are placed. For example, when the religious worldview is threatened, the strong-exclusive pattern (e.g., religious fundamentalism) can lead to more negative reactions, while the strong-inclusive pattern (e.g., intrinsic religiosity) can be associated with positive processes in inter-group relationships. Future research on this classification and types of religiosity can provide unique contributions to developing TMT. On the other hand, knowing the roles of different forms of religiosity in managing existential concerns may be of therapeutic benefit in coping with death, bereavement, grief and related processes.

LEARNING FROM HISTORY: PAKU BUWANA II'S ATTEMPT AT RELIGIOUS MODERATION IN SERAT CEBOLEK

Indonesia is home to teachings and manuscripts that advocate mode­­ration in life. One such cultural manifestation is the Serat Cebolek manuscript, written by Yasadipura I. This manuscript narrates the theolo­gical conflict between Hajj Mutamakkin and Ketib Anom. The objective of this article is to examine the efforts towards religious moderation undertaken by Sunan Paku Buwana II, as depicted in the Serat Cebolek manuscript. This study employed library research, utilizing a biographical approach. Data was collected through documentation techniques, drawing from printed sources and texts pertaining to Serat Cebolek. The study reveals that Paku Buwana II’s decision to forgive Haji Mutamakkin exemplifies the characters of a moderate leader. The king pardoned Haji Mutamakkin’s actions, albeit with the stipulation that he refrain from disseminating his knowledge among the kingdom’s populace. In the context of Javanese ethical values, Sunan Paku Buwana epitomizes a “Ratu Adil” or a just ruler. This study reinforces the discourse on religious moderation, particularly through an exploration of historical contexts. The king’s attitude serves as a valuable exemplar for contemporary leaders grappling with the issue of religious fundamentalism in Indonesia.

The phenomenon of Jihad: Historical Transformation and Modern Interpretation

The article seeks to differentiate the religious concept of jihad from its modern politicized interpretation to reduce Islamophobia. A historical review of modern Islamic values and principles is carried out. To confirm the hypothesis put forward, the author uses reliable information from the Holy Quran and hadith. The classical views of the Muslim scholars Ibn Qasir and Abu Jafar al-Tabari, who defended the religion of Islam from various misconceptions, are also presented as sources. The author conducted an etymological and hermeneutic analysis of the theory of “armed jihad” and religious concepts distorted for various political reasons. The features of the impact of the microenvironment and individual factors affecting the radicalization of a person are determined. At the same time, the author widely informs about the comprehensive work and measures taken to prevent religious extremism and terrorism in Kazakhstan. The reasons for the spread of radical religious ideology in Kazakhstan are presented in three stages, taking into account Kazakhstan’s experience in combating them.

Islamic Radicalisation in Bangladesh: An Analysis of Political Islamism in Bangladesh

Islamism in the modern world is clearly portrayed as a notion of religious extremism. Bangladesh on the other hand as a young developing nation finds its root into two different branches of ideology: Bengali cultural and Muslim ideology. The militant groups in Bangladesh have been found active recently specially after 2015 when international media spotted Al Qaeda in the Indian Subcontinent (AQIS) and the Islamic State’s (IS) presence in the country. This study, however, aims at understanding the Islamic radicalisation in Bangladesh through the analysis of Islamist political and non-political groups’ functions and propaganda. In this article the ideas of Islamic radicalisation, mutations and role and function of Islamist militant as well as political group have been discussed. The role of Jamaat-e-Islami and its student wing in the radicalisation have been discussed. The disputed relationship of Jamaat and the radical extremists as well as ban on their politics have created a complex scenario in Bangladesh. The political polarisation and politicising of counter terrorism effort have weakened the government’s effort to tackle radical organisation. Honest and tolerant political intervention by welcoming different views regarding the solution of the radicalisation problem can help address it effectively.

SOCIO-POLITICAL FACTORS INFLUENCING THE DEVELOPMENT OF ISLAMIC FUNDAMENTALISM

Religious fundamentalism is a relevant subject of study that requires in-depth analysis for a more comprehensive understanding of its origins, development and global consequences. In this scholarly article, we will provide an overview of research on Islamic fundamentalism and also conduct our analysis based on existing theories and empirical data.We examine the historical context of the formation of religious fundamentalism, highlighting the important events and factors that contributed to its development. We emphasize the importance of social, economic and political aspects in understanding this phenomenon, as well as the influence of global trends on its development.The focus is on the diversity of Islamic fundamentalism in different regions, as well as its relationship with terrorism and international security. Strategies to counter Islamic fundamentalism at the level of states and the world community are analyzed.Our article calls for an in-depth understanding of Islamic fundamentalism beyond its religious dimensions and makes recommendations for further research and development of strategies to prevent the spread of this phenomenon.

Pancasila Values and Peace Verses as Resilience Against the Religious Extremism: Study on Nahdlatul Ulama and Shi'a

Pancasila Values and Peace Verses as Resilience Against the Religious Extremism: Study on Nahdlatul Ulama and Shi'a

A CONTRIBUIÇÃO DOS ESTUDOS GRAMSCIANOS PARA O BRASIL HOJE: A REVOLUÇÃO-RESTAURAÇÃO CONTEMPORÂNEA

This article proposes a translation of the gramscian concept of revolution-restoration into contemporary Brazilian reality. Our hypothesis consists of affirming the recent re-emergence of anti-democratic movements and consensuses in Brazil as a revolution-restoration, or more specifically, a “reactionary restoration” that brings at its core, among other elements, an association between militarism, ruralism and religious fundamentalism.

Multiculturalism as the Main Philosophical Doctrine of Political and Cultural Development of Modern Society

The article entitled "Multiculturalism is the main philosophical concept of social and political development in modern society" is devoted to the analysis of cultural and political problems occurring in modern societies in the context of globalization from a socio-philosophical aspect. The necessity of approaching the issue from the point of view of the current needs of the time and era, respect for other cultural identities, non-actualization of acts of radicalism, terrorism, extremism, religious fundamentalism, and racism, which may cause imbalance in the system of ethnic-political relations of polyethnic societies in the era of globalization, and taking complex measures calculated for a safe future in relation to ethnic-political subjects is reflected in the article. In a philosophical sense, the term multiculturalism is a generalized expression of the cultures to which social subjects belong, having a broad meaning and incorporating different values.. It is known that culture and spirituality are historical philosophical systems, and depending on the rules of time and the form of the social structure at each stage of historical development, the culture and spirituality change and renew. Multiculturalism is a form of tolerance in which representatives of different national cultures coexist in conditions of equal rights and self-affirmation within a single country. The philosophical-theoretical basis of the multiculturalism paradigm is precisely the mutual understanding of parallel cultures in global society, joint activity, and even their equal dialogue. The article analyzes the concept of multiculturalism from a philosophical perspective and primarily explains it as a synthesis of communitarianism and liberalism. It was especially noted that multiculturalism, as a humanist ideology, reflects the equality promoted by communitarianism and respect for individuality and other cultures and religions, as liberals say. The article draws attention to the transformation of the multiculturalism paradigm into the main philosophical and political concept of modern societies against the background of globalization and the formation of the political doctrine of many developed countries, including the Republic of Azerbaijan, in the context of state policy.

Yusuf al-Qardhawi’s View on Religious Extremism

Indonesia is a country with complex religious diversity issues. This is evidenced by the persistence of inter-religious conflicts caused by religious extremism. From within Muslims, this problem has become a discussion of scholars. Therefore, this study analyses Yusuf Al-Qaradhawi's concept of religious extremism to map the scattered extremist groups and avoid mistakes in assessing a group. Yusuf Al-Qaradawi stated that extremism is an excessive attitude toward religion that can destroy religious communities because it causes error. In this study, the researcher used a philosophical approach, and the method used was a descriptive-analytical method to analyze Yusuf Al-Qaradawi's thoughts regarding the problem of extremism in his work "Al-Shahwah Al-Islāmiyyah Baina Al-Juḥud wa Al-Tatharruf. The results of this study found that according to Al-Qaradawi, extremism has several factors and characteristics. In this case, Al-Qaradawi also put forward the concept of "Wasathiyyah" in Islam to overcome the extremism problem, which proves the essence of Islamic teachings that bring peace and respect differences between people.

The Doctrinal Manifestations of Extremism among Jews

The phenomenon of religious extremism is one of the most dangerous intellectual phenomena that arise in the religious domain. It is an ancient yet contemporary phenomenon, as it has begun to manifest itself in our current era across various religions. The Holy Quran has provided a historical dimension to the roots of extremism among the People of the Book, namely the Jews and Christians, through Quranic verses that illustrate the elements of this phenomenon and how to deal with it in terms of intellectual and doctrinal aspects. Hence, this research aims to shed light on the phenomenon of religious extremism, taking doctrinal extremism within some Jewish sects as an example. The research concludes that religious extremism is a global phenomenon not specific to any religion. Additionally, doctrinal extremism, in its first type, has been evident in certain teachings of the Jewish religion.

Anti-gender ideology and the depiction of lesbians in the manosphere.

Recent far-right and religious fundamentalist coalitions in Europe and the U.S. seek populist support through "anti-gender" rhetoric. These coalitions are in alignment with the manosphere in endorsement of biological essentialism and antifeminist, anti-LGBTQ stances. Based upon an examination of the data gathered for projects examining two manosphere communities (Red Pill and Incel), a clear picture emerges wherein they casually disparage lesbians and conflate lesbians with feminists, unearthing 1970s and 1980s political lesbian writings and discussing them out of context. Ironically, the dissatisfaction with gender relations that drove lesbian separatists at the time drives the manosphere, especially Incel, to be even more misogynistic and violent in service of their feelings of entitlement to women's bodies. This can be understood as part of a backlash against feminist and LGBTQ rights that is empowering fascists using anti-gender rhetoric in their rise to power.

Kupi II Congress and Results of Religious Views on Contemporary Women's Issues in the Perspective of Islamic Anthropology

This paper is a study related to the Indonesian Women's Ulama Congress (KUPI) and its religious views through an Islamic feminist anthropology approach. This is because the discussion on KUPI hasn’t been captured through this approach. In fact, by this approach, the problems surrounding women can be seen in more depth and detail. By using primary data from observations and secondary data from literature reviews, the results found that KUPI or the Indonesian Women's Ulama Congress is a women's organization in Indonesia that brings together various individual backgrounds to study women's problems based on Islamic teachings that are mutabadil. Through discussions, halaqoh and religious meetings, the first KUPI congress in Cirebon produced three religious views while the second congress in Jepara produced five religious views and several recommendations regarding the protection of women from religious extremism, forced marriages, dangers of pregnancies due to settlement, genital injuries, and issues environment. KUPI activities are cultural in nature. Participants who come from various backgrounds bring facts and data in the field to be interacted with in order to realize human reason, mind and power which then shape culture and find an Islamic religion that is moderate, gender fair and provides human welfare.

Religious Utopianism: From Othering Reality to Othering People

This paper intends to make an important contribution to the studies of religious utopianism by considering religions as comprehensive utopian systems which have an ontological and a social utopian mode. It argues that the ontological mode/utopia is related to human finality and that its fantastical content, abstractness and ontological Othering undermine the transformative powers of left religious social utopianism, while it encourages pernicious social Othering in religious fundamentalism. The article has four sections. In Section 1, it clarifies the definition of utopia on which the paper relies and the reasons for this particular choice. Section 2 discusses the religious ontological utopia and religions as utopian systems and utopian programs. Section 3 utilises E. Bloch’s considerations about concrete and abstract utopias to explain the reasons for the incapacity of politically left orientated religious utopianism to function as a revolutionary force. Finally, the Section 4 discusses the way religious fundamentalism employs social Othering as a way of defending the universality of its ontological vision against competing religious and pseudo-religious universals.

Culturalism and Religious fundamentalism: Lexicalisation of counter-ideologies on same-sex sexualities in selected Nigerian newspapers

Against the backdrop of cultural conservatism and legal restrictions on same-sex relationships, this study examines how language use foregrounds cultural and religious ideologies surrounding same-sex sexualities as depicted in selected Nigerian newspapers. Drawing on Fairclough’s approach to critical discourse analysis (CDA), the study explores how language is used to construct, represent, and perpetuate specific ideologies regarding same-sex sexualities within the Nigerian context. A total of 50 opinion articles on same-sex sexualities were randomly sampled from five purposively selected Nigerian newspapers (Vanguard, The Punch, The Guardian, Nigerian Tribune and The Sun). The newspapers were selected based on their preponderant coverage of the discourses on same-sex sexualities between 2013 and 2015. Data were subjected to critical discourse analysis. Findings reveal that different lexical strategies, such as lexical relations, repetition, negative evaluative adjectives foreground pro- and anti-culturalist ideologies as well as religious fundamentalism and secularism. The study reveals the conflicting ideologies surrounding same-sex sexualities in the Nigerian context.

Fuzzy Hybrid Approach to Shatter Religious Tolerance and Fundamentalism Stereotypes across Diverse Nations

Abstract The study transcends borders to challenge conventional narratives about religious tolerance and fundamentalism. Leveraging a Fuzzy-Hybrid Approach, we delve into the multifaceted realities of eight diverse nations: Germany, Cyprus, the United States, Lebanon, Palestine, Israel, Turkey, and Kenya. Our innovative analysis unveils surprising complexities, shattering stereotypes and painting a nuanced picture of religious beliefs. Germany emerges as a beacon of tolerance, boasting the highest tolerance levels with the lowest fundamentalism. However, the stark reality for citizens of Lebanon, Kenya, and Palestine reveals a landscape of lower tolerance and higher fundamentalism. This study delves deeper, using quantile regression models to expose the intricate interplay between religious tolerance, individual socioeconomic factors like education and religious discrimination, and even views on the death penalty. Our findings challenge simplistic assumptions, revealing intricate relationships between tolerance and fundamentalism across diverse contexts.

Religious Fundamentalism and Perception of Group Norms as Predictors of Radical Action Intention

AbstractWe aimed at exploring the interplay between fundamentalism and perception of group norms in predicting willingness to join radical group actions. We conducted three studies in two countries to examine the relationship between religious fundamentalism (RF), general religiosity, and support for radical actions on behalf of various social movements. Three studies (N1 = 305, N2 = 251, and N3 = 137) show positive relation between religious fundamentalism and willingness to engage in radical action in favor of the right‐wing and antivaccine movements. The significant interaction between RF and perception of group norms has also been found: RF was linked to radical action intention at the high level of radical group norms’ perception. We discussed possible explanations of these results and future avenues for research.

Религиозный экстремизм на территории исправительных учреждений: к вопросу о структуре тюремных джамаатов

распространение идей радикального ислама в учреждениях уголовно-исправительной системы активно обсуждается уже несколько лет, причем не только в академическом сообществе. Консолидация осужденных по национально-этническому и религиозному принципу обуславливает радикализацию мест заключения. В статье предпринята попытка структурного описания тюремных джамаатов на основе опыта практической работы в учреждениях уголовно-исполнительной системы (далее УИС). При этом автор подчеркивает неоднозначность семантики данного понятия, потенциальную опасность данных групп, образованных по религиозному признаку для распространения идей радикального ислама в учреждениях УИС, их групповую исключительность, закрытость для представителей иных вероисповеданий. На основе анализа и систематизации исследовательских мнений рассмотрены актуальные вопросы распространения террористической и экстремистской идеологии в учреждениях уголовно-исполнительной системы и обоснование необходимости академического осмысления подобных групп внутри учреждений уголовно-исполнительной системы. the spread of the ideas of radical Islam in institutions of the criminal correctional system has been actively discussed for several years, and not only in the academic community. Consolidation of convicts along national, ethnic and religious lines causes radicalization of places of detention. The article attempts to provide a structural description of prison jamaats based on the experience of practical work in institutions of the penal system (hereinafter IPS). At the same time, the author emphasizes the ambiguity of the semantics of this concept, the potential danger of these groups formed on religious grounds for the spread of the ideas of radical Islam in penal institutions, their group exclusivity, and closedness to representatives of other religions. Based on the analysis and systematization of research opinions, current issues of the spread of terrorist and extremist ideology in institutions of the penal system and the justification for the need for academic understanding of such groups within institutions of the penal system are considered.